Bibliography Bendre A (2007) Practical botany. Rastogi Publications, Meerut Datta C, Mukerji B (1952) Pharmacognosy of Indian leaf drugs, Pharmacognosy Laboratory Bulletin No. 2. Government of India, Calcutta Iyengar M (1997) Pharmacognosy of powdered crude drugs, 5th edn. Manipal Power Press, Manipal Iyengar M, Nayak S (1998) Anatomy of crude drugs, 7th edn. Manipal Power Press, Manipal Jackson B, Snowdon D (1992) Atlas of microscopy. CBS Publications, Delhi Khandelwal K (2008) Practical pharmacognosy. Nirali Publications, Pune Kokate C (1996) Practical pharmacognosy. Vallabh Publications, Delhi Serrano R, Silva G, Silva O (2010) Application of light and scanning electron microscopy in the identifi cation of herbal medicines. In: Méndez-Vilas A, Díaz J (eds) Microscopy: science, technology, applications and education. Formatex, Madrid, pp 182–190 Trease G, Evans W (2006) Pharmacognosy, 15th edn. Bailliere Tindall, London Vasudevan T, Laddha K (eds) (2003) Herbal drug microscopy. Yucca Publications, Mumbai Wallis T (2005) Textbook of pharmacognosy. CBS Publications, Delhi Yeung E (1998) A beginner’s guide to the study of plant structures. In: Karcher SJ (ed) Proceedings of the 19th workshop/conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE). Vol 19 Tested studies for laboratory teaching. ABLE, pp 125–142 Zhongzhen Z (2010) Application of microscopic techniques for the authentication of herbal medicines. In: Méndez-Vilas A, Díaz J (eds) Microscopy: science, technology, applications and education. Formatex, Madrid, pp 803–812 S.S. Gurav and N.S. Gurav (eds.), Indian Herbal Drug Microscopy, 197 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9515-4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Index A Aloe. See Aloe barbadensis Acanthaceae , 189 Aloe barbadensis Aconite. See Aconitum napellus biological source , 21 Aconitum napellus family , 21 biological source , 15 microscopy family , 16 epidermis , 21 microscopy mucilaginous parenchyma , 21–22 endodermis , 16 palisade , 21 metaderm , 16 parenchyma , 21 parenchyma , 17 vascular bundles , 22 pith , 17 Anise. See Pimpinella anisum primary cortex , 16 Apocynaceae , 113, 155, 193 primary phloem , 17 Arjuna. See Terminalia arjuna secondary phloem , 17 Ashoka. See Saraca indica xylem , 17 Ashwagandha. See Withania somnifera powder characters Asparagus. See Asparagus racemosus fi bres , 19 Asparagus racemosus outer layer, fragments of , 19 biological source , 43 parenchyma , 17 family , 43 sclereid , 19c microscopy starch granules , 19 cortex , 44 vessels , 19 endodermis , 44 Adhatoda vasica epidermis , 43 biological source , 189 exodermis , 44 family , 189 pericycle , 44 microscopy pith , 44 lamina , 189–190 vascular bundles , 44 midrib , 190 powder characters powder characters calcium oxalate crystals , 46 calcium oxalate crystals , 191 epidermal cells , 46 cystoliths , 191 parenchyma , 46 epidermal cells , 191 xylem vessels , 46 palisade cells , 191 Atropa belladonna stomata , 191 biological source , 48 trichomes , 191 family , 48 xylem vessels , 191 microscopy S.S. Gurav and N.S. Gurav (eds.), Indian Herbal Drug Microscopy, 199 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9515-4, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 200 Index Atropa belladonna (cont.) microscopy cambium , 49 cremocarp , 58 periderm , 49 embryo , 59 phelloderm , 49 endocarp , 59 secondary phloem , 49 endosperm , 59 secondary xylem , 49 epicarp , 59 powder characters testa , 59 calcium oxalate , 51 powder characters cork cells , 51 endocarp , 59 parenchyma , 51 endosperm , 59 starch granules , 51 epicarp , 59 xylem parenchyma , 51 fi brovascular tissue , 61 xylem vessels and fi bres , 51 sclereids , 61 Ayurvedic Formulary of India , 2 testa , 61 Azadirachta indica vittae , 60 biological source , 128 Cassia angustifolia family , 128 biological source , 169 microscopy family , 169 lamina , 128–129 microscopy midrib region , 129 lamina , 170 powder characters midrib region , 170–171 cortical cells , 130 powder characters epidermis , 130 calcium oxalate palisade cells , 130 crystals , 172 pith cells , 130 groups of fi bres , 172 spongy parenchyma , 130 lamina , 170 trichomes , 130 trichomes , 171 vascular tissues , 130 Catharanthus roseus vessels , 130 biological source , 193 family , 193 microscopy B lamina , 193–194 Belladonna. See Atropa belladonna midrib region , 194 Berberidaceae , 143 powder characters epidermal cells , 195 stomata , 195 C trichomes , 195 Cannabaceae , 53 vessels , 195 Cannabis. See Cannabis sativa Cephaelis ipecacuanha Cannabis sativa biological source , 104 biological source , 53 family , 104 family , 53 microscopy microscopy cambium , 105 lamina , 54 cortex , 105 midrib , 54 periderm , 104 powder characters phellogen , 104 bracteoles, surface view , 55 phloem , 105 calcium oxalate crystals , 55 xylem , 105 fragments of bracts , 55 powder characters stigmas , 55 calcium oxalate crystals , 106 trichomes , 55 cork , 106 Caraway. See Carum carvi fi brous cells , 107 Carum carvi parenchyma , 107 family , 58 sclereids , 107 Index 201 starch granules , 106 Curcuma longa tracheids , 107 biological source , 186 Cinchona. See Cinchona calisaya family , 186 Cinchona calisaya microscopy biological source , 63 cork cells , 186 family , 63 epidermis , 187 microscopy oleoresin cells , 187 cortex , 64 parenchymatous cells , 186 medullary rays , 65 starch granules , 187 periderm , 64 trichomes , 187 phloem fi bres , 64–65 vessels , 187 phloem parenchyma , 64 Cytochemical stains , 13 sieve tubes , 64 powder characters calcium oxalate crystals , 66 D cork cells , 66 Datura stramonium fi bres , 66 biological source , 179 parenchyma , 66 family , 179 starch grains , 66 microscopy stone cells , 66 mesophyll , 179 Cinnamomum zeylanicum midrib , 179 biological source , 68 palisade , 179 family , 68 upper epidermis , 178 microscopy powder characters cortex , 68 calcium oxalate crystals , 180 medullary rays , 69 fragments of lamina , 180 pericycle , 69 lamina , 180 pericyclic fi bres , 69 parenchyma , 180 periderm , 68 pollen grains , 180 phloem fi bres , 69 trichomes , 180 phloem parenchyma , 69 Digitalis. See Digitalis purpurea sclereids , 69 Digitalis purpurea powder characters biological source , 81 calcium oxalate crystals , 71 family , 81 cork cells , 71 microscopy fi bres , 71 lamina , 81–82 oil cells , 71 midrib , 82 sclereids , 71 powder characters starch grains , 71 fragments of lamina , 84 Cinnamon. See Cinnamomum zeylanicum parenchyma , 84 Clove. See Eugenia caryophyllus trichomes , 84 Colchicum. See Colchicum autumnale Colchicum autumnale biological source , 78 E family , 78 Ephedra. See Ephedra gerardiana microscopy Ephedraceae , 86 endosperm , 79 Ephedra gerardiana pigment layer , 79 biological source , 86 starch granules , 78 family , 86 strophiole , 79 microscopy testa , 79 cortex , 87 Combretaceae , 28 epidermis , 87 Crude drugs , 2 pericyclic fi bres , 87 202 Index Ephedra gerardiana (cont.) mesocarp , 95 pith , 87 testa , 95 vascular bundles , 87 powder characters powder characters endocarp , 96 brownish matter , 88 endosperm , 97 epidermal cells , 88 epicarp , 96 fi bres , 88 fi brovascular tissue , 97 wood elements , 88 mesocarp , 96 Eucalyptus. See Eucalyptus globulus vittae , 97 Eucalyptus globulus Freehand sectioning methods , 6–7 biological source , 90 family , 90 microscopy G collenchyma , 91 Ginger. See Zingiber offi cinale lamina , 91 Glycyrrhiza glabra vascular bundles , 91 biological source , 123 powder characters family , 123 calcium oxalate crystals , 92 microscopy cell contents , 92 periderm , 123–124 epidermis , 92 pith , 124–125 pericyclic fi bres , 92 secondary phloem , 124 stomata , 92 secondary xylem , 124 xylem vessels , 92 powder characters Eugenia caryophyllus calcium oxalate crystals , 126 biological source , 73 cork cells , 126 family , 73 fi bres , 126 microscopy parenchyma , 126 columella , 74 starch grains , 126 cortex , 74 vessels , 126 epidermis , 73–74 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) , 1 powder characters aerenchyma , 76 calcium oxalate crystals , 76 H fi bres , 76 Herbal drug microscopy hypanthium , 76 aconite , 15–20 oil glands , 76 aloe , 21–22 parenchyma , 76 anise , 23–27 pollen grains , 76 arjuna , 28–32 sclereids , 76 ashoka , 33–37 starch grains , 76 ashwagandha , 38–42 asparagus , 43–47 belladonna , 48–52 F cannabis , 53–57 Fennel. See Foeniculum vulgare caraway , 58–62 Foeniculum vulgare cinchona , 63–67 biological source , 94 cinnamon , 68–72 family , 94 clove , 73–77 microscopy colchicum , 78–80 cremocarp , 94–95 digitalis , 81–85 embryo , 95 ephedra , 86–89 endocarp , 95 eucalyptus , 90–93 endosperm , 95 fennel , 94–98 epicarp , 95 ginger , 99–103 Index 203 ipecacuanha , 104–108 results , 12 ispaghula , 109–112 stain preparation , 12 kurchi , 113–116 Ipecacuanha. See Cephaelis ipecacuanha linseed , 117–122 Ispaghula. See Plantago ovata liquorice , 123–127 neem , 128–131 nutmeg and mace , 132–134 K nux vomica , 135–139 Kurchi. See Holarrhena antidysenterica opium , 140–142 podophyllum , 143–147 quassia , 148–154 L rauwolfi a , 155–160 Labiatae , 182 rhubarb , 161–164 Lauraceae , 68 sandalwood , 165–168 Leguminosae , 33, 123, 169 senna , 169–173 Liliaceae , 21, 43, 78, 174 squill , 174–177 Linaceae , 117 stramonium , 178–181 Linseed. See Linum usitatissimum tulsi , 182–185 Linum usitatissimum turmeric , 186–188 biological source , 117 vasaka , 189–192 family , 117 vinca , 193–196 microscopy Herbal drugs cotyledons , 111 authentication , 1–2 endosperm , 110 microscopic techniques , 2 testa , 118–119 use of , 1 powder characters Histological and histochemical staining endosperm and