Rechtsterrorismus in Deutschland Zum „Nationalsozialistischen Untergrund“ (NSU) Und Seiner Wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung

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Rechtsterrorismus in Deutschland Zum „Nationalsozialistischen Untergrund“ (NSU) Und Seiner Wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung RECHTSEXTREMISMUS UND PRÄVENTION Rechtsterrorismus in Deutschland Zum „Nationalsozialistischen Untergrund“ (NSU) und seiner wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung Revolver, auf den er einen Schalldämp- Michail Logvinov fer schraubte, begangen hatte und ebenfalls mit einem Fahrrad geflüch- Nach dem Bekanntwerden der rechtsextremistischen NSU-Verbrechen tet sein soll. Über seine Mordanschlä- beschäftigten sich nicht weniger als vier Untersuchungsausschüsse des ge könnten die deutschen Täter in Bundes und der Länder sowie Wissenschaftler und Journalisten mit dem Schriften des weltweit agierenden Rechtsterrorismus in Deutschland und seinen Besonderheiten. Dies führte zu rechtsextremen „Blood-&-Honour“- zahlreichen, manchmal neuen Erkenntnissen und Perspektiven auf das Netzwerks gelesen haben. Die Vermu- Phänomen. Der Aufsatz fasst in komprimierter Form die relevanten Ergebnisse tung klingt zwar überzeugend, doch der politischen und wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung des NSU-Falls zusammen. die eigentliche Frage lautet, ob es die einzige rassistisch motivierte Mordse- Milieus verbreitete „Leaderless Resis- rie war, von der das Terrortrio wissen 1. Problematischer analytischer tance“-Modell zu keiner Revision der konnte. Das scheint nicht der Fall zu Ansatz: „Man hätte es durchaus Risikoeinschätzung führte. Es mangel- sein. So hatte etwa William Pierce sei- besser wissen können“ te jedoch nicht an Hinweisen auf die nen Roman „Hunter“ (1989) dem faszinierende Wirkung terroristischer Serienmörder James Clayton Vaughn, Ein Pressebericht des NSU-Untersu- Konzepte bei deutschen Rechtsextre- besser bekannt als Joseph Paul Frank- chungsausschusses des Deutschen misten. Ein Bericht des Bundesamts lin7, gewidmet, in dem die Hauptfigur Bundestages zitiert einen geladenen für Verfassungsschutz (BfV)3 wies bei- mit dem klangvollen Namen Oscar Zeugen (Pseudonym „Egerton“) mit spielhaft auf Terrorkonzepte wie „Wer- Yeager (Jäger) einen Krieg gegen den Worten, es sei ihm „schleierhaft“, wolf“, „Leaderless Resistance“4 und schwarze Menschen, Juden und An- wie es beim Terrortrio „zum Sprung „Lone Wolf“ sowie auf die in der Szene dersdenkende führt. Das Original- von Verbalradikalismus und provokan- „weit verbreiteten“ Veröffentlichun- buchcover zeigt eine Hand, die eine ten Aktionen zum Terrorismus“ ge- gen wie die „Turner-Dia ries“5 hin, de- Pistole mit Schalldämpfer hält. Frank- kommen sei. Der (Ex-)Mitarbeiter des ren Autor William Pierce ab Mitte der lin nutzte stets neue Identitäten, än- Bundesverfassungsschutzes habe es 1990er-Jahre Kontakte zur NPD und derte sein Aussehen und beging die „denen nach dem damaligen Erkennt- deren Jugendorganisation „Junge Na- Taten in verschiedenen Bundesstaa- nisstand nicht zugetraut“.1 In seinem tionaldemokraten“ (JN) unterhielt.6 ten. Er brachte seine Opfer unter an- Bericht2 geht der Untersuchungsaus- Darüber hinaus enthält der Bericht An- derem in bzw. vor Fastfood-Restau- schuss ausführlich auf Fehleinschät- gaben zu den – „nicht all gemein“ rants – sowohl aus großer Entfernung zungen der Inlandsgeheimdienste wie verbreiteten – deutschen Schriften im Hinterhalt als auch aus nächster der Polizeibehörden ein und fördert wie „Hamburger Sturm“, „Reichsruf“, Nähe – um. Die Anklageschrift umfass- einige relevante Erkenntnisse zutage, „Stormer“ und „Totenkopf-Magazin“, te 20 Morde, sechs schwere Körper- die erklären, warum die Taten der NSU- welche unter anderem militante Ideen verletzungen, 16 Banküberfälle und Zelle unerkannt bleiben konnten. der britischen Gruppe „Combat 18“ zwei Bombenattentate. Es ist nicht (C 18) und des führerlosen Widerstan- Fehlorientierung des propagierten. Unter der Über- 1 „Ein beispielloses und beschämendes Versagen“. (http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2013/ bei der Suche nach Täterstrukturen schrift „Der politische Soldat“ gaben 44616382_kw20_pa_2ua_nsu/; 13. 5. 2013). und Tatbekennungen die Herausgeber des „Totenkopf-Ma- 2 Vgl. Deutscher Bundestag (Hg.), Bericht des 2. Unter­ suchungsausschusses, Berlin 2013, hier das Unterkapitel gazins“ in der dritten Ausgabe bei- „Mangelnde Analysefähigkeit des Verfassungsschutzes“, Erstens wurde der Rechtsterroris- spielsweise allgemeine Ratschläge zur S. 855–858. mus in Deutschland bisher vorder- Zellenbildung. Im Unterschied zur Vor- 3 Vgl. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (Hg.), Gefahr eines bewaffneten Kampfes deutscher Rechtsextremisten – gründig an den bekannten Kriterien abfassung findet das Konzept des Entwicklungen von 1997 bis Mitte 2004, Köln 2004. des (Links-)Terrorismus (feste Struktu- „führerlosen Widerstands“ in der 4 Ebd., S. 41: „Derzeit populärer sind die Überlegungen US­amerikanischer Rechtsextremisten zur Bildung eines ren, Bekennerschreiben) geprüft, wo- Druckfassung des aktuellen Verfas- „Leaderless Resistance […]“. [Hervorhebung im bei die Analytiker die originären Kon- sungsschutzberichtes keine Erwäh- Original – M. L.]. zepte rechtsextremistischer Militanz nung. 5 Der Polizistenmörder Kay Diesner bezog sich ausdrücklich auf den Roman: „Die Turner­Tagebücher sagen und oft stiefmütterlich behandelt haben. Inzwischen argumentieren Verfas- zeigen alles, was von Wichtigkeit ist. Lasst sie uns in die So gelangte der Inlandsnachrichten- sungsschutzmitarbeiter, der schwedi- Tat umsetzen!“ 6 Vgl. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (Hg.), Gefahr eines dienst zu dem Schluss, es gebe keine sche Serienmörder, John Ausonius bewaffneten Kampfes, S. 41. rechtsterroristischen Strukturen in (der „Lasermann“), könnte als Blaupau- 7 „Dedicated to Joseph Paul Franklin, the Lone Hunter, who Deutschland, wobei das seit den se für das NSU-Trio fungiert haben, zu- saw his duty as a White man and did what a responsible son of his race must do, to the best of his ability and 1990er-Jahren in den rechtsextremen mal er seine letzten Morde mit einem without regard for the personal consequences.” forum kriminalprävention 1/2014 45 RECHTSEXTREMISMUS UND PRÄVENTION auszuschließen, dass auch diese Mord- schen Anschläge oder deren Planung so taucht das Trio nicht auf, nachdem serie eine motivierende Wirkung auf in Deutschland ging von Einzelperso- das Ermittlungsverfahren eingestellt die deutschen Rassisten gehabt haben nen bzw. Kleingruppen aus. Nichts- war? Wo und durch wen lassen sich könnte. Zwar ermordete der NSU kei- destotrotz legten die Nachrichten- Waffen und Sprengstoff beschaffen ne Partner ethnisch gemischter Paare, dienste und Polizeibehörden andere, und der Umgang damit erlernen?“12 doch hieß es in einer NSU-Philippika teilweise „wesensfremde“ Maßstäbe Das Kölner Amt versuchte der anhal- auch: „Nur leider ist der Ali schlau, er an den deutschen Rechtsterrorismus tenden Kritik seit Aufdeckung des NSU sucht sich eine deutsche Frau, mit der an: „Derzeit sind in Deutschland keine zu begegnen, indem das zuständige er dann Kinder macht und über diesen rechtsterroristischen Organisationen Referat terrorismusrelevante Indika- Staat nur lacht“ (vgl. unten: „Ali Dreck- und Strukturen erkennbar“,9 lautete toren verstärkt berücksichtigt.13 sau, wir hassen dich“). Während Yeager die Diagnose. sich vom Rassisten zum Antisemiten Als Struktur kann beispielsweise Fixierung auf Strukturen als Defizit entwickelt hatte, begann das NSU-Trio eine von der NSDAP/AO Anfang der seine kriminelle Karriere – soweit be- 1990er-Jahre beschriebene „Kaderor- Ein weiterer Kritikpunkt bezieht kannt – mit antisemitisch motivierten ganisation“ gelten, die aufgebaut wer- sich drittens auf die analytische Durch- Straftaten, die in eine „Jagd“ auf „Ali- den sollte, um einen revolutionären dringung des radikalen Milieus. Nach drecksau“ mündete. Grundsätzlich sei „Werwolf-Krieg“ zu entfesseln. Der Einschätzung des Untersuchungsaus- darauf hingewiesen, dass rassistische ehemalige Vorsitzende der 1992 ver- schusses hatten die Sicherheitsbehör- Morde in Serie keinen neuen Gewalt- botenen „Nationalistischen Front“ den weder Logistik noch Strategie der typus darstellen. Erwähnenswert er- (NF), Meinolf Schönborn, regte an, ka- neonazistischen Szene erkannt. Der scheint zudem die Vermutung, dass dermäßige Verbände für den politi- Vorwurf ist in einem breiteren Kontext die Analytiker des Nachrichtendiens- schen Kampf zu bilden, um verdeckte zu betrachten: Aufgrund der Fixie- tes mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit erst Gewaltaktionen durchzuführen. Zum rung auf Strukturen suchte der Verfas- im Zuge eines im Mai 2012 eröffneten Aufbau von rechtsextremistischen Or- sungsschutz nach einer Verknüpfung Gerichtsverfahrens gegen Peter ganisationen und Strukturen nach von Absichten, Logistik, Sachmitteln, Mangs, einen weiteren schwedischen linksextremistischem Vorbild kam es Personen, Unterstützung und Zielset- rassistisch motivierten Serienmörder, in Deutschland nicht. Originäre rechts- zung. Gefragt wurde vor allem nach über den im Kontext der Tat von An- terroristische Konzepte wurden aller- Bedingungen und Ausprägungen ei- ders Breivik berichtet wurde, auf den dings in mehreren Fällen umgesetzt. nes systemüberwindenden Kampfes „Lasermann“ aufmerksam geworden Während frühere Rechtsextremis- von rechts. Die vom Links- und später sind. musexperten des BfV betonten, die islamistischen Terrorismus abgeleite- Zugleich scheint im Laufe der Jahre vorherige Bewertung sei zu keinem ten Indikatoren – wortgewandte Ideo- eine gesicherte Erkenntnis, der zufol- Zeitpunkt falsch gewesen, da der NSU logen und Führungspersonen, aus- ge sich die Akteure des rechten Terro- keine Struktur gewesen sei,10 schloss geklügelte Logistik, Akteure mit rismus im Unterschied zum Links- das BfV im Verfassungsschutzbericht klaren
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