DOCSLIB.ORG

Histological Investigations of the Secondary Phloem of Gymnosperms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Histological Investigations of the Secondary Phloem of Gymnosperms /\/A/fz#/ ^ *"/ S HISTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SECONDARY PHLOEM OF GYMNOSPERMS R. W. DEN OUTER N08201,41 1 WAGENINGEN 582.42/.47:581.824.2 634.0.174.2:634.0.168 HISTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SECONDARY PHLOEM OF GYMNOSPERMS PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LANDBOUWKUNDE OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, IR. F. HELLINGA, HOOGLERAAR IN DE CULTUURTECHNIEK, TE VERDEDIGEN TEGEN DE BEDENKINGEN VAN DE SENAAT VAN DE LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL TE WAGENINGEN OP VRIJDAG 23 JUNI 1967 TE 16.00 UUR DOOR R. W. DEN OUTER H. VEENMAN & ZONEN N.V. - WAGENINGEN - 1967 STELLINGEN I De differentiatie van het vertikale systeem van de bast, loopt parallel met de reductie van de baststralen. Dit proefschrift II De eiwitcellen in debas t van het Chamaecyparispisifera type,vertone n meer overeenkomst metd e begeleidende cellen vand e Angiospermen, dan de eitwitcellen in de bast van hetPseudotsuga taxifolia type. Dit proefschrift III Deter mmergstrale n moet uitsluitend gebruikt worden voor primaire stralen, terwijl secundaire stralen, baststralen genoemd moeten worden, wanneerzi j in het secundaire phloeem voorkomen en houtstralen wanneer zij in het secun­ daire xyleem voorkomen. IV Bij de bast van Gymnospermen is, in tegenstelling met de bast van Angio­ spermen, de mate van aanwezigheid van bastvezels karakteristiek voorhe t ontwikkelingsstadium van het vertikale systeem. ZAHUR, M.S., Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. St. Mem. 358 (1959) V De opvatting van STRASBURGERda tstippel stusse neiwithoudende -e nzetmeel - houdende systemen zouden ontbreken, isgebleke n onjuist te zijn. STRASBURGER, E., Ober denBa u undde nVerrichtunge n der Leitungsbahnen inde n Pfianzen. Jena (1891) VI De criteria, welke GREGUSS aanlegt bij de rangschikkingvan de houtstralen van de Gymnospermen in verschillende ontwikkelingsstadia, gelden niet voor de baststralen. GREGUSS, P., Xylotomische Bestimmung der heute lebenden Gymnospermen. Budapest (1955) Proefschrift van R.W.DEN OUTER Wageningen, 23jun i 1967. VII Bij de indeling in typen, zijn bij de bast de stralen wel van belang en bij het hout niet. Dit proefschrift VIII De Vaccinium fase van het Dicranum vegetatietype, welke volgens MEISEL- JAHN o.a. ontstaat na bebossing van door anthropogene invloeden uit het Querceto-Betuletum ontstane heidevelden met Pinus sylvestris, doorloopt maximaal 5 en niet 4 stadia. MEISEL-JAHN, S., Angewandte Pflanzensoziologie; Die Kiefern- Forstgesellschaften des Nordwestdeutsche Flachlandes (1955) IX De „topsterfte" in Pinus sylvestris bossen in Nederland heeft als voornaam- ste oorzaak het niet aangepast zijn van deze houtsoort aan het hier te lande heersende klimaat. X De verkeersveiligheid in Nederland kan verhoogd worden, indien de Ver- zekeringsmaatschappijen zouden weigeren ingevoerde tweedehands wagens te verzekeren. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3 2.1. Slides 3 2.2. Drawings 5 2.3. Termsuse d 5 3. THE DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN THE SECONDARY PHLOEM 9 3.1. Thecambiu m cells 9 3.1.1. Fusiform cambium initials 9 3.1.2. Rayinitial s 9 3.2. Sievecell s . 10 3.3. Parenchymatous elements 12 3.3.1. Phloem parenchyma 12 3.3.2. Rayparenchym a cells 13 3.4. Sclereidsan d stonecell s 14 3.5. Albuminous cells 15 3.6. Phloemfibres 16 3.7. Periderm 17 4. DISTRIBUTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF CELL TYPES IN THE AXIAL SYSTEM OF THE SECONDARY PHLOEM 18 4.1. Sievecells 18 4.1.1. Sievecell sarrange d inbroa d bands 18 4.1.2. Sievecell sarrange d intotangentia l bands 19 4.1.3. Sievecell sarrange d into tangentiallayer so fon ecel lwid e 19 4.2. Theparenchym a cells . .• 19 4.2.1. Scattered amongsiev ecell s 19 4.2.2. In tangential bands 19 4.2.3. In layerso f onecel lwid e 20 4.3. Thealbuminou s cells 20 4.4. Thephloe mfibre s 21 4.4.1. Scattered amongparenchym a cells 21 4.4.2. Arranged intangentia l layers, 1 cellwid e 21 4.4.3. Arranged intangentia l bands,2- 3 cellswid e 21 4.5. Growthring s 21 5. THE PHLOEM RAYS AND THE WOOD RAYS 23 5.1. The phloem rays 23 5.1.1. Structure 23 5.1.2. Development 23 5.1.3. Phylogeneticstage s 24 5.2. Thewoo dray s 26 5.2.1. Structure 26 5.2.2. Development 26 6. THE TYPES OF THE SECONDARY PHLOEM, BASED ON ARRANGEMENTS OF CELL TYPES 28 6.1. Secondary phloem consisting of broad bands of sieve cells (Pseudotsuga taxifoliatype ) 28 6.1.1. Pit-contact between sievecell san d phloem raysvi ath ealbuminou s cells ... 28 6.1.1.1. PseudotsugataxifoliaBRm 28 6.1.1.2. Pinussylvestris L 31 6.1.1.3. Larix decidua MILL 32 6.1.1.4. Abiesconcolor HOOPES 33 6.1.2. Pit-contact between sieve cells and all the elements of the phloem ray (Tsuga canadensissubtype ) 34 6.1.2.1. Tsugacanadensis CARR 34 6.1.2.2. CedruslibaniA.RICH 34 6.1.2.3. Piceaspec 35 6.2. Secondary phloem consisting of bands of sieve cells and bands of paren­ chymacell s(Ginkgo biloba type ) 36 6.2.1. Ginkgobilobat 36 6.2.2. Podocarpusnerifolius D . DON 37 6.2.3. Taxusbaccata L 38 6.3. Secondary phloem consisting of a regular sequence of alternating cell types (Chamaecyparispisifera type ) 39 6.3.1. Chamaecyparispisifera^NDL. var.plumosa OTTO 40 6.3.2. Thujaplicata LAM B 41 6.3.3. Thujopsisdolabrata SIEB.e tZuc c 42 6.3.4. Taxodiumdistichum A . RICH 42 6.3.5. Cryptomeriajaponica~D.T>ON 43 7. THE PHYLOGENETIC STAGES OF THE BAST TYPES 45 7.1. Comparison ofth estructur e ofth edifferen t secondaryphloe m types .... 45 7.2. Characteristics of the different phylogeneticstage s . 46 7.3. Thedifferen t phylogeneticstage s . 46 8. DISCUSSION 52 8.1. Axial system 52 8.2. Albuminous cellsan d companion cells 53 8.3. Sieveelement s 56 8.3.1. Cytologicspecializatio n 56 8.3.2. Morphologic specialization 57 9. SUMMARY 58 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 61 SAMENVATTING 62 REFERENCES 65 PLATES 72 This thesisi s also published as MededelingenLandbouwhogeschoo l Wageningen 67-7(1967 ) (Communications Agricultural University) 1. INTRODUCTION To gain an insight into the structure of the secondary phloem of Gymno- sperms, primarily the different cell types with regard to their appearance, differentiation and degree of development, have to be described. Special atten­ tion has been paid to the presence or the absence of pits, i.e. the location of connections between adjacent cells; in particular amount, kind and location of these pits have been examined. Through these pits an easy movement of assim­ ilatesfro m onecel lt oanother ,i spossible . The term 'pit' isuse d in a broad sense,tha t ist o indicate a cavity or a thin place in the cell wall. In primary walls such pits will also be called 'primary pit-fields'. More specifically, the cavities in parenchyma-cell wallswil lb ecalle d pits, those in sieve-cell walls, between adjacent sieve cells, will be called sieve areas. Consequently the cell types are dependent upon pit-contact between these cells for food-conducting functions. The different arrangements of these cell types are investigated, also the directions in which this movement of assimilatesma ytak eplace . Manystatement s havebee nmad eabou t food-conduction pathways.Th ewa y in which the main transport of food is directly related to the arrangement and the structure of the cell types and the importance of special combinations of different kinds of cell types, have been pointed out. Thus, apart from the comparative anatomy, some physiological aspects have also been alluded to. All these statements about food-conducting pathways require evidence from experiments with tracers etc. Soi n this thesis only a cytological basis for phys­ iologicalinvestigation sha sbee ncreated . Further both the interrelationship between the different cell types and the combination ofthei r occurrence have been studied. An attempt has been made to classify the Gymnosperms into a small number of different types, based on thecharacteristi c structure ofthei r secondaryphloem .Thoug h the arrangement of the cells in the different Gymnosperms varies widely, each of these species belongs to one of the main types or is to be considered as an intermediate between two of those types. The phloem rays turned out to be most important inclassifyin g thevariou sphloe mtypes ,i ncontras twit hth ewoo drays . The different types of secondary xylemar e arranged and classified in viewo f dead elements: tracheids, libriform fibres and vessel members. These are determining for a specialwoo d species;the y are,excep tfo r thelibrifor mfibres, essentialt oth ewater-conductin g function ofth exylem . Theseelement sdevelop , differentiate and modify in the course of time, according to the changing ecologicsituations . The living part of the wood, the parenchymatouspar t andth ewoo d raysi n particular, also develop, but they are not essential to the vertical water- conducting systembu tthe y provide for the horizontal conduction ofwate r and assimilates. Thewoo d raysar eno t interrelated and they do not interfere with the dead cells,whic h aredeterminin g for a specialtyp e ofwoo d species.There - Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 67-7(1967) 1 fore thewoo d rays are not essential in classifying woody species into several evolutionary stages, if only the wood is considered. This is entirely different with the phloem, which is mainly composed of living cells.I t is a close, complex and active system; one of its functions is the conduction ofassimilates ,mainl yb yth e sievecells ,throughou t the plant body; here the living phloem rays play a prominent part. A classification of the different Gymnosperm woods, based on the structure ofth e secondary phloem, ishardl ypossibl ewithou t consideringth ephloe mrays . Though it will appear that the phloem rays and the axial system of the phloem show different evolutionary trends, the former are still essential to the classification as mentioned above.Apar t from the rays and the axial system of the secondary phloem, the so-called 'Strasburger albuminous cells' are also important inthi sconnection .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parenchyma Cell Respiration and Survival in Secondary Xylem: Does Metabolic Activity Decline with Cell Age?
    Plant, Cell and Environment (2007) 30, 934–943 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01677.x Parenchyma cell respiration and survival in secondary xylem: does metabolic activity decline with cell age? R. SPICER1 & N. M. HOLBROOK2 1Rowland Institute at Harvard University, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA and 2Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ABSTRACT defines (and arguably drives) heartwood formation, a form of tissue senescence during which the oldest, non- Sapwood respiration often declines towards the sapwood/ functional xylem is compartmentalized in the centre of the heartwood boundary, but it is not known if parenchyma stem. The cause of parenchyma cell death is not known, metabolic activity declines with cell age. We measured but evidence for decreased metabolic activity in the inner- sapwood respiration in five temperate species (sapwood age most sapwood has led to a view of parenchyma ageing as range of 5–64 years) and expressed respiration on a live cell a gradual, passive decline in metabolism that terminates in basis by quantifying living parenchyma. We found no effect cell death. of parenchyma age on respiration in two conifers (Pinus Multiple reports suggest that sapwood respiration strobus, Tsuga canadensis), both of which had signifi- declines towards the sapwood/heartwood boundary cant amounts of dead parenchyma in the sapwood. In (Goodwin & Goddard 1940; Higuchi, Shimada & Watanabe angiosperms (Acer rubrum, Fraxinus americana, Quercus 1967; Pruyn, Gartner & Harmon 2002a,b; Pruyn, Harmon & rubra), both bulk tissue and live cell respiration were Gartner 2003; Pruyn, Gartner & Harmon 2005), although reduced by about one-half in the oldest relative to the there have been reports of no change (Bowman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Conifer Reproductive Biology Claire G
    Conifer Reproductive Biology Claire G. Williams Conifer Reproductive Biology Claire G. Williams USA ISBN: 978-1-4020-9601-3 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-9602-0 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9602-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927085 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover Image: Snow and pendant cones on spruce tree (reproduced with permission of Photos.com). Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword When it comes to reproduction, gymnosperms are deeply weird. Cycads and coni- fers have drawn out reproduction: at least 13 genera take over a year from pollina- tion to fertilization. Since they don’t apparently have any selection mechanism by which to discriminate among pollen tubes prior to fertilization, it is natural to won- der why such a delay in reproduction is necessary. Claire Williams’ book celebrates such oddities of conifer reproduction. She has written a book that turns the context of many of these reproductive quirks into deeper questions concerning evolution. The origins of some of these questions can be traced back Wilhelm Hofmeister’s 1851 book, which detailed the revolutionary idea of alternation of generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Does the Distance to Normal Renal Parenchyma (DTNRP) in Nephron-Sparing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma Have an Effect on Survival?
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 25: 1629-1632 (2005) Does the Distance to Normal Renal Parenchyma (DTNRP) in Nephron-sparing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma have an Effect on Survival? Z. AKÇETIN1, V. ZUGOR1, D. ELSÄSSER1, F.S. KRAUSE1, B. LAUSEN2, K.M. SCHROTT1 and D.G. ENGEHAUSEN1 Departments of 1Urology and 2Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany Abstract. Background: The effect of the distance to normal renal solitary kidneys. Additionally, organ preservation in the parenchyma (DTNRP) on survival after nephron-sparing surgery presence of an intact contralateral kidney can be performed (NSS) for renal cell cancer (RCC) was analyzed. Additionally, for small localized tumors with nearly equivalent results for the role of T-classification, tumor diameter and tumor grading tumor-specific survival, compared to nephrectomy (1). The was considered. Patients and Methods: NSS was performed on question of whether a small safety margin in intraoperative 126 patients with RCC between 1988 and 2000. Eighty-six patients histology may be adequate for favorable outcome of the were submitted to annual follow-up. These 86 patients were sub- patient constitutes an everyday issue for the practitioner classified into statistical groups according to the distance performing nephron-sparing surgery. In this context, the to normal renal parenchyma (≤ 2mm; > 2mm – ≤ 5mm; clinical impact of defined surgical margin widths for >5 mm), T-classification, tumor diameter (≤ 20mm; > 20mm - avoiding local tumor recurrence and, therefore, improved ≤ 30 mm; >30 mm – ≤ 50mm; >50mm) and tumor grading. survival after nephron-sparing surgery has been discussed The effect of belonging to one of these groups on survival was but still remains controversial.
    [Show full text]
  • Tissues and Other Levels of Organization MODULE - 1 Diversity and Evolution of Life
    Tissues and Other Levels of Organization MODULE - 1 Diversity and Evolution of Life 5 Notes TISSUES AND OTHER LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION You have just learnt that cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of organisms and that bodies of organisms are made up of cells of various shapes and sizes. Groups of similar cells aggregate to collectively perform a particular function. Such groups of cells are termed “tissues”. This lesson deals with the various kinds of tissues of plants and animals. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you will be able to : z define tissues; z classify plant tissues; z name the various kinds of plant tissues; z enunciate the tunica corpus theory and histogen theory; z classify animal tissues; z describe the structure and function of various kinds of epithelial tissues; z describe the structure and function of various kinds of connective tissues; z describe the structure and function of muscular tissue; z describe the structure and function of nervous tissue. 5.1 WHAT IS A TISSUE Organs such as stem, and roots in plants, and stomach, heart and lungs in animals are made up of different kinds of tissues. A tissue is a group of cells with a common origin, structure and function. Their common origin means they are derived from the same layer (details in lesson No. 20) of cells in the embryo. Being of a common origin, there are similar in structure and hence perform the same function. Several types of tissues organise to form an organ. Example : Blood, bone, and cartilage are some examples of animal tissues whereas parenchyma, collenchyma, xylem and phloem are different tissues present in the plants.
    [Show full text]
  • 7. PSEUDOLARIX Gordon, Pinetum 292. 1858, Nom. Cons. 金钱松属 Jin Qian Song Shu Chrysolarix H
    Flora of China 4: 41–42. 1999. 7. PSEUDOLARIX Gordon, Pinetum 292. 1858, nom. cons. 金钱松属 jin qian song shu Chrysolarix H. E. Moore; Laricopsis Kent. Trees deciduous; trunk monopodial, straight, terete; branches irregularly whorled; branchlets strongly dimorphic: long branchlets with leaves spirally arranged and radially spreading; short branchlets with leaves radially arranged in false whorls of 10–30 (often spirally spread like a discoid star). Leaves green, turning golden yellow before falling in autumn, narrowly oblanceolate-linear, flattened, 1.5–4 mm wide, flexible, stomatal lines abaxial, in 2 bands, separated by midvein, vascular bundle 1, resin canals 2 or 3 (–7), marginal. Pollen cones terminal on short branchlets, borne in umbellate clusters of 10–25, pendulous at maturity; pollen 2-saccate. Seed cones solitary, shortly pedunculate, erect or ± spreading, ovoid-globose, 2-seeded, maturing in 1st year. Seed scales thick, woody, deciduous at maturity. Bracts adnate to seed scales at base and shed together with them at maturity. Seeds with large, backward projecting wing extending beyond scale margin at maturity. Cotyledons 4–7. 2n = 44*. • One species: China. 1. Pseudolarix amabilis (J. Nelson) Rehder, J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 53. 1919. 金钱松 jin qian song Larix amabilis J. Nelson, Pinaceae 84. 1866; Abies kaempferi Lindley; Chrysolarix amabilis (J. Nelson) H. E. Moore; Laricopsis kaempferi (Lindley) Kent; Pseudolarix fortunei Mayr; P. kaempferi Gordon; P. pourtetii Ferré. Trees to 40 m tall; trunk to 3 m d.b.h.; bark gray-brown, rough, scaly, flaking; crown broadly conical; long branchlets initially reddish brown or reddish yellow, glossy, glabrous, becoming yellowish gray, brownish gray, or rarely purplish brown in 2nd or 3rd year, finally gray or dark gray; short branchlets slow growing, bearing dense rings of leaf cushions; winter buds ovoid, scales free at apex.
    [Show full text]
  • Cedrus Atlantica 'Glauca'
    Fact Sheet ST-133 November 1993 Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’ Blue Atlas Cedar1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION A handsome evergreen with blue, bluish-green or light green foliage, ‘Glauca’ Atlas Cedar is perfect for specimen planting where it can grow without being crowded since the tree looks its best when branches are left on the tree to the ground (Fig. 1). This shows off the wonderful irregular, open pyramidal form with lower branches spreading about half the height. It grows rapidly when young, then slowly, reaching 40 to 60 feet tall by 30 to 40 feet wide. The trunk stays fairly straight with lateral branches nearly horizontal. Allow plenty of room for these trees to spread. They are best located as a lawn specimen away from walks, streets, and sidewalks so branches will not have to be pruned. It looks odd if lower branches are removed. Older trees become flat-topped and are a beautiful sight to behold. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca’ Pronunciation: SEE-drus at-LAN-tih-kuh Common name(s): Blue Atlas Cedar Family: Pinaceae USDA hardiness zones: 6 through 8 (Fig. 2) Origin: not native to North America Uses: Bonsai; specimen Availability: generally available in many areas within Figure 1. Young Blue Atlas Cedar. its hardiness range DESCRIPTION Height: 40 to 60 feet Spread: 25 to 40 feet Crown uniformity: irregular outline or silhouette 1. This document is adapted from Fact Sheet ST-133, a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinus Contorta Dougl
    Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2008)32 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 05-Dec-2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE JOINT MEETING OF THE CHEMICALS COMMITTEE AND Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2008)32 THE WORKING PARTY ON CHEMICALS, PESTICIDES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Cancels & replaces the same document of 04 December 2008 Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology No. 44 CONSENSUS DOCUMENT ON THE BIOLOGY OF LODGEPOLE PINE (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) English - Or. English JT03257048 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format ENV/JM/MONO(2008)32 Also published in the Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology: No. 1, Commercialisation of Agricultural Products Derived through Modern Biotechnology: Survey Results (1995) No. 2, Analysis of Information Elements Used in the Assessment of Certain Products of Modern Biotechnology (1995) No. 3, Report of the OECD Workshop on the Commercialisation of Agricultural Products Derived through Modern Biotechnology (1995) No. 4, Industrial Products of Modern Biotechnology Intended for Release to the Environment: The Proceedings of the Fribourg Workshop (1996) No. 5, Consensus Document on General Information concerning the Biosafety of Crop Plants Made Virus Resistant through Coat Protein Gene-Mediated Protection (1996) No. 6, Consensus Document on Information Used in the Assessment of Environmental Applications Involving Pseudomonas (1997) No. 7, Consensus Document on the Biology of Brassica napus L. (Oilseed Rape) (1997) No. 8, Consensus Document on the Biology of Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum (Potato) (1997) No. 9, Consensus Document on the Biology of Triticum aestivum (Bread Wheat) (1999) No.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Biogeography of Tsuga (Pinaceae)
    Systematic Botany (2008), 33(3): pp. 478–489 © Copyright 2008 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Biogeography of Tsuga (Pinaceae) Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data Nathan P. Havill1,6, Christopher S. Campbell2, Thomas F. Vining2,5, Ben LePage3, Randall J. Bayer4, and Michael J. Donoghue1 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106 U.S.A 2School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469-5735 U.S.A. 3The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 U.S.A. 4CSIRO – Division of Plant Industry, Center for Plant Biodiversity Research, GPO 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia; present address: Department of Biology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennesee 38152 U.S.A. 5Present address: Delta Institute of Natural History, 219 Dead River Road, Bowdoin, Maine 04287 U.S.A. 6Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Matt Lavin Abstract—Hemlock, Tsuga (Pinaceae), has a disjunct distribution in North America and Asia. To examine the biogeographic history of Tsuga, phylogenetic relationships among multiple accessions of all nine species were inferred using chloroplast DNA sequences and multiple cloned sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. Analysis of chloroplast and ITS sequences resolve a clade that includes the two western North American species, T. heterophylla and T. mertensiana, and a clade of Asian species within which one of the eastern North American species, T. caroliniana, is nested. The other eastern North American species, T. canadensis, is sister to the Asian clade. Tsuga chinensis from Taiwan did not group with T.
    [Show full text]
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Parenchyma
    Zhang et al. BMC Urology (2020) 20:107 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00676-5 CASE REPORT Open Access Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal parenchyma presenting as hydronephrosis: a case report and review of the recent literature Xirong Zhang1,2, Yuanfeng Zhang1, Chengguo Ge1, Junyong Zhang1 and Peihe Liang1* Abstract Background: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the renal parenchyma is extremely rare, only 5 cases were reported. Case presentation: We probably report the fifth case of primary Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the renal parenchyma in a 61-year-old female presenting with intermittent distending pain for 2 months. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed hydronephrosis of the right kidney, but a tumor cannot be excluded completely. Finally, nephrectomy was performed, and histological analysis determined that the diagnosis was kidney parenchyma squamous cell carcinoma involving perinephric adipose tissue. Conclusions: The present case emphasizes that it is difficult to make an accurate preoperative diagnosis with the presentation of hidden malignancy, such as hydronephrosis. Keywords: Kidney, Renal parenchyma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Hydronephrosis, Malignancy Background Case presentation Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the renal pelvis is a The patient is a 61-year-old female. After suffering from rare neoplasm, accounting for only 0.5 to 0.8% of malig- intermittent pain in the right flank region for 2 months nant renal tumors [1], SCC of the renal parenchyma is she was referred to the urology department at an outside even less common. A review of the literature shows that hospital. The patient was diagnosed with hydronephrosis only five cases of primary SCC of the renal parenchyma of the right kidney and underwent a right ureteroscopy have been reported to date [2–6].
    [Show full text]
  • Fluorescent Band Pattern of Chromosomes in Pseudolarix Amabilis, Pinaceae
    © 2015 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 80(2): 151–157 Fluorescent Band Pattern of Chromosomes in Pseudolarix amabilis, Pinaceae Masahiro Hizume* Faculty of Education, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790–8577, Japan Received October 27, 2014; accepted November 18, 2014 Summary Pseudolarix amabilis belongs to one of three monotypic genera in Pinaceae. This species had 2n=44 chromosomes in somatic cells and its karyotype was composed of four long submetacentric chromosomes and 40 short telocentric chromosomes that varied gradually in length, supporting previous reports by conventional staining. The chromosomes were stained sequentially with the fluorochromes, chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). CMA- bands appeared on 12 chromosomes at near terminal region and proximal region. DAPI-bands appeared at centromeric terminal regions of all 40 telocentric chromosomes. The fluorescent-banded karyotype of this species was compared with those of other Pinaceae genera considering taxonomical treatment and molecular phylogenetic analyses reported. On the basis of the fluorescent-banded karyotype, the relationship between Pseudolarix amabilis and other Pinaceae genera was discussed. Key words Chromomycin, Chromosome, DAPI, Fluorescent banding, Pinaceae, Pseudolarix amabilis. In Pinaceae, 11 genera with about 220 species are distinguished and grow mostly in the Northern Hemisphere (Farjon 1990). Most genera are evergreen trees, and only Larix and Pseudolarix are deciduous. Pinus is the largest genus in species number, and Cathaya, Nothotsuga and Pseudolarix are monotypic genera. The taxonomy of Pinaceae with 11 genera is complicated, having some problems in species or variety level. Several higher taxonomic treatments were reported on the base of anatomy and morphology such as resin canal in the vascular cylinder, seed scale, position of mature cones, male strobili in clusters from a single bud, and molecular characters in base sequences of several DNA regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Phloem in Pinophyta
    Phloem in Pinophyta G. S Paliwal Paliwal GS 1992. Phloem in Pinophyta. Palaeobotanist 41 : 114·127. The gymnospermous phloem shows major differences from those of the cryptogams on one hand and the angiosperms on the Other. These include both the type of conducting cells as well as the cellular composition. Even more important is the degree and nature of functional inter· relationship between the conducting and parenchyma cells. The following evolutionary trends have been suggested: Increase in the amount of axial parenchyma; Decrease in the number of albuminous cells in the rays; Increase in the axial albuminous cells: Increase in the fibres; Increase in the regular arrangement. of cells The work on the fossil taxa does prOVide variable suppOrt to these suggestions. It is generally believed that the cryptogamic sieve element arose from a parenchyma cell and all the phloem produced in the fossil lycopods, Sphenopsida and ferns is primary in origin. Here the phloem consists of either sieve elements only or the sieve elements with scattered parenchyma cells. There is no definite relationship between the conducting elements and the parenchyma cells as seen in the seed plants. Additional parenchyma is often present in the form of a sheath separating the ,-ylem from the narrow phloem tissue. The typical cryptOgamic sieve elements are identical to the elongate parenchyma cells. These are relatively small in diameter, longer than the parenchyma cells but shorter than the gymnospermous sieve cells. In some taxa, the sieve elements are of twO sizes: large (up to 600 /lm) and small (between 100·1,500 /lm). The end walls of the cryptogamous sieve elements are horizontal or slightly oblique and the sieve areas are small and vary markedly in their outline.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of South Australia 5Th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann
    Flora of South Australia 5th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann KEY TO FAMILIES1 J.P. Jessop2 The sequence of families used in this Flora follows closely the one adopted by the Australian Plant Census (www.anbg.gov. au/chah/apc), which in turn is based on that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III 2009) and Mabberley’s Plant Book (Mabberley 2008). It differs from previous editions of the Flora, which were mainly based on the classification system of Engler & Gilg (1919). A list of all families recognised in this Flora is printed in the inside cover pages with families already published highlighted in bold. The up-take of this new system by the State Herbarium of South Australia is still in progress and the S.A. Census database (www.flora.sa.gov.au/census.shtml) still uses the old classification of families. The Australian Plant Census web-site presents comparison tables of the old and new systems on family and genus level. A good overview of all families can be found in Heywood et al. (2007) and Stevens (2001–), although these authors accept a slightly different family classification. A number of names with which people using this key may be familiar but are not employed in the system used in this work have been included for convenience and are enclosed on quotation marks. 1. Plants reproducing by spores and not producing flowers (“Ferns and lycopods”) 2. Aerial shoots either dichotomously branched, with scale leaves and 3-lobed sporophores or plants with fronds consisting of a simple or divided sterile blade and a simple or branched spikelike sporophore ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]