Unmanaged Internet Protocol Taming the Edge Network Management Crisis
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How to Find out the IP Address of an Omron
Communications Middleware/Network Browser How to find an Omron Controller’s IP address Valin Corporation | www.valin.com Overview • Many Omron PLC’s have Ethernet ports or Ethernet port options • The IP address for a PLC is usually changed by the programmer • Most customers do not mark the controller with IP address (label etc.) • Very difficult to communicate to the PLC over Ethernet if the IP address is unknown. Valin Corporation | www.valin.com Simple Ethernet Network Basics IP address is up to 12 digits (4 octets) Ex:192.168.1.1 For MOST PLC programming applications, the first 3 octets are the network address and the last is the node address. In above example 192.168.1 is network address, 1 is node address. For devices to communicate on a simple network: • Every device IP Network address must be the same. • Every device node number must be different. Device Laptop EX: Omron PLC 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 Device Laptop EX: Omron PLC 127.27.250.5 192.168.1.1 Device Laptop EX: Omron PLC 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.1 Valin Corporation | www.valin.com Omron Default IP Address • Most Omron Ethernet devices use one of the following IP addresses by default. Omron PLC 192.168.250.1 OR 192.168.1.1 Valin Corporation | www.valin.com PING Command • PING is a way to check if the device is connected (both virtually and physically) to the network. • Windows Command Prompt command. • PC must use the same network number as device (See previous) • Example: “ping 172.21.90.5” will test to see if a device with that IP address is connected to the PC. -
AMNESIA 33: How TCP/IP Stacks Breed Critical Vulnerabilities in Iot
AMNESIA:33 | RESEARCH REPORT How TCP/IP Stacks Breed Critical Vulnerabilities in IoT, OT and IT Devices Published by Forescout Research Labs Written by Daniel dos Santos, Stanislav Dashevskyi, Jos Wetzels and Amine Amri RESEARCH REPORT | AMNESIA:33 Contents 1. Executive summary 4 2. About Project Memoria 5 3. AMNESIA:33 – a security analysis of open source TCP/IP stacks 7 3.1. Why focus on open source TCP/IP stacks? 7 3.2. Which open source stacks, exactly? 7 3.3. 33 new findings 9 4. A comparison with similar studies 14 4.1. Which components are typically flawed? 16 4.2. What are the most common vulnerability types? 17 4.3. Common anti-patterns 22 4.4. What about exploitability? 29 4.5. What is the actual danger? 32 5. Estimating the reach of AMNESIA:33 34 5.1. Where you can see AMNESIA:33 – the modern supply chain 34 5.2. The challenge – identifying and patching affected devices 36 5.3. Facing the challenge – estimating numbers 37 5.3.1. How many vendors 39 5.3.2. What device types 39 5.3.3. How many device units 40 6. An attack scenario 41 6.1. Other possible attack scenarios 44 7. Effective IoT risk mitigation 45 8. Conclusion 46 FORESCOUT RESEARCH LABS RESEARCH REPORT | AMNESIA:33 A note on vulnerability disclosure We would like to thank the CERT Coordination Center, the ICS-CERT, the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) and the JPCERT Coordination Center for their help in coordinating the disclosure of the AMNESIA:33 vulnerabilities. -
Xerox® Colorqube 8580/8880 Color Printer 3 System Administrator Guide
Xerox® ColorQube® 8580 / 8880 Color Printer Imprimante couleur System Administrator Guide Guide de l’administrateur système © 2015 Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved. Unpublished rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States. Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any form without permission of Xerox Corporation. Copyright protection claimed includes all forms of matters of copyrightable materials and information now allowed by statutory or judicial law or hereinafter granted, including without limitation, material generated from the software programs which are displayed on the screen such as styles, templates, icons, screen displays, looks, and so on. Xerox® and Xerox and Design®, Phaser®, PhaserSMART®, PhaserMatch®, PhaserCal®, PhaserMeter™, CentreWare®, PagePack®, eClick®, PrintingScout®, Walk-Up®, WorkCentre®, FreeFlow®, SMARTsend®, Scan to PC Desktop®, MeterAssistant®, SuppliesAssistant®, Xerox Secure Access Unified ID System®, Xerox Extensible Interface Platform®, ColorQube®, Global Print Driver®, and Mobile Express Driver® are trademarks of Xerox Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Adobe® Reader®, Adobe® Type Manager®, ATM™, Flash®, Macromedia®, Photoshop®, and PostScript® are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. Apple, Bonjour, EtherTalk, TrueType, iPad, iPhone, iPod, iPod touch, Mac and Mac OS are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. AirPrint and the AirPrint logo are trademarks of Apple Inc. HP-GL®, HP-UX®, and PCL® are trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. IBM® and AIX® are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft®, Windows Vista®, Windows®, and Windows Server® are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. -
Cs-204: Computer Networks
CS-204: COMPUTER NETWORKS Lecture 5 Chapter 19- Network Layer: Logical Addressing Instructor: Dr. Vandana Kushwaha 1. INTRODUCTION Communication at the network layer is host-to-host (computer-to-computer); a computer somewhere in the world needs to communicate with another computer somewhere else in the world. Usually, computers communicate through the Internet. The packet transmitted by the sending computer may pass through several LANs or WANs before reaching the destination computer. For this level of communication, we need a global addressing scheme; we called this logical addressing or IP address. 2. IPv4 ADDRESSES An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a router) to the Internet. IPv4 addresses are unique. They are unique in the sense that each address defines one, and only one, connection to the Internet. Two devices on the Internet can never have the same address at the same time. But by using some strategies, an address may be assigned to a device for a time period and then taken away and assigned to another device. On the other hand, if a device operating at the network layer has m connections to the Internet, it needs to have m addresses. A router is such a device which needs as many IP addresses as the number of ports are there in it. 2.1. Address Space A protocol such as IPv4 that defines addresses has an address space. An address space is the total number of addresses used by the protocol. If a protocol uses N bits to define an address, the address space is 2N because each bit can have two different values (0 or 1) and N bits can have 2N values. -
Multitech Bluetooth Network Access Point Administrator Guide S000619 Rev 1.2 for Use with Model: MT200B2E
MultiTech Bluetooth® Network Access Point Administrator Guide MultiTech Bluetooth Network Access Point Administrator Guide S000619 Rev 1.2 For use with model: MT200B2E Copyright This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without the specific and express prior written permission signed by an executive officer of Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 by Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. makes no representations or warranties, whether express, implied or by estoppels, with respect to the content, information, material and recommendations herein and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for any particular purpose and non- infringement. Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the content hereof without obligation of Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. to notify any person or organization of such revisions or changes. Trademarks MultiTech, MultiConnect, and the MultiTech logo are registered trademarks of Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. Bluetooth is a registered trademark of Bluetooth SIG, Inc. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Contacting MultiTech Knowledge Base The Knowledge Base provides immediate access to support information and resolutions for all MultiTech products. Visit http://www.multitech.com/kb.go. Support Portal To create an account and submit a support case directly to our technical support team, visit: https://support.multitech.com Support Business Hours: M-F, 9am to 5pm CT Country By Email By Phone Europe, Middle East, Africa: [email protected] +(44) 118 959 7774 U.S., Canada, all others: [email protected] (800) 972-2439 or (763) 717-5863 World Headquarters Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. -
INTRODUCTION to SUBNETTING How to Maximize Network Addresses
Volume 1 • Issue 8 September–October 2000 Introduction to Industrial Ethernet, Part 5. Part 4 was featured in Issue 6, the MAY–JUNE 2000. If you would like a copy, please send your request to EXTENSION [email protected] A Technical Supplement to control NETWORK © 2000 Contemporary Control Systems, Inc. INTRODUCTION TO SUBNETTING How to maximize network addresses. By George Thomas, Contemporary Controls INTRODUCTION address to distinguish it from the Class Addressing other computers. With IP In a previous article we discussed addressing, servers and IPv4 is called a classful system the Internet Protocol and the workstations are all termed hosts under RFC 761 with IP addresses structure of IP addresses. An IP but each address not only identifies being defined as belonging to one address identifies the source and a host but the address of the of five classes A, B, C, D or E. destination of a directed or unicast network on which the host resides. Classes A, B and C define different possible combinations of network message and is defined in RFC 761. This is because IP is an and host addresses. Class D is IPv4 is the most common version internetworking protocol that not reserved for multicasting. of IP addressing requiring 32-bit only allows communication Multicasting is the ability of one addresses. Although IPv6, the 128- between hosts on the same host to communicate with many bit version, will be used in the network, but communication other hosts with one transmission future, this article will restrict the between hosts on different and is beyond the scope of this discussion to IPv4. -
TCP/IP Enabled Legos
TCP/IP enabled legOS Student research project University of applied sciences Hamburg March 3, 2002 Olaf Christ [email protected] 1 Abstract In recent years, the interest for connecting small devices such as sensors or embedded systems into an existing network infrastructure (such as the global Internet) has steadily increased. Such devices often have very limited CPU and memory resources and may not be able to run an instance of the TCP/IP protocol suite. This document describes how to use the uIP TCP/IP stack, written by Adam Dunkels, on LEGO’s RCX Mindstorm platform, a very small device / toy powered by a h8300 Hitachi microcontroller with very limited RAM (32K) and processing power. Still, it is powerful enough to run alternative operating systems such as LegOS or even a tiny Java VM as a replacement of the original firmware. The advanced user is usually not satisfied with the original firmware due to its extremely limited capabilities in terms of executing complex code and the very limited number of variables. The uIP TCP/IP stack is intended for embedded systems running on low-end 8 or 16-bit microcontrollers. The code size of uIP is an order of a magnitude smaller than similar generic TCP/IP stacks available today. The uIP code and an up-to-date version of the uIP documentation can be downloaded from the uIP homepage maintained by Adam Dunkels. 2 3 Preface This work has been carried out as a student research project at the University of applied sciences Hamburg in Hamburg, Germany. The proposal was given to me by my supervisor Prof. -
Evaluation of Open Source Operating Systems for Safety-Critical Applications Master’S Thesis in Embedded Electronic System Design
Evaluation of open source operating systems for safety-critical applications Master’s thesis in Embedded Electronic System Design Petter Sainio Berntsson Department of Computer Science and Engineering CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Gothenburg, Sweden 2017 MASTER’S THESIS 2017 Evaluation of open source operating systems for Safety-critical applications Petter Sainio Berntsson Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden 2017 Evaluation of open source operating systems for safety-critical applications Petter Sainio Berntsson © Petter Sainio Berntsson, 2017 Examiner: Per Larsson-Edefors Chalmers University of Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering Academic supervisor: Jan Jonsson Chalmers University of Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering Industrial supervisors: Lars Strandén RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Dependable Systems Fredrik Warg RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Dependable Systems Master’s Thesis 2017 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg SE-412 96 Gothenburg Telephone +46(0) 31 772 1000 Abstract Today many embedded applications will have to handle multitasking with real-time time constraints and the solution for handling multitasking is to use a real-time operating system for scheduling and managing the real-time tasks. There are many different open source real-time operating systems available and the use of open source software for safety-critical applications is considered highly interesting by industries such as medical, aerospace and automotive as it enables a shorter time to market and lower development costs. If one would like to use open source software in a safety-critical context one would have to provide evidence that the software being used fulfills the requirement put forth by the industry specific standard for functional safety, such as the ISO 26262 standard for the automotive industry. -
An Internet Protocol (IP) Address Is a Numerical Label That Is
Computer Communication Networks Lecture No. 5 Computer Network Lectures IP address An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: 1- host or network interface identification 2- location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there." The designers of TCP/IP defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 or IPv4, is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the resulting depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995. Although IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, they are usually displayed in human-readable notations, such as 208.77.188.166 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:1:1 (for IPv6). The Internet Protocol also routes data packets between networks; IP addresses specify the locations of the source and destination nodes in the topology of the routing system. For this purpose, some of the bits in an IP address are used to designate a sub network. As the development of private networks raised the threat of IPv4 address exhaustion, RFC 1918 set aside a group of private address spaces that may be used by anyone on private networks. They are often used with network address translators to connect to the global public Internet. -
IP ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT in a MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK Mansoor Mohsin and Ravi Prakash the University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX
MILCOM 2002 1 IP ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT IN A MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK Mansoor Mohsin and Ravi Prakash The University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX Abstract—A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consists of a set of iden- proactive approach based on the binary split idea of [5] [6]. tical mobile nodes communicating with each other via wireless links. The network's topology may change rapidly and unpredictably. Such networks II. SYSTEM MODEL may operate in a stand-alone fashion, or may be connected to the larger In- ternet. In traditional networks, hosts rely on centralized servers like DHCP We consider an autonomous Mobile Ad Hoc Network work- for configuration, but this cannot be extended to MANETs because of their ing on its own. It has no gateway or connection to the external distributed and dynamic nature. Many schemes have been proposed to solve this problem. Some of these approaches try to extend the IPv6 state- world. The network is formed by a group of nodes coming to- less autoconfiguration mechanism to MANETs, some use flooding the en- gether. The nodes can join and leave the network any time and tire network to come up with a unique IP address, and others distribute are free to move around. Hence the size and topology of the IP addresses among nodes (using binary split) so that each node can inde- network is dynamic and unpredictable in nature. pendently configure new nodes. None of these existing solutions consider network partitioning and merging. In this paper, we propose a proactive There is no single DHCP server. -
Lab 2.8.1: Basic Static Route Configuration
Lab 2.8.1: Basic Static Route Configuration Topology Diagram Addressing Table Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Fa0/0 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 N/A R1 S0/0/0 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 N/A Fa0/0 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A R2 S0/0/0 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0 N/A S0/0/1 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 N/A FA0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 N/A R3 S0/0/1 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A PC1 NIC 172.16.3.10 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 PC2 NIC 172.16.1.10 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1 PC3 NIC 192.168.2.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lab, you will be able to: • Cable a network according to the Topology Diagram. • Erase the startup configuration and reload a router to the default state. • Perform basic configuration tasks on a router. All contents are Copyright © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 1 of 20 CCNA Exploration Routing Protocols and Concepts: Static Routing Lab 2.8.1: Basic Static Route Configuration • Interpret debug ip routing output. • Configure and activate Serial and Ethernet interfaces. • Test connectivity. • Gather information to discover causes for lack of connectivity between devices. • Configure a static route using an intermediate address. -
Not the Internet, but This Internet
Not The Internet, but This Internet: How Othernets Illuminate Our Feudal Internet Paul Dourish Department of Informatics University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-3440, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT built – the Internet, this Internet, our Internet, the one to What is the Internet like, and how do we know? Less which I’m connected right now? tendentiously, how can we make general statements about the Internet without reference to alternatives that help us to I ask these questions in the context of a burgeoning recent understand what the space of network design possibilities interest in examining digital technologies as materially, might be? This paper presents a series of cases of network socially, historically and geographically specific [e.g. 13, alternatives which provide a vantage point from which to 15, 36, 37]. There is no denying the central role that “the reflect upon the ways that the Internet does or does not digital,” broadly construed, plays as part of contemporary uphold both its own design goals and our collective everyday life. Wireless connectivity, broadband imaginings of what it does and how. The goal is to provide communications, and computational devices may be a framework for understanding how technologies embody concentrated in the urban centers of economically promises, and how these both come to evolve. privileged nations, but even in the most “remote” corners of the globe, much of everyday life is structured, organized, Author Keywords and governed by databases and algorithms, and “the digital” Network protocols; network topology; naming routing; still operates even in the central fact of its occasional media infrastructures.