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English Seafarer Communities in the Later Middle Ages: a Study in the Socio- Cultural Economics of an Occupational Group by Brenna Elizabeth Gibson

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English Seafarer Communities in the Later Middle Ages: a Study in the Socio- Cultural Economics of an Occupational Group by Brenna Elizabeth Gibson University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, whe re applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non -commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be repro duced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Department of History English Seafarer Communities in the Later Middle Ages: A Study in the Socio- Cultural Economics of an Occupational Group by Brenna Elizabeth Gibson Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2017 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Department of History Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ENGLISH SEAFARER COMMUNITIES IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: A STUDY IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL ECONOMICS OF AN OCCUPATIONAL GROUP Brenna Elizabeth Gibson England is a country with its roots steeped in maritime history. As an island, the lives and actions of England’s mariners through time are intrinsically linked to the timeline of the country itself. This was especially so during the fourteenth century, when England’s seafarers were not only actively involved in trade, transport, and fishing, but also played a huge part in naval activities at the outbreak of the Hundred Years War. Despite their importance to the fabric of England’s society at the time, the fourteenth-century seafarer has widely been overlooked by modern-day scholars. This study aims to address this gap in the literature by constructing a snapshot of this occupational group, through research of their economic and social status, as well as their culture. An economic snapshot has been achieved by identifying individual mariners from England’s coastal counties, who were recorded in contemporary documents, and matching them with tax records. The social standing of England’s seafarers was also explored in two ways: the employment of a basket of consumables, which used wage data to observe the fluctuations in buying power throughout the century; and some case studies of individuals’ careers both at sea and on land. Furthermore, the cultural heritage and agency of the shipboard community has been explored through their choice of ship names. The results of this three-pronged study creates a prosoprographical snapshot of this occupational group: the socio-economic study shows that the factors affecting seafarers in the fourteenth century were many and varied, including famine, distance from the continent, disease, war, and availability of resources; while the cultural study opens up the discussion of what kinds of choices the shipboard community was making and what these choices can tell us about what was considered important to them. Table of Contents Table of Tables........................................................................... iii Table of Figures .......................................................................... v Declaration of Authorship .......................................................... ix Acknowledgements ................................................................... xi Abbreviations ...........................................................................xiii Chapter One – The Fourteenth Century English Seafarer: An Introduction ............................................................................... 1 Ships ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Business and Legal Aspect ............................................................................................................. 11 Naval Activity ................................................................................................................................ 11 Trade ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Ports ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Socio-Economic Aspect ................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter Two – Sources and Methodology ................................. 23 2.1 Sources ............................................................................................................................. 23 2.1.1 Exchequer and Chancery ............................................................................................. 24 2.1.2 Customs Accounts....................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Tax Records ....................................................................................................................... 30 2.3 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter Three – The Socio-Economic Lives of Seafarers ............. 39 3.1 Comparisons between Seafarers....................................................................................... 49 3.1.1 Lay Subsidies and Poll Taxes ........................................................................................ 53 Cornwall ....................................................................................................................................... 55 Devon ........................................................................................................................................... 57 Dorset ........................................................................................................................................... 64 Hampshire .................................................................................................................................... 71 Sussex ........................................................................................................................................... 78 Kent .............................................................................................................................................. 84 Essex............................................................................................................................................. 90 Suffolk .......................................................................................................................................... 94 Norfolk ....................................................................................................................................... 101 Lincolnshire ................................................................................................................................ 108 Yorkshire .................................................................................................................................... 110 Lancashire................................................................................................................................... 113 Gloucestershire ........................................................................................................................... 114 Overall Comparisons ................................................................................................................... 119 3.2 County-to-County Comparisons across the Fourteenth Century ..................................... 128 Chapter Four – Seafarers and Standards of Living in a Turbulent Time ....................................................................................... 135 4.1 Seafarers in the Context of a Basket of Consumables ..................................................... 138 4.2 Seafarers, Weather, Climate, and Famine in Fourteenth Century England ..................... 147 4.3 Seafarers and the Impact of the Hundred Years War ...................................................... 155 4.4 Seafarers and the Black Death: Some Socio-Economic Consequences ............................ 165 4.5 Living in the Fourteenth Century .................................................................................... 172 i Chapter Five – Cultural Changes in the Fourteenth Century ..... 189 5.1 Cultural and Religious Ramifications of the Black Death ................................................. 189 5.2 Ship Naming Trends of the Fourteenth Century .............................................................. 196 5.3 Ship-Naming in the Context of Seafarers’ Social Environments ....................................... 208 Chapter Six – Shipmasters in the Fourteenth Century: Some Conclusions ............................................................................ 241 6.1 Overall Findings ............................................................................................................... 241 6.2 Further Work ..................................................................................................................
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