London Lives: Poverty, Crime and the Making of a Modern City, 1690–1800 Tim Hitchcock and Robert Shoemaker Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02527-1 - London Lives: Poverty, Crime and the Making of a Modern City, 1690–1800 Tim Hitchcock and Robert Shoemaker Index More information

Index

Named individuals with the following roles have been identiﬁed as: Bow Street Runners, constables, criminals (anyone accused of a crime), informers, justices of the peace (‘JP’), lawyers, paupers (anyone in receipt of relief ), prison keepers, prostitutes, thief-takers, vagrants.

Abney, Thomas, 64 Orphan Girls; Charitable Infirmary Acton, William (prison keeper), 104–6 for the Relief of Poor Women Acts of parliament. See statutes Labouring of Child; Foundling Adams, Anne (informer), 173 Hospital; hospitals; Lock Hospital; Adams, Henry, 308, 386–8 Lying-in Charity for Delivering Poor Adams, James Sturges, 243, 308 Married Women in their own Adams, William (pauper), 50 Habitations; Magdalen Hospital; Addington, William (JP), 362 Marine Society agency Asylum for Orphan Girls, 254–8 definition of, 17, 22–3 Awdry, Roderick (criminal), 65, 68, 79–80 Aikles, Henry (criminal), 389–90 Ayrton, Thomas (lawyer), 361, 377 Air, Thomas, 101 Akerman, Richard (prison keeper), 338–40 Backbarrow cotton mill, 383, 397 aldermen and court of aldermen. See City of Bagnigge Wells spa, 272 London, Court of Aldermen Bahlman, Dudley, 56 Alexander (transportation ship), 81 bail. See statutes:1 & 2 Phil & Mar, c. 13 Allen, Fifield, 204 (1554-5) [Marian Bail statute], Allen, Roger (criminal), 174 2 & 3 Phil & Mar, c. 10 (1555) Almon, John, 310 [Marian Bail statute] American Revolution, 2, 252, 333–4, 345, ballads, 93, 101, 411 355, 385 Baltimore (Maryland), 374 Amey, Elizabeth (prostitute), 158 Bambridge, Thomas (prison keeper), 106 Amherst, Lord Jeffery (First Baron Bank of England, 350–1 Amherst), 351 Barefoot, Ann (criminal), 185 Anderson, William, 158 Barkley, Elizabeth, 106 Andrew, Donna, 257 Barnham, Stephen (criminal), 98 Andrews, Mary (criminal), 94 Barrington, Lord William Wildman Shute Andrews, William, 238–9 (Second Viscount Barrington), 278 Applebee, John, 190–1 barristers. See lawyers Archer, Thomas (criminal), 361 Bartington, George (criminal), 369 Aris, Thomas (prison keeper), 404, 413 Bates, Henry (pauper), 4, 44–6, 48 Armstrong, Sarah (criminal), 322 Bates, Mary (pauper), 44–6 Arnold, Edward (criminal), 174 Bath, 302 Arnold, Quilt (thief-taker), 87–8 Bavarian Chapel, 346 Askew, John (pauper), 7 bawdy houses, 111, 117–21, 219, 236, 315 assault, 40, 75, 116, 118–19, 153, 235–6, 292 complaints about, 35–6 associational charities, 141, 161–6, 196, efforts to suppress, 36, 107, 219–20, 235 252–62, 299, see also Asylum for Beames, Robert (criminal), 66

444

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02527-1 - London Lives: Poverty, Crime and the Making of a Modern City, 1690–1800 Tim Hitchcock and Robert Shoemaker Index More information

Index 445

Beattie, John (historian), 13, 62–3, 78, 89, courtroom at, 178, 316 184–5, 228, 313, 316, 377 records kept, 227–8, 312, 405 Beattie, John (murdered sailor), 277 re-examinations at, ,226, 232, 316–18, Beccaria, Cesare, 12, 325 348, 361, 377 see also Brogden, Bedward, Margaret (pauper), John (son), Joshua; De Veil, Thomas; Fielding, Mary (daughter), and Thomas Henry; Fielding, John (son), 292 Bow Street Runners, 10, 13, 18, 190, 206, Beezley, Martha (informer), 174 212, 224, 226–31, 234, 265–6, Bell, William (criminal), 369 269–70, 280, 310, 312–13, 377–8, Bellamy, Martin (criminal), 97 402 benefit of clergy, 61, 65, 77, 245, 363 discredited in court, 230–1, 313–16 Bentham, Jeremy, 405–6 plebeian hostility towards, 228, 313–18, Benzie, Ann (pauper), 381 377 Berry, John (thief-taker), 184, 225–6, 229–30 see also under individual names of Bow Bethnal Green, 279–80, 284–5, 297, 308, Street Runners 346 Bowes, Henry, 116 Bever, Samuel (JP), 239, 242 Bradshaw, John, 89 Billingsly, William (criminal), 181–2 Branch, Benjamin (criminal), 97 Bills of Mortality, 31, 52, 85, 141, 146, 163, branding, 64–5, 68, 78, 81, 330, 337 211, 253, 293 patterns and fluctuations of, 362 Birch, John, 383, 396 Braybrook, James (thief-taker), 236 Birch, Richard, 302 Brereton, Owen, 294 Bird, Elizabeth (prostitute), 41 Bridewell, 24–5, 38, 41, 46, 50, 54, 56, 67, Bird, William, 153–4, 156–7, 160–1, 187 73–4, 87, 107–8, 117, 150, 197, Birkenhead, William (criminal), 66 248–9, 308–9, 350, 354–5, 385–7 Black Boy Alley gang, 180–91, 224 numbers committed to, 33, 35, 37, 137, ‘Black Guard’,54 270, 306, 353, 368 Black, John, 267 Bridgen, William (Lord Mayor), 301 Blackerby, Nathaniel (JP), 110, 113 Brinnish, John and Thomas (paupers, Blake, Joseph (criminal), 88–9, 98 brothers), 27 Bland, Sarah (prostitute), 157 Bristol, 27 Blandy, Mary (criminal), 220 British Library, 25, 131 Blewit, William (criminal), 81 British Lying-in Hospital, 162, 255–6 Blewmire, John (thief-taker), 185 Broaders, Christopher (criminal), 316 Blincoe, Robert (pauper) Brogden, Joshua, 226 Memoir of ... An Orphan Boy, 412 Bromfield, John (JP), 157 Bliss, Thomas, 105 brothels. See bawdy houses Bloodworth, Ann and Thomas (paupers, Brown Bear (tavern), 313, 316 husband and wife), 287 Brown, Benjamin (criminal), 360 bloody code, 133–4 Brown, Jeremiah, 288 Bloomsbury Square, 346, 349 Brown, John, 370 Board of Trade, 32 Brown, Mary (pauper), 304, 384–5 Body, William (thief-taker), 183–4, 190 Brown, Roger, 104 Bond, Richard (Bow Street Runner), 313 Brownlow Street, 255–6 Boreman, Captain, 80 Brownrigg, Elizabeth (criminal), James Boswell, James (author), 265, 267 (husband), and John (son), 289–90 Boswell, James (criminal), 79 Buckingham, Katherine (criminal), 66 Botany Bay (Australia), 374, 390–1 Buckland, William, 185 Boteler, Thomas (JP), 112 Bulstrode, Whitelocke (JP), 114 Boulton, Jeremy, 15, 25, 122, 136, 146 Bunting, Frances (pauper), 143 Bourne, Patrick (pauper), 165 Burdett, Francis, 413 Bow Church, 73 Burford, James, 212 Bow Street (magistrates’ office), 166, 178, Burgess, Mary (criminal), 392, 394 205–6, 239, 266, 312–22, 331, Burgis, Margaret (pauper), 293 345–6, 350, 377–9, 400, 402 burglary, 62, 72, 210, 249, 314, 363

446 Index

Burke, Edmund, 334, 366, 410 Repertories of the Court of Aldermen, 25 Burke, Michael (pauper), 309 Court of Common Council, 42, 55, 197 Burn, James Dawson (pauper), 388 Journals of the Court of Common Burn, Richard, 303–4 Council, 25 Justice of the Peace, 304 Guildhall magistrates’ court, 138, 177, Burney, Fanny, 349 237, 239, 388 Burnworth gang, 81, 99 Lord Mayor, 19, 25, 37–8, 41–2, 45, 53, Burnworth, Edward (criminal), 81, 94, 180 177, 237, 248, 275, 287, 302, 308, Burt, Samuel (criminal), 375, 390–2 351–2, 380, 383, 387–9 Charge Books, 36, 38, 121 Caddy, Joseph (criminal), 369 proclamations of, 33, 35 Cambridge Group for the History of Mansion House, 275, 278, 302 Population and Social Structure, 15 Mansion House justice room, 237, 239, Cambridge Street Rotation Office, 319 302, 388 Cameron, John (informer), 108 patrole, 377–8, 387, 401 Campbell, Duncan, 334–5, 340 Recorder, 81, 323, 402 Campbell, Robert (criminal), 284 see also sessions: City of London Canada, 394 City of London Lying-in Hospital, 255 Candler, Ann (pauper), 412 City patrole. See City of London: patrole Canning, Elizabeth (criminal), 209, 211–12 Clare Street, 346 capital convictions Clarke, Daniel (informer), 284, 331 patterns and fluctuations of, 63, 78, 81, Clarke, John (Bow Street Runner), 313 362–3 Claxton, Elizabeth (criminal), 59 capital punishment, 277, 279–80, 365–7, Clayton, Mary, 14 392 Clayton, Robert, 42, 65 attitudes towards, 64, 209, 222–3, 245–6 Clerkenwell Green, 80 executions at the scene of the crime, Clerkenwell house of correction, 67, 72, 79, 352–3 107, 239, 249–51, 309, 311, 326–9, patterns and fluctuations of, 2, 81, 221, 331, 337–8, 340, 349, 353, 367, 370 244, 363–4, 366 numbers committed to, 307, 353, 368 see also dissection: of executed offenders; Clerkenwell Rotation Office, 318 hanging in chains; Newgate prison: Clifford, Mary, 289 executions outside; Tyburn Clifton, John (pauper), 144 Carlini, Agostino, 331 clipping/counterfeiting coins, 28, 34, 39, Carmichael, John, 280–1 41, 62–3, 314, 327, 330 Carney, William (criminal), 248 Club, George, 274 Carpenter, Sarah (pauper), 257 Cody, Lisa, 194, 256 Carrick, James (criminal), 95–6, 98–9, 101, Cold Bath Fields prison, 329, 404, 412–13 180 Collier, Ann (criminal), 184–5, 189 Carter, Robert (criminal), 181 Collins, Edmond (criminal), 326 Castell, Robert, 105–6 Colquhoun, Patrick (JP), 401–4, 406, Censor (hulk), 334, 372 408–9, 411 Chamberlayne, John, 123 Common Council. See City of London: Chancery Lane, 236 Court of Common Council Charitable Infirmary for the Relief of Poor Common Pleas, court of, 40 Women Labouring of Child, 254 constables, ,4, 8, 28, 38, 55–6, 58–9, 62, Chauvet, Lewis, 279 89–90, 108, 110–15, 117–20, 160, Chick Lane, 180, 182, 190, 288 172, 175, 183, 197, 219, 226, 235–7, Cholmondley, Phillip (informer), 111–13, 240, 242, 269–70, 285, 307, 344, 115–16, 131 399–401 see also under individual Christopher, Emma, 375 names of constables Church Street, 330 convict love tokens, 341–2 Church, Philip, 206 Conyer, Charles, 59 City of London, 24 Conyer, Philip, 59 Court of Aldermen, 29, 36, 45, 177, 237, Cook, Thomas (criminal), 58

Index 447

Cooper, James (informer), 39, 41 criminals Cooper, John (constable), 58, 60 as social critics, 90–1, 94 Cooper, Mary, 191 celebrity criminals, 92, 199–204, 222–3, Coram, Thomas, 163, 266 270–1, 273 coroners, 413 dying ‘game’, 14, 63–4, 97–8, 266 inquests, 2, 160, 268, 292 gangs, 8, 138, 166, 180, 191, 196, 206, Cosier, Mary, 158 224–5, 356 courts. See Bow Street (magistrates’ office): gentlemen highwaymen, 99–102, 201–4, courtroom at; City of London: 263–6, 272 Guildhall magistrates’ court; City of mocking of authority, 95–6, 134 London Mansion House justice see also Black Boy Alley gang; Coventry room; Common Pleas, court of; gang; Family Men; Hawkins gang; justices of the peace: petty sessions; McDaniel gang; Mohocks; Royal King’s Bench; Old Bailey; sessions Family; and under individual names Coutts’ Bank, 351 of criminals Covent Garden, 95, 114, 166, 310, 314, 349 Crimp riots, 411 Coventry, 281 Crisp, Andrew, 45 Coventry gang, 229 Crocker, Benjamin and Elisabeth (paupers, Cowden, Sarah (criminal), 4, 395 husband and wife), 296 Cox, Joseph (constable), 229 Cromwell, Robert, 281 Cox, Robert, 348 Cross, Samuel, 212 Cox, William (criminal), 271–3 Cullum, John (criminal), 80 Crawford, Patricia, 254 Curtis, Mary (pauper), 141 crime Customs House, 351 attitudes towards, 271–3 causes of, 7, 232 Dabhoiwala, Faramerz, 40, 186, 310 gin, 169 Daily Courant, 150 poverty, 72 Daily Journal,99 crime waves (or prosecution waves), Daily Post, 131 71–3, 196–9, 266, 270–3, 362–72 Dalton, Edward (criminal), 186 patterns and fluctuations of prosecutions, Dalton, James (criminal), 81, 96, 101, 186 28, 33, 72, 184, 197, 199, 220, 228, A Genuine Narrative of all the Street 270, 353 Robberies, 101 recidivism, 72, 78, 102 Darkin, Isaac (criminal), 260–5 reporting of, in the press, 76, 90, 93, 183, Darwell, William (criminal), 230, 263 196, 199, 205, 211, 228, 232, 264, Davis, Hannah (pauper), 142 285, 313, 362, 391 Davis, John (criminal), 313 see also assault; burglary; clipping/ de Certeau, Michel, 19–20 counterfeiting coins; criminals; De Veil, Thomas (JP), 138, 151, 157–60, forgery; fraud; grand larceny; 166–8, 174, 177, 179–80, 182, 184, highway robbery; housebreaking; 191–2, 205 manslaughter; murder; perjury; Memoirs, 166–7, 175, 179, 186 petty larceny; pickpocketing; see also Bow Street (magistrates’ office) pilfering; receiving stolen goods; Dean’s Court, 305 returning from transportation; defendants robbery; Sabbath breaking; at Old Bailey, social and occupational shoplifting; smuggling; stealing from status of, 6 a dwelling house; theft see also criminals criminal biography, 199–201, 223, 272–3 Defoe, Daniel, 81, 85, 92–3, 98, 101–2, criminal justice system 120, 125, 129, 148 development of, 9–10, 138–9, 269 Colonel Jack,81 record keeping, development of, 404–5 Moll Flanders,81 Criminal Registers, 406 Parochial Tyranny,85 criminal trials demobilisation, 28, 42, 56, 71, 198–9, 273, corroboration rule, 188 353, 385, 387 see also Old Bailey; sessions Denbighshire, 301

448 Index

Dent, John (informer), 58–60, 111 Ekirch, Roger, 80, 323 Deptford, 330 Eldridge, John, 83 Devereaux, Simon, 13, 272, 365, 389 Ellis, John (JP), 112, 131 Dickens, Charles Ellis, John (victim), 229 Barnaby Rudge, 345 Enfield, 122, 381 Dickenson, Marshe, 248 Erskine, Stewart, 336 Dickins, Anne (prostitute), 59 Erskine, Thomas (criminal), 324 Dillon, Patrick, 176, 214, 217 Erskine, Thomas (lawyer), 408 Dionis, Charlotte (pauper), 143 Evans, John (criminal), 79 Dionis, Timothy (pauper), 143 Evans, Mary (criminal), 111 disorderly houses. See bawdy houses; Evening Post, 119 gaming houses Everitt, Susannah, 308 dissection Excise Office, 172, 174, 351 of executed offenders, 98, 196, 220–3, 261, 285, 288, 331 Fairbrother, Mary (pauper), 143 Diver, Jenny. See Young, Mary (criminal) Family Men (gang), 229 Dolphin (tavern), 278, 281 Farge, Arlette, 17 Dorselt, James (pauper), 143 Farmer, Richard (JP), 178 Douglas, Thomas and William (cotton mill Farmer, Thomas (criminal), 283, 337 owners), 384 Farrer, William (criminal), 200 Downing, Joseph, 161 Farringdon Ward Without, 307–8 Downright, Daniel Fenchurch Street, 143, 296 The Bastard Child, or a Feast for the Field, Joseph (criminal), 181, 183 Church-Wardens, 293 Fielding, Henry (JP), 12–13, 166, 179–80, Doyle, John (criminal), 279–80 190, 196, 205–12, 224–7, 229–33, Drake, Charles (criminal), 337 236, 243–4, 249, 251, 265–6, 316, Drummond’s Bank, 351 318, 364 drunkenness Amelia, 239 as defence strategy, 169 Covent Garden Journal, 205, 231–2 see also gin An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Drury Lane, 59, 115, 117, 182 Increase in Robbers, 207–9, 212–14, Drury, Ann, 320 222, 224, 227, 271 Duck, Ann (criminal), 185 Proposal for Making an effectual provision ducking, 284 for the Poor, 208 Duke’s Court, 158 Tom Jones, 206 Dunk, Thomas (criminal), 326 True State of the Case of Bosavern Penlez, Durham, John (criminal), 391 210 Dyson, Mary (pauper), 4, 395 see also Bow Street (magistrates’ office); Bow Street Runners Eagan, James (thief-taker), 229 Fielding, Jane, 310 Ealey, Mary, 108 Fielding, John (JP), 13, 166, 180, 196, 220, Ealing, 260 227–33, 235, 238, 243, 254–5, 258, Easden, Jonathan (informer), 39–40 265–6, 268–70, 280–3, 310–22, 324, East India Company, 351 326, 346–9, 359, 361, 377–8, 402–3, Easter, Tom (criminal), 191 405 Eastman, William (criminal), 280, 284 Account of the Origin and Effects of a Police, Eaton, Isabella (criminal), 118–20 227 Eccles cotton mill, 384 Extracts from ... the Penal Laws, 238 Eccles, Audrey, 241 see also Bow Street (magistrates’ office); Ecken, Dodo, 335 Bow Street Runners Eden, Frederick Morton, 295 Firmin, Thomas, 42 Eden, William, 334 Fisher, Henry (criminal), 94 Edlin, John, 186 Fissell, Mary, 15 Edwards, William, 242 Fitzgerald, John (criminal), 370 Edwin, Humphrey (Lord Mayor), 53 Fitzharris, John, 276

Index 449

Fleet Market, 289 George I, King, 70–1, 73 Fleet prison, 102–7, 349 Gibbons, John (thief-taker), 63 Fleet Street, 74, 107, 351 Gibbs, Thomas, 339 Flying Highwayman (ballad), 201 Gifford, Richard (JP), 112 Footman, Mary, 189 Gilbert, Thomas, 380, 405 Ford, Richard (JP), 402 Gillam, Samuel (JP), 278 Forfar, Alexander (thief-taker), 183–5 Gillray, James, 346 forgery, 48, 222, 301 Giltspur Street Compter, 404 Foster, Bazil (pauper), 238 gin, 256 Foster, Elizabeth (pauper), 238 and gender, 171 Foucault, Michel, 21 concerns about the consumption of, 138, Foundling Hospital, 139, 146, 162–5, 196, 168–71, 191 253–6, 259–62, 289–92, 295, Gin Acts, 170–3, 214–18 299–300, 303, 382 plebeian opposition to, 171–8, 192, 217 Franklin, Benjamin, 274 levels of consumption, 217–18 fraud, 50, 309, 324, 330, 355 Glass House Yard Liberty, 240 Frazier, James (JP), 160 Globe Tavern, 155 Freeman, Mary (criminal), 118 Glorious Revolution (1688), 27, 29, 34, 44 Freeman, William, 149 Glover, Jane (criminal), 41 Freemasons’ Hall, 351 Godfrey, William, 156 French Revolution, 393, 398–9, 407 Golden Square, 346 Fumerton, Patricia, 31 Gonson, John (JP), 112, 116, 121, 150 Goodman, Samuel (criminal), 189 Gadd, Henry (criminal), 182 Gordon Riots, 273, 283, 333, 337, 340, Gallimore, Elinour (criminal), 83 343–52, 355–7, 362, 364–6, 368–9, Galloway, Edward, 78 374–5, 377, 379, 385, 389, 392, 405, Gamble, John, 346 410–11 gaming houses, 92, 113–17, 219, 233 Gordon, Lord George, 6, 343–4, 350 gangs. See criminals: gangs Goree (Africa), ,2, 373 gaol fever, 66, 248, 325, 335 see also transportation: to Africa gaols. See imprisonment; prisons Grammer, David, 282 Gardiner, Mary (pauper), 309 grand jury, 32, 54, 64, 66, 68, 114, 117, 231 Gardiner, Sarah (pauper), 239 charges delivered to, 114, 116, 205 Garrick, David, 315 presentments of, 33, 197 Garrow, William (lawyer), 13, 24, 358–60, grand larceny, 66, 79, 136, 184, 330, 337, 372 389–92 Grear, Thomas (criminal), 314 Garth, Samuel, 91 Great Grievance of Traders and Shopkeepers,61 Gatehouse prison, 73, 108, 224, 326 Green Street, 261 Gatrell, Vic, 14, 410 Green, David, 16 Gay, John, 91, 101 Green, John, 274–6, 279, 281–3 The Beggar’s Opera, 91, 101, 201, 264, Green, Thomas (criminal), 327 315 Gretton, John (JP), 319–20 Gelder, Sarah (pauper), 257 Grifﬁth, John (criminal), 222 gender Grifﬁth, Sarah (criminal), 250 and gin, 171 Grimston, John, 350 crisis of, in 1690s, 28 Guildhall magistrates’ court. See City of female criminality, 61 London: Guildhall magistrates’ patterns of admissions to workhouses, 53, court 139–41 Guthrie, James, 191 patterns of prosecuted crime, 72 Guy’s Hospital, 164, 302 General Lying-in Hospital, 255, 300 Gentleman’s Magazine, 179, 201, 220, 367 Habeas Corpus Act, 212 Genuine Account of the Life and Actions of Hackney Wick, 298 James Maclean, Highwayman, 204 Haliburton, William (Bow Street Runner), Genuine Life of Isaac Darking, alias Dumas, 310 264 Hall, Edward (prison keeper), 340, 353

450 Index

Hall, John (criminal), 200 Hill, Robert (criminal), 373 Hall, Virtue, 211 Hill, Wills (Earl of Hillsborough), 344 Hamleeter, Edward (pauper), 307 Hind, William Palmer (thief-taker), Hammersmith, 113 189–90, 225 Hampstead, 313 Hindes, Mary (criminal), 261 handbills, 277, 411 Hindle, Steve, 15, 43, 49 hanging in chains, 221, 285 Hinton, Frances (criminal), 40 Hanging no Dishonour, 193 Hitchen, Charles (thief-taker), 87, 107 Hanging, Not Punishment Enough, for Hoare, Henry, 161 Murtherers, High-way Men and House Hodgson, Edmund, 356, 402 Breakers,64 Hodgson, Ralph (JP), 276, 281–2, 319 Hanway, Jonas, 12, 254–5, 258, 260–2, Hogarth, William, 120, 215 266, 269, 288, 291–5, 298, 303–4, Beer Street, 216 325, 380–1, 395, 405 Four Stages of Cruelty, 222 hard labour, 1, 65, 69, 78–80, 118, 208, Gin Lane, 214–15, 254 249, 325, 327, 338, 369, 385 Harlot’s Progress, 121 attitudes towards, 247, 252 Industry and Idleness, 222 Hardy, Thomas, 409 Holborn Bars, 182 Harley, Benjamin (criminal), 330–1 Holden, Booker (high constable), 157 Harley, Robert (criminal), 330 Holland, Elizabeth (pauper), 308 Harper, William (criminal), 181–2, 185, Holloway, Robert, 311, 314–15 189 The Rat-Trap, 314 Harpur, Henry (JP), 108 Holt, John, 60 Harris, Andrew, 377 Holywell Street, 384 Hartley, Ralph (JP), 39 Home Ofﬁce, 402–3 Hartlib, Samuel, 53 Honduras, 346, 374, 394 harvest failures, 28, 56, 70–1, 218, 268, 397 Honeyman, Katrina, 396 Harvey, Mary (criminal), 14, 118–21 Honour (transportation ship), 81 Harvey, William, 248 Honourable Artillery Company, 353 Hawes, Nathaniel (criminal), 94–5, 99 Hopkins, Daniel (criminal), 371 Hawkins gang, 91–2 Horne-Tooke, John, 278 Hawkins, John (criminal), 92, 96, 100, 180 Horsemonger Lane prison, 404 Hawkins, John (JP), 282, 324, 408 Horsford, Anstis (criminal), 284 Hawkins, William (criminal), 91, 100, 180 Horsford, William (criminal), 280, 284 Full, True and Impartial Account of all the hospitals. See associational charities; British Robberies Committed, 100 Lying-in Hospital; City of London Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 123 Lying-in Hospital; General Lying-in Hay, Douglas, 13, 387 Hospital; Guy’s Hospital; Hyde Park Haycock, Thomas (criminal), 349 Hospital; London Hospital; Hayes, Catherine (criminal), 90 Middlesex General Hospital; Royal Hayley, George (pauper), 287 Hospital, Chelsea; St Bartholomew’s Haymarket, 167 Hospital; St George’s Hospital; St Heley, John (Bow Street Runner), 316 Thomas’s Hospital; Westminster Hemlichen, John (criminal), 116 Inﬁrmary Hempston, Edward (criminal), 327 Houghton, Charles (criminal), 80 Henman, Thomas (criminal), 330–1 House of Commons. See parliament: House Hertfordshire, 308 of Commons Hewitt, John, 323 House of Lords. See parliament: House of Hexham, 388 Lords Hicks Hall. See sessions: Middlesex housebreaking, 61 highway robbery, 36, 62, 91, 94, 98, 100, houses of correction, 266, 325, 334, 400 119, 180, 184, 186–7, 189, 200, 222, conditions in, 239–40, 249–51 230, 263–6, 338, 377 numbers committed to, 67, 72 Hill, Edward (criminal), 189 see also Bridewell; Clerkenwell house of Hill, John (criminal), 189 correction; Cold Bath Fields prison;

Index 451

Southwark house of correction; Jones, Elizabeth (pauper), 239, 320 Tothill Fields Bridewell Jones, John (criminal), 337, 342 Houssart, Lewis (criminal), 94 Jones, Mary (criminal), 229–30 Howard, John, 12, 328, 335, 405 Jones, Peter, 16 Howard, William Augustus, 396 Jones, Sarah, 129 Howson, Gerald, 88, 92 Jones, Thomas (criminal, tried 1750), 206, Hoxton, 297, 301 224–5 Huggins, John (prison keeper), 106 Jones, Thomas (criminal, tried 1784), 371 Hughes, William (criminal), 324 Jones, William (pauper), 291 hulks, 1–3, 333, 389, 392 Jones, William (victim), 76 conditions on, 335–9, 371–2 juries. See grand jury; verdicts in criminal escapes from, 21, 335–8 trials numbers sentenced and committed to, jury of matrons, 66, 395 338 justices of the peace, 14, 19, 28–9, 168, see also Censor (hulk); Justicia (hulk); 207, 232, 281–2, 285, 351 statutes: 16 Geo III, c. 43 (1776) court justices, 138, 166, 205, 208 [Hulks Act] petty sessions, 44, 114, 117, 151, 191 Humphreys, John, 75 plebeian hostility towards, 282–6 Hunter, William, 331 presence at parish vestries, 151–2, Hutton, George, 369 154–5 Hyde Park, 202 stipendiary magistrates, 399–402 Hyde Park Hospital, 242 trading justices, 8, 19, 147, 178–80, 191, Hyde, Mary (pauper and vagrant), 242–3 206, 269, 281–2, 319–21, 400 Hyde, William (JP), 346, 348–9 see also under individual names of JPs Justicia (hulk), 334–5, 372 Ilive, Jacob, 239, 249–50 imprisonment, 64, 333, 355–6, 358 Kearney, Paul Patrick (pauper), 4–5, patterns and ﬂuctuations of, 330, 353–5, 301–3, 409 403–4 Keele, Richard (criminal), 80 Indian Queen (tavern), 384 Keeling, Charles (criminal), 374 informers, 8, 18, 29, 38–42, 56, 58, 62, 70, Kelly, Peter, 229 76, 112, 138, 166, 179, 186, 191, Kempton, Thomas (criminal), 248 193, 217, 219, 228, 233, 236, 284, Kidden, Joshua, 229 313, 375 King, Martha, 136 judicial opposition to, 178 King, Peter, 14, 16, 18 plebeian opposition to, 173–9, 192 Remaking Justice from the Margins,14 see also under individual names of King, Steven, 16 informers King’s Bench, 60, 111, 118, 154, 174, 219, Innes, Joanna, 14, 234, 378 236, 309–10, 361, 377, 403 Inns of Court, 350 prison, 102–7, 274–6, 278, 283, 349 Ireland, 58 king’s evidence, 193, 330 King’s Letter fund, 42 Jackson, James, 349 Kippax, William, 302 Jackson’s Alley, 384 Knave’s Acre, 313 Jacobitism, 73, 76, 166, 168, 192 Knight, Mary (criminal), 72 Jealous, Charles (Bow Street Runner), 360 Knightsbridge, 261 Jefferies, Elizabeth (criminal), 221 Jekyll, Joseph, 172 Lade, John (JP), 75 Jekyll, Thomas, 58 Lady Juliana (transportation ship), Jenkins, James (informer), 38–9, 41, 62 395 Johnson, Roger (thief-taker), 90, 94, 106 Lancaster, John (criminal), 221 Johnson, William (criminal), 67 Landau, Norma, 179, 320 Jolly Lad’s Trip to Botany Bay, 412 Landsman, Stephen, 187 Jones, Catherine (pauper), 300–1, 303, 409 Langbein, John, 13, 186–8, 360 Jones, Edward, 182 Larkin, Mary (pauper), 165

452 Index

lawyers, 14, 18 London Metropolitan Archives, 25 adversarial trial, 13, 231, 322, 356 London Volunteers Association, 375 as defence counsel, 11, 119, 185–90, London Workhouse, 27, 29, 43, 52–6, 65, 193, 231, 265–6, 269, 283, 310, 82, 121, 197, see also London 356–62, 371, 392, 394, 408–9 Corporation of the Poor as prosecution counsel, 74, 138, 160, Lord Mayor. See City of London, Lord 279, 356 Mayor at Bow Street (magistrates’ office), 361–2 Lovell, Edward (criminal), 330 Newgate solicitors, 89, 186, 324 Low Layton, 396 poor law cases, 362 Lowe, Mary, 236 see also Old Bailey: counsel at; under Lowth, Robert, 39 individual names of lawyers Lowther, William (criminal), 80 Lay, John (pauper), 308–9 Lund, Mary (pauper), 239 Le Batt, Margarett, 292 Lying-in Charity for Delivering Poor Lee, Matthew (criminal), 200 Married Women in their own Lees, Benjamin, 369 Habitations, 255 legal representation. See lawyers Lying-in Hospital. See British Lying-in legislation. See gin: Gin Acts; parliament; Hospital statutes; Westminster: Watch Acts Leicester Fields, 158 MacCray, Thomas (criminal and lawyer), Leicester Square, 166 180, 186 Lemmings, David, 13, 409 Macfarlane, Stephen, 53 Levene, Alysa, 15–16 MacGennis, Michael (criminal), 222 Leveson-Gower, Granville (Viscount MacKay, Lynn, 413 Trentham), 210–11 Mackdonald, Capt. Lewis, Paul (criminal), 231, 260–5 General History of the Lives and Adventures Lewis, Thomas (criminal), 230 of the Most Famous Highwaymen, 263 Limpus, Thomas (pauper, vagrant and Mackenzie, William (criminal), 369 criminal), 1–5, 11, 21, 373–4, 394 Maclaine, James (criminal), 102, 201–4, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 19, 344 221, 264, 272 Linebaugh, Peter, 17 Madan, Patrick (criminal), 341, 359, 373, 375 Lis, Catharina, 17 Maddox, Isaac, 214 Litchfield Rotation Office, 311, 318 The Expediency of Preventive Wisdom, 214 literacy, 19, 299–300, 406, 411 Magdalen Hospital, 8 Lloyd’s Evening Post, 279, 289 magistrates. See justices of the peace Lock Hospital, 162, 268 Maidstone, 322 London, 2, 5, 9, 18, 22, 194–5 Maidstone Gaol, 323 Great Fire of 1666, 31 Mainwaring, Charles (JP), 413 local administration in, 241 Malthus, Thomas, 405 migration to, 30–1 Mandeville, Bernard, 98–9 mortality rates in, 31 Manning, Charles (criminal), 338 population of, 30 Manningham, Richard, 254 see also under individual names of Mansion House justice room. See City of buildings, districts, parishes and London: Mansion House justice room streets manslaughter, 330 London Bridge, 283 Marcrost, Robert, 185 London Chronicle, 234, 265 Marine Police, 401 London Corporation of the Poor, 43, 52, Marine Society, 24, 254–5, 257–8 65, see also London Workhouse Marriott, Matthew, 125–8, 130–4 London Corresponding Society, 155, 399, Marsden, James, 283 409, 412 Marshall, Mary (pauper), 299 London Evening Post, 222 Marshalsea prison, 102–7 London Hospital, 162 Martin, Elizabeth (criminal), 322 London Infirmary. See London Hospital Martin, John (criminal), 355 London Journal,97 Martin, Matthew, 406–7 London Lives website, 7, 24 Plan for the Suppression of Beggary, 406

Index 453

Mary Cut and Come-again (criminal), 4, mughouses, 74 193 Mulby, Edward (son), Malachi (father) and Maryland, 373 Sarah (mother), 261 Mason, Benjamin (criminal), 225 Mullins, Edward (thief-taker), 225 Massie, Joseph, 261 Mumford, Thomas, 370 Master of the Rolls, 172 Munn, Thomas (criminal), 200 matrons, jury of. See jury of matrons Munro, Robert (pauper), 268 Matthison, William (criminal), 326 murder, 40, 58, 94, 106, 111, 160, 165, Maurice, Mary (prostitute), 157, 160 221, 259, 261, 278, 283–4, 288, 330 May Fair, 58 Murray, David (Viscount Stormont), 344 May, Allyson, 356 Murray, William (First Earl of Mansfield), May, Thomas (criminal), 230 310, 344, 346, 348–9, 362 Mayfair (neighbourhood), 407 Myler, Mary (pauper), 307 McDaniel gang, 229 McDaniel, Stephen (thief-taker), 184, Nailor, Ann and Mary (victims), 288 189–90, 225–6, 229–30 National Archives, 25 McKenzie, Andrea, 14, 95, 97 Navickas, Katrina, 350 McKinnon, Roderick, 268 Navy Pay Office, 351 Mercer, John (JP), 112 Neale, Dennis (criminal), 200 Mercury (transportation ship), 2, 372, 374–5 Memoirs of the Life and Remarkable Metropolitan Police, 413 Exploits, 200 Metyard, Sarah jnr and Sarah snr New Mint prison, 76, 104 (criminals), 288 New Prison, 1, 59, 72, 75, 112, 212, 248, Middlesex General Hospital, 255 250, 326–8, 338, 340, 349, 358–9, Middleton cotton mill, 396 367–71, 375 Middleton, Thomas, 152–3, 156 numbers committed to, 353 Mile End, 297 New Theatre, 167 Miles, William Augustus, 318 Newgate prison, 6, 38, 62, 65–7, 79, 90, 93, A Letter to Sir John Fielding, 315 95, 103, 106, 182, 190, 203, 209, Milford Lane, 142 233, 247–8, 250, 264, 266, 322, Miller, Anne (pauper, mother), James 325–6, 328–32, 337–42, 352, 354–5, Edward (son), Mary (daughter), and 358–9, 367–73, 390–1, 394 Prudentia (daughter), 260 attacks on, 347–50 Miller, Sarah, 173 executions outside, 365–7, 398 Mills, Elford (criminal), 248 see also Ordinary of Newgate Mills, Sarah (criminal), 391 Newport, Samuel (prison keeper), 369–70 Milner, John (JP), 131 Newton, Isaac, 62 Misson, Henri, 63 Nichols, Mary (criminal), 72 Mohocks, 73 night watch, 8, 10, 13, 102, 113, 117, 149, 152, ‘Monster’. See Williams, Rhynwick 154–5, 191, 208, 210, 224, 234, 312 Montgomerie, Alexander (Tenth Earl of see also constables; Westminster: Watch Eglinton), 202 Acts Montgomery, Robert, 183 Nine Years War, 28 Mooney, Nicholas (criminal), 200 Norfolk Island (Australia), 3, 394 Mooney, Thomas (criminal), 355 Norton, Ann (prostitute), 158 Moorfields, 19, 181, 276–7, 281, 285 Norton, Catherine (informer), 173 More, Hannah Norwill, William (criminal), 181 Cheap Repository Tracts, 411 Nourse, Timothy, 64 Morgan, James (constable), 307 Nova Scotia (Canada), 373 Morgan, William, 153 Morley, George (criminal), 371 Oglethorpe, James, 105 Morning Chronicle, 314 Old Bailey, 5–9, 91, 266, 374 Morrell, Joseph (criminal), 372 counsel at, 18, 89, 138, 186–90, 322, Morris, Mary (pauper), 257 356–62, 408 Morse, Mary (pauper), 239 courthouse, 88, 96, 98, 329, 350

454 Index

Old Bailey (cont.) Parliamentary Papers,25 malicious prosecutions at, 8, 229 Parsons, William (criminal), 200, 204 Proceedings, 6, 24, 33, 61, 95–6, 106, 187, Memoirs of the Life and Adventures of 228, 265, 271–2, 284, 313, 321, William Parsons, 200 355–6, 402–3, 408 Pate, Samuel, 136 trial procedures at, 410 paupers. See poor and under individual trials at, 4, 33, 65, 69, 75, 77, 88, 106, names 116, 119, 136, 160, 173, 189–90, Payne, William (constable and informer), 209–10, 217, 229–30, 251, 269, 271, 235, 307, 343–4, 352 279–80, 284, 301, 316, 318 Peat, Charles (criminal), 372 Old Street, 276 peine forte et dure,94–5 Ordinary of Newgate, 65, 68, 72, 90, 92, Pelham-Holles, Thomas (First Duke of 96, 100–1, 181–2, 193, 204, 229 Newcastle), 74, 228 Accounts, 23, 91, 169, 190–1, 199, 271–2 Penlez riots, 209–12 Oxenden Street, 158 Penlez, Bosavern (criminal), 196, 209–11, Oxford Magazine, 314, 328 248, 267 Oxford prison, 264 Pentlow, William (Bow Street Runner), 230 Pepper, Thomas, 175 Page, William (criminal), 230–1, 263–5 perjury, 89, 119, 173, 175, 186, 193, 211, Paine, Thomas, 398 226, 230, 237 Palace Yard, 346 Perry, Edward (prison keeper), 80 Paley, Ruth, 225–6, 229–30 Perry, John (JP), 59 Palmer, Charles (JP), 318 Persius, 235 Palmer, Joanne (pauper), 51 Petticoat Lane, 395 pardons, 2, 62, 209, 221, 324–5, 335, 363, petty larceny, 1, 41, 67, 72, 81, 169, 251, 410–11 307, 338 refusals to accept, 22, 389–93, 395 Peyton, Charles (criminal), 371 Parke, Elizabeth (pauper), 50 Philanthropos, 150 Parker, Edward, 175–6 Phillips, Clifford William (JP), 178 Parker, Thomas (Third Earl of Philpot Lane, 296 Macclesfield), 91 Phipps, Joseph, 152 parliament, 325, 344 Piccadilly, 276 committees of inquiry pickpocketing, 72, 180, 189, 224 committee for enquiry into burglaries Pierce, Joseph, 330 and robberies (1770), 312, 315, 326 pilfering, 248 Felonies Committee (1751-1752), pillory, 112, 175, 186, 230 213–14, 219–20, 224, 244, 246–9, Pitt, Martha, 327 252, 254 Pitt, William, 367 Poor Law Commission (1834), 295 Place, Bartholomew, 248 failed bills Place, Francis, 399 Felons Confinement in the Dockyards Place, William (criminal), 249 Bill (1752), 247 Plat, Elizabeth (criminal), 169 London and Westminster Police Bill Playhouse Passage, 115 (1785), 377, 399 plebeian House of Commons, 40, 156, 213 agency, 3, 12, 14, 16, 20–1, 29, 51, 69, House of Lords, 42, 280 134–5, 192–3, 196, 245–66, 269–70, legislation concerning crime, criminal 332–3, 372, 398, 407–13 law and its administration, 60–2, definition of, 4–8, 413 77–81, 212–23 engagement with authority, 8–9 legislation concerning poverty and poor influence on social policy, 4, 199, 330, relief, 42–6, 51–2, 55–6, 70, 123, 333–4, 392–3, 407 237–8, 262, 293–5, 397, 400, 404–5, Plunket, William (criminal), 202 409 Pocock, Mary (criminal), 175 see also statutes police. See Bow Street Runners; constables; Parliament Street, 344 Marine Police; Metropolitan Police;

Index 455

rotation offices; Thames Police King’s Bench: prison; Maidstone Office; thief-takers; night watch; Gaol; Marshalsea prison; New Mint Westminster: Watch Acts prison; New Prison; Newgate prison; Ponton, Daniel (JP), 278 Oxford prison; Poultry Compter; St Poole, Hannah, 291–2 Martin in the Fields: roundhouse; poor, 4, 8 Wood Street Compter economy of makeshift, 16 Privy Council, 210, 227, 246, 351 letter writing and petitioning of, 75, Proclamation Society, 378–9, 405, 407 298–9, 409–12 prostitutes, 1, 14, 35, 38–40, 59, 107, 116, numbers of, 5 187, 205, 235, 238, 242, 249, 305–6, working-class autobiography, 412, 310–11, 315, 345, 403, see also under poor relief, 14, 42, 207, 224, 241 individual names of prostitutes apprenticeship of paupers to mills, Protestant Association, 343 383–4, 396–8 Public Advertiser, 205, 290, 337 badges, 49–51, 56, 69 punishment certificates, 29, 45–9, 51, 56, 69, 147 failure to prevent crime, 63, 78, 244 costs of, 32, 147, 191, 198, 259, 270, patterns and fluctuations of, 244–8, 273, 286–8, 397–8, 404–5 362–72, 392–3 deaths of paupers in care, 288–95 severity of, 61 development of, 10–11, 138–48, 295–8, see also benefit of clergy; branding; capital 379–85, 392 punishment; dissection: of executed New Poor Law, 122, 404, 413 offenders; ducking; hanging in Old Poor Law, 42, 303, 409 chains; hard labour; hulks; plebeian exploitation of, 298–305, 395 imprisonment; pardons; pillory; settlement, 7, 18–19, 147, 213, 270, 295 prisons; transportation; Tyburn; changing notions of, 42 whipping Pope, Ann, 384 Pynes, Charles (criminal), 64 Porter, Robert (criminal), 79 Portsoken Ward, 183 Quaite, Elizabeth (criminal, wife) and Potbury, John (criminal), 181–2 Francis (husband), 189 Poulter, John (criminal), 251 quarter sessions. See sessions The Discoveries of John Poulter, 200 Queen Street, 73 Poultry Compter, 248 Powell, Daniel, 136 radicalism, 398–9 Powell, Grace (criminal), 136 efforts to suppress, 399 Pratt, Charles (criminal), 212 Rag Fair (Rosemary Lane), 19 Pratt, Charles (First Earl Camden), 236 Raine, Richard (pauper), 293 Prince Royal (transportation ship), 82 Rainsforth, Sampson (high constable), Prince, Elizabeth (criminal), 41 345–6, 348, 379, 382, 385 prisons, 266 Ramsey, Allan, 211 conditions in, 247–8, 333, 339–40, 367 Rann, John (criminal), 271–3, 313, debtors’ prisons, 102–7, 329 315–16 development of, 403–4 Rawlinson, Eleanor (prostitute), 37 escapes from, 21, 66, 73, 80, 93, 119, Rayner, Judith (pauper), 143 192, 248–9, 325–9, 332, 340–1, Read, Robert, 74 369–71, 394, 413 Read’s Weekly Journal, 172 keepers, 104–6, see also under individual receiving stolen goods, 86, 208, 251, 316 names of prison keepers recognizances, 25, 236, 316, 320, 400 opposition to solitary confinement, recoinage, 34, 42, 56 412–13 Great Recoinage (1696), 28 rebuilding of, 325–30, 342 Recorder of London. See City of London: see also Fleet prison; Gatehouse prison; Recorder Giltspur Street Compter; Gordon reformation of manners campaigns Riots; Horsemonger Lane prison; 1690–1738, 34–42, 56–60, 107–21, 192, houses of correction; imprisonment; 232

456 Index

reformation of manners campaigns (cont.) Thames Police Office, and the 1757–1763, 232–7 following rotation offices: 1787+, 378–9, 407–8 Clerkenwell, Litchfield; Shadwell; Black Lists,57 Shoreditch; Tower Division; judicial opposition to, 38, 58 Whitechapel plebeian opposition to, 27–60, 134, 177, Rowlandson, Thomas, 408 234–7 Royal Academy of the Arts, 331 societies for the, 8, 27, 38, 57, 107, 138, Royal College of Surgeons, 331 171, 233 Royal Exchange, 82, 287 tactics of, 40–1 Royal Family (gang), 206, 224–5, 229 see also bawdy houses; gaming houses; Royal Hospital, Chelsea, 139 gin; informers; Proclamation royal proclamations, 35, 86, 133, 225, 227 Society; Society for Bettering the Rudé, George, 276, 345 Condition and Increasing the Rummer Tavern, 236 Comforts of the Poor; Society for the Russell, Edward (JP), 283 Promotion of Christian Knowledge Russell, Elizabeth, 396 (SPCK); Society for the Propagation Russell, Harriet (pauper), 396–7 of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) Russell, Lord John (Fourth Duke of Remington, Charles (thief-taker), 189, 225 Bedford), 205, 280 returning from transportation, 2, 82, 200, Ryder, Dudley, 265 204, 251–2, 323–5, 372, 374, 389, Ryder, Samuel (JP), 116 394 rewards, 61–2, 100, 189, 191, 193, 196, Sabbath breaking, 39, 111, 116, 234, 378 240, 307–8 Sacheverell Riots, 60, 69–70, 73 offered by proclamation, 86, 184, 225, St Andrew Holborn, 83–4 227 St Andrew Wardrobe, 292 private, 86, 184, 225 St Ann Blackfriars, 140 statutory, 29, 82, 86, 184, 225, 237 workhouse, 140 Rewse, Bodenham (informer), 38–9, 41, St Anne Soho, 154–6 62, 66 St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 164 Ricciardelli, Giuseppe (pauper), 259 St Botolph Aldersgate, 149, 156 Rich, Mary, 413 workhouse, 149 Riot Act. See statutes: 1 Geo I, c. 5 (1715) St Botolph Aldgate, 24, 51, 296–7, 345, 395 riots, 73–7, 196, 269, 273–86, 330, 332, 407 St Botolph Billingsgate, 45 judicial response to, 277–82 St Botolph Bishopsgate, 45, 296 see also Crimp riots; Gordon Riots; Penlez St Bride Fleet Street, 32, 140, 307 riots; Sacheverell Riots; St George’s churchyard, 289 Fields Massacre; turnpike riots; workhouse, 140 Tyburn: riots St Clement Danes, 19, 24, 48, 50, 84, robbery, 72, 86, 113, 119, 169, 180–91, 141–2, 147, 151, 183, 198, 211, 216, 199, 211, 225, 228–9, 363 286, 291, 294, 379–81, 383–5, Roberts, Ann, 40 395–7 Roberts, Rose (criminal), 169 census of the poor (1745), 142 Robin Hood, 91 workhouse, 297–8, 304, 381 Robinson, Thomas (Duke of Richmond), St Dionis Backchurch, 24, 27, 50, 83, 211 142–4, 286, 296, 300–1, 303, 380 Rockman, Seth, 17 St George Bloomsbury, 84 Rogers, Nicholas, 75, 218, 247 St George Botolph Lane, 45 Rose Lane, 302 St George Hanover Square, 84, 123–5, 132, rotation offices, 19, 177, 266, 311, 318–21, 148, 150, 154–5, 288, 308 399–401, see also Bow Street workhouse, 261 (magistrates’ office); Cambridge St George’s Fields, 344 Street Rotation Office; City of St George’s Fields Massacre, 278, 283 London: Guildhall magistrates’ St George’s Hospital, 268 court; Mansion House justice room; St Giles Cripplegate, 84, 144

Index 457

St Giles in the Fields, 84, 110, 112, 125–6, Scott, James, 22 129–30, 132, 136, 384 Scott, Sarah, 371 workhouse, 128–30, 133 Scurrier, Richard (criminal), 94 St James Clerkenwell, 84, 183 Secret Service Fund, 166 St James Dukes Place, 50 Select Trials,95–6 St James Piccadilly, 150, 384 select vestries. See vestries: select vestries St James Westminster, 58, 125, 154–5 Serpentine (river), 261 workhouse, 154–5 sessions, 43, 46, 168, 216, 239, 241, 245, St James’s Street, 201 251, 292, 363–4 St John Clerkenwell, 84 City of London, 44 St John the Evangelist, 150, 287 Middlesex, 25, 36, 49, 51, 113, 117, 176, St Leonard Shoreditch, 40, 132 246, 324, 368, 386 St Luke Chelsea, 139 Westminster, 1, 25, 114, 117, 205 workhouse, 139, 242 see also Old Bailey St Margaret Westminster, 113, 124–5, 132, Seven Years War, 229, 246, 269–70, 322 150, 154–5, 238 Sewell, Henry (criminal), 79 workhouse, 253 Shadwell, 279, 281 St Martin in the Fields, 1, 25, 35, 82, 84, Shadwell Rotation Office, 318 110–11, 117, 125, 133, 139–40, 145, Sharp, John (constable), 307 148, 150–2, 154–7, 161, 165, 211, Sharpe, Pamela, 16 256, 260, 304, 384 Shave, Samantha, 16 roundhouse, 156, 192 Shaw, James (criminal), 92, 180 disaster, 138, 144–55 Shears, Richard, 222 workhouse, 1, 133, 136, 138–9, 144–7, Sheffield, 396 164, 260, 287 Sheppard, Jack (criminal), 89, 92–4, 101 St Martin’s Lane, 158, 160 sheriff ’s cravings, 246 St Martin’s Street, 346 Sherratt, Thomas (constable), 238 St Mary Lambeth, 384 Sherwin, John, 94 St Mary le Bow, 58 Shirley, Laurence (Fourth Earl Ferrers, St Mary le Strand, 58 criminal), 265 St Mary Newington, 143 Shoe Lane, 289 St Mary Spitalfields, 276, 278, 280–1, 284, shoplifting, 61, 64, 322 302, 395 Shore, Heather, 14, 119, 121 church, 279 Shoreditch, 84 market, 289 Shoreditch Rotation Office, 318 St Mary Woolchurch, 45 Shrewsbury, 300 St Michael Cornhill, 287 Sideaway, Robert (criminal), 394 St Pancras workhouse, 412 Siena, Kevin, 16, 132, 145 St Patrick’s Day, 281 Silvester, John (lawyer), 362 St Paul Covent Garden, 84, 110, 114, 150, Simms, Henry (criminal), 193 157, 211, 287, 384 Simpson, George (criminal), 96, 100 St Sepulchre, 124 Sirr, Charlotte (pauper), 292 St Stephen Coleman Street, 289 Slack, Paul, 15 St Thomas’s Hospital, 164 Smith, Alexander, 91 Salisbury Court, 74–5 Lives of the Most Noted Highwaymen, Salmon, James (thief-taker), 229 91 Savile, Gertrude, 101, 425 Smith, Bruce, 403, 409 Sawbridge, John, 279 Smith, John (criminal, tried 1715), 72 Saxby, Mary (pauper) Smith, John (criminal, tried 1773), 323 Memoirs of a Female Vagrant, 412 Smith, John (murdered infant), 261 Sayer, John (Bow Street Runner), 377 Smith, John (pauper), 291 Scarr, Richard, 149 Smith, Mary (criminal), 361 Schofield, Roger, 15 Smith, Samuel, 149 Schwarz, Leonard, 5, 15, 25, 146 Smith, William (author) Scilly Isles, 374 State of the Gaols, 329

458 Index

Smith, William (criminal), 222 9 Anne, c. 17 (1710) [Act for Fifty New smuggling, 330 Churches], 77, 83–4 Soames, Daniel (informer), 107 13 Anne, c. 26 (1714) [Vagrancy Act], Society for Bettering the Condition and 238 Increasing the Comforts of the Poor, 1 Geo I, c. 5 (1715) [Riot Act], 70, 74, 408 77–8, 86, 115, 134, 167, 174, 209, Society for the Promotion of Christian 235, 346, 351 Knowledge (SPCK), 57, 67, 121–3, 4 Geo I, c. 11 (1718) [Transportation 125–6, 161, 171 Act], 13, 68, 70, 78–80, 82, 86–7, An Account of Several Workhouses, 122 244 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 9 Geo I, c. 7 (1723) [Workhouse Test Foreign Parts (SPG), 57 Act], 70, 122–3 Society of Porters, 45 2 Geo II, c. 17 (1729) [Gin Act], 170 Sokoll, Thomas, 16 9 Geo II, c. 23 (1736) [Gin Act], 138, solicitors. See lawyers 172 Solomons, Lea Joseph (criminal), 355 9 Geo II, c. 36 (1736) [Mortmain Act], Soly, Hugo, 17 162 Some Considerations of the Fatal Effects ... of 10 Geo II, c. 17 (1737) [Gin Act], 172 the Present Excess of Publick Charities, 13 Geo II, c. 24 (1740) [Vagrancy Act], 262 238 South Sea Bubble, 70, 91–2 16 Geo II, c. 8 (1743) [Gin Act], 176, 214 South Sea Company, 351 17 Geo II, c. 5 (1744) [Vagrancy Act], Southwark, 39, 194, 278 238 Southwark house of correction, 329 24 Geo II, c. 40 (1751) [Gin Act], Sparkes, Anne (pauper), 309 214–19, 232 Spiggot, William (criminal), 94 25 Geo II, c. 36 (1752) [Disorderly Spitalfields. See St Mary Spitalfields Houses Act], 214, 219–20, 231–2, sponging houses, 102 235 Squires, Mary (criminal and victim), 211 25 Geo II, c. 37 (1752) [Murder Act], Stagg, William, 111 196, 214, 220–3, 244, 246 Stanton, John (criminal), 248 26 Geo II, c. 33 (1753) [Marriage Act], Stanton, Sarah, 248 255 statutes 2 Geo III, c. 22 (1762) [Register of Poor 1 & 2 Phil & Mar, c. 13 (1554–5) [Marian Children Act], 262, 293–5 Bail statute], 316 5 Geo III, c. 48 (1765) [Spitalfields Act], 2 & 3 Phil & Mar, c. 10 (1555) [Marian 275 Bail statute], 316 7 Geo III, c. 39 (1767) [Regulation of 14 Chas II, c. 12 (1662) [Settlement Poor Children Act], 293–5 Act], 43 13 Geo III, c. 68 (1773) [Spitalfields 3 & 4 Wm & M, c. 9 (1691) [Benefitof Act], 285 Clergy Act], 61 14 Geo III, c. 59 (1774) [Health of 3 & 4 Wm & M, c. 11 (1692) [Poor Law Prisoners Act], 326 Act], 43–6, 51 16 Geo III, c. 43 (1776) [Hulks Act], 334 4 & 5 Wm & M, c. 8 (1692) [Apprehending 18 Geo III, c. 60 (1778) [Catholic Relief of Highwaymen Act], 62 Act], 343 8 & 9 Wm III, c. 30 (1697) [Poor Law 19 Geo III, c. 74 (1779) [Penitentiary Act], 46, 51 Act], 21, 338, 404 10 & 11 Wm III, c. 18 (1699) [Vagrancy 32 Geo III, c. 45 (1792) [Vagrancy Act], Costs Act], 55–6, 237 400, 405 10 & 11 Wm III, c. 23 (1699) 32 Geo III, c. 53 (1792) [Middlesex [Shoplifting Act], 61–2 Justices Act], 321, 399–401 5 Anne, c. 6 (1706) [Hard Labour Act], 35 Geo III, c. 101 (1795) [Poor Law 65, 79 Act], 404, 409 5 Anne, c. 31 (1706) [Apprehending of 42 Geo III, c. 73 (1802) [Health and Housebreakers and Burglars Act], 62 Morals of Apprentices Act], 397

Index 459

stealing from a dwelling house, 361 Thorne, Elizabeth (prostitute), 37 Steele, Richard, 91 Thornton, Mary, 165 Stephens, Robert (prison keeper), 323 Three Tuns (tavern), 313 Stepney, 84 Thruckstone, John, 143 Stevens, Samuel (criminal), 316 Tidcomb, Mary (criminal), 173 Stevenson, William (criminal), 371 Tidd, William (criminal), 232 Stobbart, William, 375 Tite, Mary (pauper), 48 Stokes, Mary (pauper), 238 Tomkins, Alannah, 15 Stokes, Sarah (pauper), 238 Tompkins, Charles (pauper), 50 Stonecutters Street, 288 Tothill Fields Bridewell, 1, 35, 67, 107, Strand, 36, 38, 209, 235 118, 250, 310, 326 Stroud, Henry (criminal), 284–5 numbers committed to, 36 Strut, Elizabeth (criminal), 323 Tottenham Court Road, 290 Styles, John, 312 Tottenham High Cross, 288 summary justice, 403, 409, see also City of workhouse, 143 London: Guildhall magistrates’ Tower Division Rotation Office, 318 court; Mansion House justice room; Tower Hamlets, 35–6, 39 houses of correction; justices of the Tower Hill, 222 peace: petty sessions Tower of London, 280 Sun Tavern, 235 Towers, Charles (criminal), 97 Sun-Tavern Fields, 279 Townshend, Charles (Second Viscount Surgeons’ Hall, 221 Townshend), 88, 117 Surman, Elizabeth (pauper), 289 Townshend, James, 279 Surprise (transportation ship), 384 Townshend, Thomas (First Viscount Swift (transportation ship), 2, 373–5 Sydney), 344, 390 Swift, Jonathan, 97 transportation, 2, 21, 133, 384, 411 Clever Tom Clinch Going to be Hanged,97 attitudes towards, 82, 251–2, 322–3 Swift, Michael (criminal), 327, 337, 340 interruption of, to America, 333–5, 355, 362, 368, 373, 392 Tattingstone House of Industry, 412 mutinies during, 2, 81–2, 373–4 taverns. See Brown Bear; Dolphin; Globe; patterns and fluctuations of, 245, 251, Indian Queen; Rummer; Sun; Three 322, 334, 374 Tuns; Well and Bucket to Africa, 2, 355, 373–4, 389, 394 Taylor, James Stephen, 16, 295 to America, 64, 68, 78, 81, 324, 330 Taylor, John (Ordinary of Newgate), 199, 204 to Australia, 3, 342, 355, 375, 388–92, Taylor, Thomas (captain), 280 394–5, 398, 410 Taylor, Thomas (pauper), 291 see also Alexander; Honour; Lady Juliana; Taylor, William (criminal), 189, 248 Mercury; Prince Royal; Surprise; Swift Tenison, Thomas, 35 (transportation ships) Thames Police Office, 402 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 196 theft, 7, 33, 61, 118, 245, 271, 337 Treaty of Paris, 266, 270 theft of lead from houses, 150 Treaty of Utrecht, 70 Thelusson’s Bank, 351 Trenter, William, 369 thief-takers, 8, 10, 18, 29, 41, 62–3, 69–70, Tristram, Abraham (informer), 236 86–91, 93, 107, 119, 134, 138, 166, Troughton, John (JP), 108 183–4, 189–91, 193, 196, 224–8, Turner, Barnard, 366 237, 266, 315, 318–19 Turner, John (criminal), 100 corrupt activities of, 184–5, 225–6, 229–30 turnpike riots, 196 plebeian opposition to, 192, 232 Twisleton, Thomas, 350 see also under individual names of thief- Tyburn, 63, 89, 98, 190, 200, 209, 246, 252, takers 259, 261, 265–6, 276, 280, 288, 330 Thomas, Mary, 59 abolition of executions at, 365–7 Thompson, Edward, 21, 410 riots, 196, 221–3 Thomson, William (Recorder of London), Tyburn Ticket, 62 81

460 Index

Universal Spectator,96 Westminster, 2, 210, 277 Court of Burgesses, 11, 113–14, 149, vagrancy, 1, 32, 43, 52, 55–6, 196–244, 151, 153, 160–1, 191 270, 313 development of, 110 prosecution of, 237–44, 269, 305–8, Watch Acts, 11, 138, 147, 150–7, 161, 385–9, 400–1, 403 224, 238, 241 opposition to the, 240–4, 308–12 see also sessions: Westminster; St Anne Valloine, John (criminal), 279–80 Soho; St Clement Danes; St George Vandeput, George, 210–11 Hanover Square; St James Vaughan, Daniel, 74 Westminster; St John the Evangelist; Vaughan, Edward (informer), 111–13, St Martin in the Fields; St Mary le 115–16, 131 Strand; St Paul Covent Garden verdicts in criminal trials, 313 Westminster Abbey, 305 patterns and fluctuations of, 136, 266, Westminster Bridge, 194–5, 266–7 362 Westminster Hall, 82, 175 vestries Westminster Infirmary, 161, 164 select vestries, 85–6, 113, 138, 148–50, Whaley, Elizabeth (criminal), 111 162, 191–2 whipping, 64, 81, 323, 364–5, 367, 385, Victualing Office, 351 392, 400 Vigo (Spain), 81 attitudes towards, 246–7, 252 Vobe, James (pauper, son), Jane (mother), patterns and fluctuations of, 244, 363 Thomas jnr (brother), Thomas snr Whistle, Mary (pauper), 4–5, 126, 129, 131 (father), 384 White, John (criminal), 337 White, Mary. See Mary Cut-and-come- Wager, Charles, 167 again wages, 28, 71, 137, 147, 169, 191, 195–6, Whitechapel, 76, 178, 236 198, 207, 268–9, 273, 281, 285–6, Whitechapel Rotation Office, 281, 284, 318 311, 397 Whitefield, George, 233 Walker, Charlotte (criminal), 14, 360, 406 Whitehall Evening Post, 205 Walker, Elizabeth (criminal), 119 Whiting, George, 332 Walker, Israel, 212 Whiting, Samuel, 330 Waller, John (informer), 186 Wilberforce, William, 378 Walpole, Horace, 202, 204, 217, 274 Wild, Jonathan (thief-taker), 82, 86–90, Walpole, Robert, 70 100–1, 106–7, 134, 184, 189 War of the Austrian Succession, 196 Wilkes, John, 273–8, 287, 314, 350 Warner, Jessica, 174–5 Wilkinson, John (constable), 59 Warwick Street, 344 Wilkinson, Phenix (pauper), 50 watch. See night watch Wilks, Robert (criminal), 66 Watson, Theophilus (criminal), 189 William III, King, 28, 34–5, 42 Watts, Ann (criminal), 79 Williams, John, 78 weather, 137, 195, 268 Williams, Rhynwick (‘Monster’, criminal), Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 14 398 Webb, Henry (criminal), 225 Willis, Michael (constable, criminal and Webb, John, 263 thief-taker), 119 Weekly Journal or, British Gazeteer, 100 Willis, Robert, 119 Welch, Saunders (JP), 220, 318 Willis, Thomas (constable, criminal, and Well and Bucket (tavern), 276 thief-taker), 119 Welldy, Thomas, 181–2 Wilmot, David (JP), 281–2, 284–5, 346 Wells cotton mill, 396 Wilson, John (criminal), 209–10 Wells, Daniel (criminal), 66 Wilson, Ralph, 100 Wells, Jane (criminal), 79 Winterbotham, William, 345 Wells, Susannah (criminal), 211 Wood Street Compter, 248, 340 Wesley, John, 201, 233, 235 Wood, Simon, 106 West Indies, 78 Wood, William (criminal), 370 West, Charles, 337 Woodcock, William, 296

Index 461

Woodward, Josiah, 41, 57 St Pancras workhouse; Tattingstone Account of the Societies for Reformation of House of Industry; Tottenham Manners,57 High Cross: workhouse; statutes: Wooldridge, Richard (criminal), 358 9 Geo I, c. 7 (1723) [Workhouse Workhouse Cruelty, 126, 129–31 Test Act] workhouses, 133–4, 255, 325, 380 Worshipfull Society of Parish Clerks, 293 administration of, 125–9 Wreathock, William (criminal and lawyer), conditions in, 129–32, 138, 155, 193 166, 186 costs of, 138, 147 Wrexham, 300–1 development of, 121–4, 132–3, 144–8, Wright, James (criminal), 91 296–7 Wright, Sampson (JP), 377, 402 population of, 141 Wrigley, E. A., 15 see also London Workhouse; St Ann Blackfriars: workhouse; St Botolph Yexley, Elizabeth (pauper), 144 Aldersgate: workhouse; St Bride York, 308 Fleet Street: workhouse; St Clement York, Archbishop of, 344 Danes: workhouse; St George York, Frances, 310 Hanover Square: workhouse; St Yorke, Philip (First Earl of Hardwicke), 208 Giles in the Fields: workhouse; St Young, Mary (criminal), 180 James Westminster: workhouse; St Young, William, 95 Luke Chelsea: workhouse; St Younger, Thomas (criminal), 314 Margaret Westminster: workhouse; St Martin in the Fields: workhouse; Zirker, Malvin, 205