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L'escouade Des Bow Street Runners Sous Sir John Fielding

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L'escouade Des Bow Street Runners Sous Sir John Fielding UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL L'ESCOUADE DES BOW STREET RUNNERS SOUS SIR JOHN FIELDING (LONDRES, 1748-1780) MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EX IGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAITRISE EN HISTOIRE PAR SÉBASTIEN RICHARD FÉVRIER 2013 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques · Ayertlsseaient La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le~ respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation cJe repioduire. et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.01-2006). Cette autorisation stipule que ccconformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une lic~nce non exclusive d'utilisation et de . publication oe la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des . copies de. [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entrainent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf ententâ contraire, [l'auteur) conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [ill possède un exemplaire._» AVANT-PROPOS Le suj et de ce mémoire nous est venu à travers le dépouillement partiel d'un site intern et permettant la co nsultati on en ligne des archi ves judiciaires de la cour de justice centrale de Londres. Très rapidement, oldbail eyonline.org nous est apparu co mm e une source et un outil extrêmement riche, qui pouvait permettre un nouveau regard sur 1'ad mini stration de la justice anglaise au 18e siècle. Cette base de donn ées réunit près de 200 000 procès criminels tenu s entre 1674 et 1913: ell e offre à l' utili sateur les pi èces origin ales, numéri sées à partir des mi crofi lm s des Proceedings et Ordinary 's Accounts origin aux, ain si qu e leur retranscription intégrale : l'ensemble a été mi s à la di spositi on des chercheurs par un e équipe d' inform aticiens so us la direction des professeurs Clive Emsley, Tim Hitchco k et Robert Shoemaker. La numérisation de ces documents perm et un accès facil e à une immense base de données et surtout, elle permet un e recherche beaucoup plus facile et rapide grâce à un pui ssant moteur de recherche. Nous es pérons que ce mémoire pui sse rendre co mpte des possibilités qu'offre cet outil de recherche pour les nombre uses études gravitant autour de la société lond onienne de la deuxième moitié du 18e sièc le. Ici , grâce à la recherche « pl ei n texte », nous avons isolé des acteurs fondamentaux du système judiciaire lond oni en et tenté de comprendre le fonctionnement de leur corps et la dynamique de leurs actions. REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie tout d'abord mon directeur de mémoire Mr. Pasca l Bas ti en, professeur d' hi stoire à I' UQAM pour son support, sa di sponibilité et sa pati ence. Ces enco uragements et conse il s m'ont permi s de mener ce projet à term e. Je souhaite remercier famill e et ami s pour leur so uti en et d'avoir cru en ma capac ité d'entreprendre ce projet et de le terminer. Fin alement, je remercie le perso nnel admini stratif de I' UQ AM pour leur compréhension et de m'av oir accordé du temps afin de compléter mon mémoire TABLE DES MATIÈRES AVANT-PROPOS ............................. ..... ......................... .. .................................... ii RÉSUMÉ ..... ... ........... ...... .. .. ......................................................................... ... ..... vi INTRODUCTION ................ ............................. .. .. ........................ ......................... ] CHAPITRE I BILAN HISTORIOGRAPHIQUE ....... .. ................ ................ ......................... 12 1.1 Les troi s tendances importantes de la « nouvelle » hi stoire sociale ........ 13 1.2 Les premières études sur les runners ........... ............................................ 21 1.3 Les études récentes ................................................................. .. ............... 24 1.4 Conclusion .............. ...... .... ....................................................................... 32 CHAPJTRE II "THE FIELD ING' S PEOPLE" .......................................................................34 2.1 Le plan de prévention de John Fielding .............. .. .......... .. .............. ......... 35 2.2 Les difficultés rencontrées lors de ce travail ........................ .. .... ............. 39 2.3 Deux hi storiens influents .................................... .... ................................ .40 2.3.1 Ruth Paley ..................... ......................... .. ............................................... 40 2.3.2 John M. Beattie ........................................................................................ 42 2.4 Les problèmes liés à l' identification des runners .................................... 43 2.5 L'identification des runners .................. .. ................................................. 43 2.5.1 Clerk ou runner? ...................................................................................... 44 2.5.2 Les runners et leurs li ens avec le monde des prisons ............................. .48 2.5.3 De constable à runner ............... , .............................................................. 52 v 2.6 Conclusion .. ... .... ........... ............................................... .. .... ..... ....... ..........53 CHAPITRE III LE PLAN DE FIELDING FACE À LA CR1T1QUE ............. .. .... .. .... ... .. ........ 62 3.1 L'efficacité du Bow-Street Office mi se en doute ... .......... ....................... 63 3.1.1 Les premiers numéros adressés à Sir John Fielding ................................ 65 3. 1.2 Un lecteur du Oxford Magazine .... ................................ .......................... 69 3.1 .3 Critique sur l'administration de la justice: les vices du jeu et de l'alcool et la moralité des citoyens londoniens ..... 70 3.1 .4 Sen ex sur 1' inefficacité des lois ................... .... ............. .............. ... .......... 72 3.1.5 Le problème de la pauvreté .. ............... .. .............. ... .. ... .. .... .. ... ................. 74 3.1.6 Lettre au Lord-Mayor: Le Chevali er D'Eon et les abus financiers de l'admin istrati on ............... 76 3. 1. 7 Un lecteur sur les fonctions de la police .......... ...... ... ............. .... .............. 78 3. 1.8 Le commerce et l'application des lois .... ................. ..... ..... ... ..... .... .... ...... 79 3. 1.9 Lettre d'un lecteur : la probl ématique des cimetières urbains ............. .... 80 3. 1.1 0 Les bandes armées de la capitale ............................................................. 8 1 3.2 Bow-Street runners: policier ou enquêteur? ........................................... 86 3 .2. 1 L' identification des suspects et 1'acc umulation des preuves: la quête d' information .. .. ... ............... .. .......... ............ .. .............. ... .... ... ..... 86 3.2.2 La sécurité des grandes routes ... ... .. ..... ..... .... .......................... ................. 89 3.3 Conclusion ............ .. ........................................ ..... .. ... ............. .. ................89 CONCLUSION ... ..... .... ................................................ ................................... 91 APPENDlCE A LE BUREAU DE BOW STREET ET LE OLD BAILEY .... .... .... .................. 94 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .... .... ... .. .. .. ........................... ...... ... ........................ ........... ..99 RÉSUMÉ L'objectif de ce mémoire est de présenter les membres et les pratiques de l'escouade de Sir John Fielding, ce que l'on all ait plus tard appeler les Bow Street Runners, et de tenter d 'en savoir plus sur leur réputation, leur intégrité et leur professionnali sme. Ces individus ont fait partie, dans la deuxième moitié du 18e siècle londoni en, de l'escouade sur laquell e le premier corps de po li ce professionne l, les bobbies, fut modelé. De plu s, cette recherche s' intéressera aux critiques d' un auteur de l'époque sur l'entreprise de Fielding, ses réali sations et ses hommes. Cette étude veut aussi jeter un regard sur les différentes techniques employées par les hommes de Fielding dans le cadre de leur travail. Cette recherche est principalement basée sur les archi ves j udiciaires du O ld Bail ey durant les années où Sir John Fielding exerçait la foncti on de magistrat à Bow Street. Nous avons également utilisé certain s articles de journaux de l'époque, mais surtout une série d'articles parus dans le Oxford Magazine, une publication in dépendante, impri mée et di stribuée à Londres entre 1768 et 1772. L' étude de ces documents nous permet d ' identifier les individus ayant travaill é pour F ielding à titre de runner et de mi eux comprendre le fo nctionnement de cette escouade spéciale. Nous pouvons ain si mieux comprendre comment les acteurs de la justice de l'époque jouaient leur rôle pour appréhender les suspects, de que ll e façon leurs témoignages sont devenus plus importants en cour et comment il s témo ignaient devant cell e-ci. Bien que cette recherche ait identifiée de façon forme ll e plu sieurs indi vidus ayant travaill é à Bow Street durant la magistrature de Field ing, ell e ne fo urnit que des réponses partiell es et sur un groupe restreint d' indi vidus,
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