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Translating Rhetoric Into Practice? the Case of French Aid to Cameroon

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Translating Rhetoric Into Practice? the Case of French Aid to Cameroon Translating Rhetoric into Practice? The Case of French Aid to Cameroon Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of PhD School of European Languages, Translation and Politics University of Wales, Cardiff 2016 Odile Bomba Nkolo Summary In the late 1990s, the donor community espoused a new metanorm, poverty reduction. Against this backdrop, Lionel Jospin, elected French Prime Minister in 1997, promised a shift in French aid policy away from a paternalistic and interest-driven approach towards a more needs-focused, empowering strategy. This thesis asks, with reference to the 1997-2015 period and to the Cameroonianian case, how far, how and why France’s aid discourse on poverty reduction and empowerment has been translated into practice. Our introduction sets out this research question. Our literature review demonstrates that there have been no detailed studies of French aid to Cameroon and looks more broadly at research on French coopération, empowerment and African agency. Chapter three identifies our methodological and theoretical framework, focusing particularly on neo-classical realism and a template of hard, soft and smart power. Chapter 4 shows how French aid sructures and instruments were neo-colonial in the early post-colonial decades. It then highlights reforms under Jospin and President Jacques Chirac’s second term, paying particular attention to the aid instruments deployed in Cameroon and their ‘fitness for the purpose’. Chapter 5 sets out the aid promises of French Presidents Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande, identifying the reformist pressures they faced. Chapter 6 explains why important but ultimately limited changes took place in the French assistance programme to Cameroon. Drawing on a neoclassical realist framework, it shows how the French policy-making establishment was divided between the conservative old guard resisting and modernisers promoting aid conditionalities. Chapter 7 addresses weaknesses in the NCR framework, notably its crude definition of power and failure to include African agency. It shows how francophone Cameroonian elites facilitate or constrain the implementation of French aid. Our conclusion summarises our findings, identifies future aid trends and explores the wider significance of this research. II Declaration This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed................……………………… Odile Bomba Nkolo 16/09/2016 Statement 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of …………………………PhD Signed................……………………… Odile Bomba Nkolo 16/09/2016 Statement 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed................……………………… Odile Bomba Nkolo 16/09/2016 Statement 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed................……………………… Odile Bomba Nkolo 16/09/2016 III Statement 4: Previously Approved Bar on Access I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed................……………………… Odile Bomba Nkolo 16/09/2016 IV Acknowledgements First and foremost, I am very grateful to my parents Dr. Bomba Nkolo Denis and Dr. Bomba Nkolo Cécile for their ever constant love and support. Then my sincere thanks go to my main supervisor, Professor Gordon Cumming, as well as my second supervisor, initially Professor Alistair Cole and subsequently Professor Hanna Diamond. They provided precious, constructive and informative guidance throughout the PhD thesis. Last but not least, I would like to show my great appreciation to my hubby William Poufon Zambou, Valerie Djob, Valentin Effila, Daniel Bosley, Rhoda Akondeng, and Vincent De Paul Emah Etoundi. V List of Abbreviations ACOTA Africa Contingency Operations Training Assistance ACRI African Crisis Response Initiative ACU African Currency Union AFD Agence Française De Développement APRM African Peer Review Mechanism APSA African Peace and Security Architecture ASF African Standby Force ASBF Africa Singapore Business Forum AU African Union BIR Brigade d´Intervention Rapide BRICs Brazil, Russia, India, China CBF Congo Basin Forest Fund C2D Contrat de Désendettement et de Développement CCF Centres Culturels Français CDC Cameroon Development Corporation CEMAC Central African Economic and Monetary Community VI CES Community Exchange System CFD Caisse Française de Développement CICID Comité Interministériel de la Coopération Internationale et du Développement CIRAD Centre International de Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement COMIFAC Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale CPC Centre Pasteur du Cameroun CSI Cours Supérieur Interarmées de Défense CSIS Center for Strategic and International Affairs CSOS Civil Society Organisations COSP Conférence d´Orientation Stratégique et de Programmation CPP Conflict Prevention Pool CPP Comité Paritaire de Programmation DAC Development Assistance Commitee DCP Document Cadre Partenariat DFID Department for International Development DGCID Direction Générale De la Coopération Internationale Et Du Développement DGMP Directorate General for Globalisation and Partnership VII DRDC Debt Reduction Development Contract EAP Ecole d´Administration Publique ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECF Extended Credit Facility ENVRs Ecoles Nationales à Vocation Régionale ESAF Economic Adjustment and Reform in Low-Income Countries ESDP European Security and Defence Policy EU European Union EUCAP SAHEL European Union Capacity-Building mission in the Sahel EURORECAMP Renforcement Européen des Capacités de Maintien de la Paix FAC Fonds d´Aide et de Coopération FCO (British) Foreign and Commonwealth Office FEA French Equatorial Africa FFEM French Facility for Global Environment FFG Forces Françaises du Gabon FME Fonds Mondial de l´Environnement FPE Foreign Policy Executive FSP Forestry Sector Policy VIII FZ Franc Zone F3E Fonds pour la Promotion des Etudes Préalables, des Etudes Transversales and Evaluations FIDES Fonds d´Investissement et de développement Economique et Social HCCI High Council for International Cooperation HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries IMF International Monetary Fund IRD Institut de Recherche pour le Développement LDCs Least Developed Countries LN League of Nations LOLF Loi Organique Relative aux Lois de Finance MDGs Millennium Development Goals NCR Neoclassical Realism NEPAD New Partnership for African Development ODA Official Development Assistance ODA Overseas Development Agency ODI Overseas Development Institute OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development IX OHADA Organisation Pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires OPCF Observatoire Permanent de la Coopération Internationale PASOC Programme d´Appui à la Structuration de la Société Civile au Cameroun PCPA Programme Concerté Pluri-Acteurs PPP Pays Pauvres Prioritaires PRGF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers PSF Programme Sectoriel Forêts et Environnement RECAMP Reinforcement of African Peace-keeping Capacities SCAC Service de Coopération et d´Action Culturelle SDF Social Democratic Front SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SOC Strategic Orientation Council SSR Sector Security Reform TCBP Trade Capacity Building Programme UDEAC Central African Customs and Economic Union UN United Nations X UPC Union des Populations du Cameroun WB World Bank ZSP Zone de Solidarité Prioritaire XI List of Figures and Graphs Figure 1: Neoclassical Realism ................................................................................... 83 Figure 2: French Military Training Centres in France ............................................... 137 Figure 3: Main RECAMP Programmes in Africa........................................................ 138 Graph 1: French Bilateral aid to Cameroon (1960-2010) ........................................ 133 XII List of Tables and Annexes Table 1: List of Face-to face Interviews ...................................................................................... 78 Table 2: List of Email and Phone Interviews (see Appendix for Time and Duration) 79 Table 3: Simplified Template of Aid Instruments and Power ..................................................... 85 Table 4: Main French Government Aid Institutions and Instruments (1960-1997) ................. 104 Table 5: Key French Government Reforms to Aid Institutions from 1997 to 2007 .................. 120 Table 6: France Multilateral Aid Contribution (1997-2009, in $USDM) ................................... 134 Table 7: Military Assistance Providers in Cameroon (2011) .................................................... 171 XIII Table of Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................... II Declaration ....................................................................................................................... III Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................
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