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Automated Remote Cameras for Monitoring Alluvial Sandbars on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona

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Automated Remote Cameras for Monitoring Alluvial Sandbars on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University Automated Remote Cameras for Monitoring Alluvial Sandbars on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona By Paul E. Grams, Robert B. Tusso, and Daniel Buscombe Open-File Report 2018–1019 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover image: Photograph of sandbar that is photographed daily by remote digital camera (in foreground) along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. ii Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University Automated Remote Cameras for Monitoring Alluvial Sandbars on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona By Paul E. Grams, Robert B. Tusso, and Daniel Buscombe Open-File Report 2018–1019 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Deputy Director exercising the authority of the Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2018 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Grams, P.E., Tusso, R.B., and Buscombe, D., 2018, Automated remote cameras for monitoring alluvial sandbars on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1019, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181019. ISSN 2331-1258 (online) iv Acknowledgments We thank the many individuals who have contributed to the development, construction, and maintenance of the remote camera systems described in this report. Glen Bennett and Ted Melis initiated the transition from film to the new digital cameras in 2008 and the original 12 cameras (most of which are still in service) were built by Rian Bogle. Tim Dealy assisted with building many of the cameras currently in use. Many cooperators and volunteers have assisted with servicing the cameras and exchanging memory cards in the field including Matt Kaplinski, Ryan Lima, Tom Sabol, Ron Griffiths, and Joel Unema. Joseph Hazel, Keith Kohl, Rob Ross, and Rod Parnell surveyed the locations of cameras and panels used for image rectification. Julaire Scott and Caleb Ring assisted with organizing the thousands of scanned images from the original film cameras. Finally, Tom Gushue, Tim Andrews, Taylor Johnson, and James Hensleigh, developed the tools to display and serve the images online. This work was supported by the Glen Canyon Dam Adaptive Management Program and the U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Reclamation. v Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................................... v Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Area and Monitoring Locations ............................................................................................................................ 2 Description of Remote-Camera Systems ....................................................................................................................... 6 Film-Camera Systems ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Digital-Camera Systems ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Image Processing and Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Image Processing and Web-Based Image Viewer ..................................................................................................... 9 Qualitative Analysis of Sandbar Deposition and Erosion ......................................................................................... 11 Method Validation ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Results of Visual Estimates of Sandbar Change ................................................................................................. 17 Quantitative Analysis of Sandbar Area ..................................................................................................................... 19 Image Registration and Rectification ................................................................................................................... 19 Delineation of Sandbar Area ............................................................................................................................... 23 The RCSandSeg Program ................................................................................................................................... 25 Sandbar Area at RC0307 Between October 2009 and October 2015 ......................................................................... 30 References Cited ......................................................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix 1. Normalized Changes in Sandbar Area, Volume, and Composite Sandbar Size on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, Determined from Repeat Topographic Surveys ...................................... 40 Appendix 2. Estimated Changes in sandbar size on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, from Remote-Camera Images for the 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2016 Controlled Floods Released from Glen Canyon Dam ......................................................................................................................................................... 41 Appendix 3. Example Python Computer Program for Finding the [x,y] Translation Vector Between Two Remote- Camera Images Used for Monitoring Sandbars on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, Using Two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (2D-FFT) ................................................................................... 49 Appendix 4. Example Python Computer Program for Finding the Area of a Polygon in Projected [x,y] Coordinates .. 50 vi Figures Figure 1. Map of Colorado River corridor in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, showing the locations of sandbar monitoring sites with remote cameras ................. 3 Figure 2. Photograph of debris fan and downstream eddy showing typical alluvial sandbar formations along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. .............................................................. 4 Figure 3. Photographs of remote-camera systems used along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona ................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 4. Graph of discharge of the Colorado River at Lees Ferry, Arizona ......................................... 12 Figure 5. Photographs of sandbars along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, from before and after the 2014 controlled flood released from Glen Canyon Dam ...................................... 13 Figure 6. Graphs of visual estimates of change in sandbar size in remote-camera images from monitoring sites along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, following controlled floods released from Glen Canyon Dam ...................................................................................................... 19 Figure 7. Example of the image-registration workflow used for sandbar monitoring along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona ............................................................................................ 20 Figure 8. Example of the image rectification workflow used for sandbar monitoring along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona ............................................................................................ 21 Figure 9. Example oblique photograph taken by a remote camera used for sandbar monitoring along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona ...................................................................... 23 Figure 10. Time series of oblique imagery from a sandbar monitoring site (RC0307R) along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona ............................................................................ 24 Figure 11. Screenshots from the RCSandSeg program used to process remote-camera images for sandbar monitoring along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona ............................
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