Bibliography

Bendre A (2007) Practical botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut Datta C, Mukerji B (1952) Pharmacognosy of Indian leaf drugs, Pharmacognosy Laboratory Bulletin No. 2. Government of India, Calcutta Iyengar M (1997) Pharmacognosy of powdered crude drugs, 5th edn. Manipal Power Press, Manipal Iyengar M, Nayak S (1998) Anatomy of crude drugs, 7th edn. Manipal Power Press, Manipal Jackson B, Snowdon D (1992) Atlas of microscopy. CBS Publications, Delhi Khandelwal K (2008) Practical pharmacognosy. Nirali Publications, Pune Kokate C (1996) Practical pharmacognosy. Vallabh Publications, Delhi Serrano R, Silva G, Silva O (2010) Application of light and scanning electron microscopy in the identifi cation of herbal medicines. In: Méndez-Vilas A, Díaz J (eds) Microscopy: science, technology, applications and education. Formatex, Madrid, pp 182Ð190 Trease G, Evans W (2006) Pharmacognosy, 15th edn. Bailliere Tindall, London Vasudevan T, Laddha K (eds) (2003) Herbal drug microscopy. Yucca Publications, Mumbai Wallis T (2005) Textbook of pharmacognosy. CBS Publications, Delhi Yeung E (1998) A beginner’s guide to the study of plant structures. In: Karcher SJ (ed) Proceedings of the 19th workshop/conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE). Vol 19 Tested studies for laboratory teaching. ABLE, pp 125Ð142 Zhongzhen Z (2010) Application of microscopic techniques for the authentication of herbal medicines. In: Méndez-Vilas A, Díaz J (eds) Microscopy: science, technology, applications and education. Formatex, Madrid, pp 803Ð812

S.S. Gurav and N.S. Gurav (eds.), Indian Herbal Drug Microscopy, 197 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9515-4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Index

A Aloe. See Aloe barbadensis Acanthaceae , 189 Aloe barbadensis Aconite. See Aconitum napellus biological source , 21 Aconitum napellus family , 21 biological source , 15 microscopy family , 16 epidermis , 21 microscopy mucilaginous parenchyma , 21Ð22 endodermis , 16 palisade , 21 metaderm , 16 parenchyma , 21 parenchyma , 17 vascular bundles , 22 pith , 17 Anise. See Pimpinella anisum primary cortex , 16 Apocynaceae , 113, 155, 193 primary phloem , 17 Arjuna. See Terminalia arjuna secondary phloem , 17 Ashoka. See Saraca indica xylem , 17 Ashwagandha. See Withania somnifera powder characters Asparagus. See Asparagus racemosus fi bres , 19 Asparagus racemosus outer layer, fragments of , 19 biological source , 43 parenchyma , 17 family , 43 sclereid , 19c microscopy starch granules , 19 cortex , 44 vessels , 19 endodermis , 44 Adhatoda vasica epidermis , 43 biological source , 189 exodermis , 44 family , 189 pericycle , 44 microscopy pith , 44 lamina , 189Ð190 vascular bundles , 44 midrib , 190 powder characters powder characters calcium oxalate crystals , 46 calcium oxalate crystals , 191 epidermal cells , 46 cystoliths , 191 parenchyma , 46 epidermal cells , 191 xylem vessels , 46 palisade cells , 191 Atropa belladonna stomata , 191 biological source , 48 trichomes , 191 family , 48 xylem vessels , 191 microscopy

S.S. Gurav and N.S. Gurav (eds.), Indian Herbal Drug Microscopy, 199 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9515-4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 200 Index

Atropa belladonna (cont.) microscopy cambium , 49 cremocarp , 58 periderm , 49 embryo , 59 phelloderm , 49 endocarp , 59 secondary phloem , 49 endosperm , 59 secondary xylem , 49 epicarp , 59 powder characters testa , 59 calcium oxalate , 51 powder characters cork cells , 51 endocarp , 59 parenchyma , 51 endosperm , 59 starch granules , 51 epicarp , 59 xylem parenchyma , 51 fi brovascular tissue , 61 xylem vessels and fi bres , 51 sclereids , 61 Ayurvedic Formulary of India , 2 testa , 61 Azadirachta indica vittae , 60 biological source , 128 Cassia angustifolia family , 128 biological source , 169 microscopy family , 169 lamina , 128Ð129 microscopy midrib region , 129 lamina , 170 powder characters midrib region , 170Ð171 cortical cells , 130 powder characters epidermis , 130 calcium oxalate palisade cells , 130 crystals, 172 pith cells , 130 groups of fi bres , 172 spongy parenchyma , 130 lamina , 170 trichomes , 130 trichomes , 171 vascular tissues , 130 Catharanthus roseus vessels , 130 biological source , 193 family , 193 microscopy B lamina , 193Ð194 Belladonna. See Atropa belladonna midrib region , 194 Berberidaceae , 143 powder characters epidermal cells , 195 stomata , 195 C trichomes , 195 Cannabaceae , 53 vessels , 195 Cannabis. See Cannabis sativa Cephaelis ipecacuanha Cannabis sativa biological source , 104 biological source , 53 family , 104 family , 53 microscopy microscopy cambium , 105 lamina , 54 cortex , 105 midrib , 54 periderm , 104 powder characters phellogen , 104 bracteoles, surface view , 55 phloem , 105 calcium oxalate crystals , 55 xylem , 105 fragments of bracts , 55 powder characters stigmas , 55 calcium oxalate crystals , 106 trichomes , 55 cork , 106 Caraway. See Carum carvi fi brous cells , 107 Carum carvi parenchyma , 107 family , 58 sclereids , 107 Index 201

starch granules , 106 Curcuma longa tracheids , 107 biological source , 186 Cinchona. See Cinchona calisaya family , 186 Cinchona calisaya microscopy biological source , 63 cork cells , 186 family , 63 epidermis , 187 microscopy oleoresin cells , 187 cortex , 64 parenchymatous cells , 186 medullary rays , 65 starch granules , 187 periderm , 64 trichomes , 187 phloem fi bres , 64Ð65 vessels , 187 phloem parenchyma , 64 Cytochemical stains , 13 sieve tubes , 64 powder characters calcium oxalate crystals , 66 D cork cells , 66 Datura stramonium fi bres , 66 biological source , 179 parenchyma , 66 family , 179 starch grains , 66 microscopy stone cells , 66 mesophyll , 179 Cinnamomum zeylanicum midrib , 179 biological source , 68 palisade , 179 family , 68 upper epidermis , 178 microscopy powder characters cortex , 68 calcium oxalate crystals , 180 medullary rays , 69 fragments of lamina , 180 pericycle , 69 lamina , 180 pericyclic fi bres , 69 parenchyma , 180 periderm , 68 pollen grains , 180 phloem fi bres , 69 trichomes , 180 phloem parenchyma , 69 Digitalis. See Digitalis purpurea sclereids , 69 Digitalis purpurea powder characters biological source , 81 calcium oxalate crystals , 71 family , 81 cork cells , 71 microscopy fi bres , 71 lamina , 81Ð82 oil cells , 71 midrib , 82 sclereids , 71 powder characters starch grains , 71 fragments of lamina , 84 Cinnamon. See Cinnamomum zeylanicum parenchyma , 84 Clove. See Eugenia caryophyllus trichomes , 84 Colchicum. See Colchicum autumnale Colchicum autumnale biological source , 78 E family , 78 Ephedra. See Ephedra gerardiana microscopy Ephedraceae , 86 endosperm , 79 Ephedra gerardiana pigment layer , 79 biological source , 86 starch granules , 78 family , 86 strophiole , 79 microscopy testa , 79 cortex , 87 Combretaceae , 28 epidermis , 87 Crude drugs , 2 pericyclic fi bres , 87 202 Index

Ephedra gerardiana (cont.) mesocarp , 95 pith , 87 testa , 95 vascular bundles , 87 powder characters powder characters endocarp , 96 brownish matter , 88 endosperm , 97 epidermal cells , 88 epicarp , 96 fi bres , 88 fi brovascular tissue , 97 wood elements , 88 mesocarp , 96 Eucalyptus. See Eucalyptus globulus vittae , 97 Eucalyptus globulus Freehand sectioning methods , 6Ð7 biological source , 90 family , 90 microscopy G collenchyma , 91 Ginger. See Zingiber offi cinale lamina , 91 Glycyrrhiza glabra vascular bundles , 91 biological source , 123 powder characters family , 123 calcium oxalate crystals , 92 microscopy cell contents , 92 periderm , 123Ð124 epidermis , 92 pith , 124Ð125 pericyclic fi bres , 92 secondary phloem , 124 stomata , 92 secondary xylem , 124 xylem vessels , 92 powder characters Eugenia caryophyllus calcium oxalate crystals , 126 biological source , 73 cork cells , 126 family , 73 fi bres , 126 microscopy parenchyma , 126 columella , 74 starch grains , 126 cortex , 74 vessels , 126 epidermis , 73Ð74 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) , 1 powder characters aerenchyma , 76 calcium oxalate crystals , 76 H fi bres , 76 Herbal drug microscopy hypanthium , 76 aconite , 15Ð20 oil glands , 76 aloe , 21Ð22 parenchyma , 76 anise , 23Ð27 pollen grains , 76 arjuna , 28Ð32 sclereids , 76 ashoka , 33Ð37 starch grains , 76 ashwagandha , 38Ð42 asparagus , 43Ð47 belladonna , 48Ð52 F cannabis , 53Ð57 Fennel. See Foeniculum vulgare caraway , 58Ð62 Foeniculum vulgare cinchona , 63Ð67 biological source , 94 cinnamon , 68Ð72 family , 94 clove , 73Ð77 microscopy colchicum , 78Ð80 cremocarp , 94Ð95 digitalis , 81Ð85 embryo , 95 ephedra , 86Ð89 endocarp , 95 eucalyptus , 90Ð93 endosperm , 95 fennel , 94Ð98 epicarp , 95 ginger , 99Ð103 Index 203

ipecacuanha , 104Ð108 results , 12 ispaghula , 109Ð112 stain preparation , 12 kurchi , 113Ð116 Ipecacuanha. See Cephaelis ipecacuanha linseed , 117Ð122 Ispaghula. See Plantago ovata liquorice , 123Ð127 neem , 128Ð131 nutmeg and mace , 132Ð134 K nux vomica , 135Ð139 Kurchi. See Holarrhena antidysenterica opium , 140Ð142 podophyllum , 143Ð147 quassia , 148Ð154 L rauwolfi a , 155Ð160 Labiatae , 182 rhubarb , 161Ð164 Lauraceae , 68 sandalwood , 165Ð168 Leguminosae , 33, 123, 169 senna , 169Ð173 Liliaceae , 21, 43, 78, 174 squill , 174Ð177 Linaceae , 117 stramonium , 178Ð181 Linseed. See Linum usitatissimum tulsi , 182Ð185 Linum usitatissimum turmeric , 186Ð188 biological source , 117 vasaka , 189Ð192 family , 117 vinca , 193Ð196 microscopy Herbal drugs cotyledons , 111 authentication , 1Ð2 endosperm , 110 microscopic techniques , 2 testa , 118Ð119 use of , 1 powder characters Histological and histochemical staining endosperm and cotyledons , 111 techniques hyaline layer , 121 cytochemical stains , 13 parenchyma , 121 iodineÐpotassium iodide , 11Ð12 pigment layer , 120 microscopic observation, powdered sclerenchyma , 120 drugs , 13Ð14 testa , 120 phloroglucinolÐHCl , 11 Liquorice. See Glycyrrhiza glabra Sudan dyes , 12Ð13 Loganiaceae , 135 TBO , 10 Holarrhena antidysenterica biological source , 113 M family , 113 Meliaceae, 119, midrib region119 microscopy Microscopy cortex , 114 aconite , 16Ð17 periderm , 113 aloe , 21Ð22 secondary phloem , 114 anise , 23Ð25 powder characters arjuna , 28Ð29 calcium oxalate crystals , 116 ashoka , 33Ð34 cork cells , 116 ashwagandha , 38Ð39 medullary rays , 116 asparagus , 43Ð44 phloem fi bres , 116 belladonna , 48Ð49 starch grains , 116 cannabis , 54 stone cells , 116 caraway , 58Ð59 cinchona , 64Ð65 cinnamon , 68Ð69 I clove , 73Ð74 Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia , 2 colchicum , 78Ð79 IodineÐpotassium iodide , 11 digitalis , 81Ð82 procedure , 12 ephedra , 87 204 Index

Microscopy (cont.) powder characters eucalyptus , 90Ð91 epidermal cells , 184 fennel , 94Ð95 palisade cells , 184 ginger , 99Ð100 stomata , 184 ipecacuanha , 104Ð105 trichomes , 184 ispaghula , 109Ð110 vascular tissues , 184 kurchi , 113Ð114 Opium. See Papaver somniferum linseed , 118Ð119 liquorice , 123Ð125 neem , 128Ð129 P nutmeg and mace , 132Ð133 Papaveraceae , 140 nux vomica , 135Ð136 Papaver somniferum opium , 140Ð141 biological source , 140 podophyllum , 143Ð144 family , 140 rauwolfi a , 155Ð157 microscopy , 140Ð141 rhubarb , 161Ð162 PhloroglucinolÐHCl sandalwood , 165Ð167 procedures , 11 senna , 170Ð171 results , 11 squill , 174Ð175 stain preparation , 11 stramonium , 178Ð179 Picrasma excelsa tulsi , 182Ð183 biological source , 148 turmeric , 186Ð187 family , 148 vasaka , 189Ð190 microscopy vinca , 193Ð194 radial longitudinal section , 148 Myristicaceae , 132 tangential longitudinal section , 148 Myristica fragrans transverse section , 148Ð149 biological source , 132 powder characters family , 132 calcium oxalate crystals , 154 microscopy fi bres , 154 endosperm , 133 medullary rays , 154 perisperm , 132Ð133 starch granules , 154 powder characters vessels , 154 cell contents , 133 xylem parenchyma , 154 endosperm , 133 Pimpinella anisum parenchyma , 133 biological source , 23 perisperm , 133 family , 23 starch grains , 133 microscopy Myrtaceae , 73, 90 cremocarp , 23 embryo , 25 endocarp , 24 N endosperm , 24 Neem. See Azadirachta indica epicarp , 24 Nutmeg and mace. See Myristica fragrans mesocarp , 24 Nux vomica. See Strychnos testa , 24 nux - vomica powder characters endocarp , 25 endosperm , 26 O epicarp , 25 Ocimum sanctum fi brovascular tissue , 26 biological source , 182 sclereids , 26 family , 182 testa , 26 microscopy trichomes , 26 lamina , 182Ð183 vittae , 25 midrib region , 183 Plantaginaceae , 109 Index 205

Plantago ovata powder characters biological source , 109 calcium oxalate crystals , 159 family , 109 cork , 158 microscopy parenchyma , 158, 159 embryo , 110 pericyclic fragments , 159 endosperm , 110 starch granules , 158 epidermis , 109 vessels and tracheids , 159 pigment layer , 109 xylem fi bres , 159 powder characters Rheum offi cinale embryo , 111 biological source , 161 endosperm , 111 family , 161 epidermis , 110 microscopy starch granules , 111 cambium , 161Ð162 Podophyllum. See Podophyllum emodi cork , 161 Podophyllum emodi cortex , 161 biological source , 143 medullary rays , 162 family , 143 pith , 162 microscopy secondary phloem , 161 cork , 143 secondary xylem , 162 cortex , 144 powder characters endodermis , 144 calcium oxalate , 163 epiblema , 144 cork cells , 163 epidermis , 143 parenchyma , 163 exodermis , 144 starch granules , 163 pith , 144 vessels , 163 vascular bundles , 144 Rhubarb. See Rheum offi cinale powder characters Rubiaceae , 63, 104 calcium oxalate crystals , 146 cork , 145 epiblema and exodermis , 146 S parenchyma , 146 Sandalwood. See Santalum album sclereids , 145 Santalaceae , 165 starch granules , 146 Santalum album vessels , 146 biological source , 165 Polygonaceae , 161 family , 165 microscopy radial longitudinal section , 165 Q tangential longitudinal section , 165 Quassia. See Picrasma excelsa transverse section , 165Ð166 powder characters fi bres , 165 R medullary rays , 166 Radial longitudinal section (RLS) vessels , 165 quassia , 148 xylem fi bres , 165 sandalwood , 165 Saraca indica Ranunculaceae , 16 biological source , 33 Rauwolfi a. See Rauwolfi a serpentina family , 33 Rauwolfi a serpentina microscopy biological source , 155 medullary rays , 34 family , 155 parenchyma , 34 microscopy pericycle , 34 medullary rays , 156 pericyclic fi bres , 34 periderm , 156 periderm , 33 secondary phloem , 156 Saraca indica (cont.) secondary xylem , 156 phloem fi bres , 33 206 Index

phloem parenchyma , 34 pigment matter , 31 sclereids , 34 starch granules , 31 powder characters Toluidine Blue O (TBO) calcium oxalate crystals , 36 results , 10 cork cells , 36 staining procedures , 10 phloem fi bres , 36 stain preparation , 10 sclereids , 36 Transverse section (TS) starch grains , 36 quassia , 148Ð149 Scrophulariaceae , 81 sandalwood , 165Ð166 Sectioning methods Tulsi. See Ocimum sanctum freehand sectioning methods , 6Ð7 Turmeric. See Curcuma longa materials , 5Ð6 Senna. See Cassia angustifolia Simaroubaceae , 148 U Solanaceae , 38, 48, 178 Umbelliferae , 23, 58, 94 Squill. See Urginea indica Urginea indica Stramonium. See Datura stramonium biological source , 174 Strychnos nux - vomica family , 174 biological source , 135 microscopy family , 135 lower epidermis , 175 microscopy mesophyll , 174Ð175 aleurone grains , 136 upper epidermis , 175 endosperm , 136 powder characters oil globules , 136 calcium oxalate , 176 plasmodesmata , 136 epidermal cells , 176 testa , 135Ð136 mucilage cells , 176 powder characters parenchyma , 176 endospermic cells , 138 vessels , 176 testa , 138 trichomes , 138 Sudan dyes V procedure , 12, 13 Vasaka. See Adhatoda vasica results , 13 Vinca. See Catharanthus roseus staining solution , 12

W T Withania somnifera Tangential longitudinal section (TLS) biological source , 38 quassia , 148 family , 38 sandalwood , 165 microscopy Terminalia arjuna cork , 38 biological source , 28 cortex , 39 family , 28 ground tissue , 39 microscopy medullary rays , 39 cork , 28 phloem , 39 cortex , 29 primary xylem , 39 medullary rays , 29 secondary xylem , 39 secondary phloem , 29 powder characters powder characters calcium oxalate calcium oxalate crystals , 31 crystals, 41 cork , 31 cork cells , 41 fi bres , 31 fi bres , 41 medullary rays , 31 starch grains , 41 parenchymatous cells , 29, 31 vessels , 41 Index 207

Z endodermis , 100 Zingiberaceae , 99, 186 ground tissue , 100 Zingiber offi cinale powder characters biological source , 99 fi bres , 102 family , 99 oleoresin cells , 102 microscopy parenchyma , 102 cork , 99 starch grains , 102 cortex , 100 vessels , 102