Final Report of the Observation Mission of the 2016 Parliamentary Elections

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Final Report of the Observation Mission of the 2016 Parliamentary Elections FINAL REPORT OF THE OBSERVATION MISSION OF THE 2016 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR FAIR ELECTIONS AND DEMOCRACY (ISFED) 2017 Tbilisi FINAL REPORT OF THE OBSERVATION MISSION OF THE 2016 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS REPORT PREPARED BY MIKHEIL BENIDZE TAMAR BARTAIA ELENE NIJARADZE NINO RIJAMADZE NINO KHITARISHVILI TATIA KINKLADZE TUTA CHKHEIDZE DESIGNED BY: TEMO MACHAVARIANI ISFED election observation mission was made possible by the generous support of the American People through the finan- cial assistance of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The mission was also supported by the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), Federal Foreign Office of Germany, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Georgia, and the European Union. The contents of this publication belong solely to the International Society for Fair Elec- tions and Democracy and may not necessarily reflect the views of USAID, the United States Government, Federal Republic of Germany, Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherlands in Georgia, European Union, or NED CONTENT I. ABOUT THE OBSERVATION MISSION 4 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 III. POLITICAL CONTEXT 10 IV. LEGISLATIVE REFORM 12 Electoral System 12 Other Changes in the Legislative Framework 12 V. VOTER LISTS 14 `` VI. ELECTION ADMINISTRATION 15 Central Election Commission 15 District and Precinct Election Commissions 15 Establishing Boundaries of Constituencies 15 VII. THE INTERAGENCY COMMISSION FOR FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS 16 VIII. THE STATE AUDIT OFFICE 18 IX. PRE-ELECTION PERIOD 20 Monitoring Mission and Methodology 20 Misuse of Administrative Resources for Electoral Purposes 20 Vote Buying 21 Harassment/Intimidation on Alleged Political Grounds 22 Violence and Assaults 23 Dismissal from Work on Political Grounds 23 Participation of unauthorized individuals in pre-election campaigning 24 Hate Speech 24 X. MEDIA ENVIRONMENT 25 XI. MONITORING OF PUBLIC MEETINGS HELD BY PARTIES/ELECTORAL SUBJECTS DURING THE PRE-ELECTION PERIOD 26 XII. ELECTION DAY 28 First round of the elections 28 Rerun Elections 32 Election Runoffs 32 XIII. COMPLAINTS FILED ON AND FOLLOWING THE ELECTION DAY 36 XIV. RECOMMENDATIONS 46 I. ABOUT THE OBSERVATION MISSION The present report summarizes results of monitoring the with disabilities in Tbilisi. In addition to the STOs, the Election 2016 Elections of the Parliament of Georgia by the Interna- Day mission also included 70 mobile teams, 73 DEC observ- tional Society for Fair Elections and Democracy (ISFED). IS- ers, 15 lawyers and 15 operators. FED conducted pre-election, election day and post-election monitoring of the 2016 Parliamentary elections throughout ISFED observed the rerun elections of October 22 in all four Georgia. It monitored the first round of the 2016 Parliamenta- electoral precincts and both DECs in Zugdidi no.66 and Mar- ry elections on October 8, rerun elections on October 22 and neuli no.36 majoritarian election districts. runoffs on October 30. ISFED monitored the runoffs on October 30, 2016 in 50 ISFED carried out the pre-election monitoring3 of the Octo- election districts of Georgia. ISFED monitoring mission for ber 8, 2016 Parliamentary elections through 68 long-term the runoffs consisted of over 600 STOs, 42 mobile teams and observers (LTOs) in all election districts3 of Georgia over the observers assigned to each DEC. Similar to the first round of period of three months1 prior to the Election Day. Areas of the parliamentary elections, ISFED relied on PVT for mon- focus of the pre-election monitoring included: use of admin- itoring the runoffs. ISFED assigned 452 STOs to randomly istrative resources, activities of the election administration selected national representative sample of polling stations. and political parties, formation of voter lists, acts of political ISFED observers were also present in all precincts of the fol- harassment, intimidation and vote buying. lowing election districts: Marneuli no.36, Akhaltsikhe-Adigeni no.44, Kutaisi no.49 and Zugdidi no.66. For the runoffs ISFED Pre-election monitoring of the runoffs on October 30 was staffed its incidents’ and SMS centers in the central office conducted by 38 LTOs of ISFED in 50 election districts with 10 operators and 11 lawyers. where majoritarian MP candidates could not clear 50%+1 threshold in the first round of the parliamentary elections. ISFED monitored the post-election period after the first round by means of 68 observers and lawyers. ISFED observation The Election Day observation covered the following four focused on activities of the election administration, com- components: opening and setting up of polling stations, the plaints process in DECs and the creation of summary proto- process of voting, counting of votes and tabulation of results. cols. A total of 42 ISFED observers monitored the post-elec- ISFED observation mission for the October 8, 2016 Parlia- tion period following the runoff elections. mentary elections comprised of nearly 1000 accredited and trained observers deployed in precinct, district and central Based on the analysis of irregularities detected during the electoral commissions. ISFED short-term observers (STOs) observation, ISFED developed recommendations with the monitored the process of voting and tabulation in PECs purpose of improving the electoral legislation and environ- through the Parallel Vote Tabulation (PVT) methodology4 . ment. The present report provides an account of observation ISFED deployed 600 STOs to randomly selected national results and introduces subsequent recommendations. representative sample of polling stations throughout Georgia, 195 STOs to potentially problematic precincts and to pre- cincts particularly worthwhile for observation5 , 10 STOs were assigned to polling stations adapted to the needs of persons 1 The long-term observation of the pre-election period for the first round of the elections ran from July 1 to October 7. 2 Pre-election monitoring of the runoffs ran from October 9 to October 27. 3 Mtatsminda, Vake, Saburtalo, Krtsanisi, Isani, Samgori, Chughureti, Didube, Nadzaladevi, Gldani, Sagarejo, Gurjaani, Lagodekhi, Kvareli, Telavi, Akhmeta, Mtskheta, Rustavi, Marneuli, Gardabani, Kaspi, Gori, Khashuri, Akhaltsikhe, Adigeni, Kutaisi (three majoritarian districts), Kharagauli, Baghdati, Zestaponi, Chiatura, Lanchkhuti, Ozurgeti, Chokhatauri, Poti, Senaki, Abasha, Khobi, Zugdidi, Tsalenjikha, Chkhorotsku, Batumi (three majoritarian districts), Kobuleti, Khelvachauri, Keda. 4 PVT is an election observation methodology that enables detection of irregularities in a timely manner, evaluation of the entirety Election Day process and verification of accuracy of official results. PVT relies on statistical methods and information and communication technology (ICT) to provide accurate and timely information about the process of voting and tabulation. PVT provides the most accurate and timely informa- tion on the conduct of voting and counting and is the only methodology that can independently verify accuracy of the official results as announced by the electoral commission. 5 Electoral precincts that proved to be problematic in terms of irregularities or conflict situations on the basis of the three most recent elections (the parliamentary elections of 2012, the presidential elections of 2013 and the local self-government elections of 2014), as well as electoral precincts where competition between parties and/or candidates in the 2012 parliamentary elections and in the 2014 local self-governmental elections was a close race. 4 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ELECTORAL REFORM was held about the need to reform election administration composition at the relevant CSO recommendations were Ahead of the 2016 Parliamentary elections, civil society left without consideration. The parliament did not support organizations, political parties and other stakeholders were introduction of mandatory gender quotas as a temporary actively discussing and urging the authorities to reform measure for increasing women participation in politics. the electoral system. In this regard, the CSOs and politi- cal parties proposed specific recommendations. However, In light of the above, ISFED believes that a comprehensive regrettably, the government showed lack of political will for and substantial electoral reform that would have improved any substantial changes in the electoral system. Although, the election environment has not been implemented. The as per the ruling of the Constitutional Court, changes were new parliament and the government should carry out a introduced in territorial boundaries of majoritarian election reform of the electoral system and introduce other essential districts so that the difference between the numbers of legislative changes without delay. voters among the constituencies did not exceed 15%. In addition, the 30% election threshold for electing a majoritari- ELECTION ADMINISTRATION an MP was increased to 50%+1. All three tiers of the election administration mostly worked in Changes were also introduced in rules about voting at abidance by the principles of openness and transparency. special polling stations, presence of police outside a polling Election stakeholders and other interested parties had unob- station for safety purposes and several other rules. structed access to public information, commission meetings and decisions made by the election administration. ISFED To the dismay of the expectations, the authorities did not set welcomes steps made by the election administration for up a working group to
Recommended publications
  • PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION in GEORGIA 27Th October 2013
    PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN GEORGIA 27th October 2013 European Elections monitor The candidate in office, Giorgi Margvelashvili, favourite in the Presidential Election in Georgia Corinne Deloy Translated by Helen Levy On 27th October next, 3,537,249 Georgians will be electing their president of the republic. The election is important even though the constitutional reform of 2010 deprived the Head of State of some of his powers to be benefit of the Prime Minister and Parliament (Sakartvelos Parlamenti). The President of the Republic will no longer be able to dismiss the government and convene a new Analysis cabinet without parliament’s approval. The latter will also be responsible for appointing the regional governors, which previously lay within the powers of the President of the Republic. The constitutional reform which modified the powers enjoyed by the head of State was approved by the Georgian parliament on 21st March last 135 votes in support, i.e. all of the MPs present. The outgoing President, Mikheil Saakashvili (United National Movement, ENM), in office since the election on 4th January 2004 cannot run for office again since the Constitution does not allow more than two consecutive mandates. Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia in coalition with Mikheil Saakashvili. 10 have been appointed by politi- Our Georgia-Free Democrats led by former representa- cal parties, 13 by initiative groups. 54 people registe- tive of Georgia at the UN, Irakli Alasania, the Republi- red to stand in all. can Party led by Davit Usupashvili, the National Forum The candidates are as follows: led by Kakha Shartava, the Conservative Party led by Zviad Dzidziguri and Industry will save Georgia led by – Giorgi Margvelashvili (Georgian Dream-Democratic Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili has been in office Georgia), former Minister of Education and Science and since the general elections on 1st October 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • The Year in Elections, 2013: the World's Flawed and Failed Contests
    The Year in Elections, 2013: The World's Flawed and Failed Contests The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Norris, Pippa, Richard W. Frank, and Ferran Martinez i Coma. 2014. The Year in Elections 2013: The World's Flawed and Failed Contests. The Electoral Integrity Project. Published Version http://www.electoralintegrityproject.com/ Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11744445 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA THE YEAR IN ELECTIONS, 2013 THE WORLD’S FLAWED AND FAILED CONTESTS Pippa Norris, Richard W. Frank, and Ferran Martínez i Coma February 2014 THE YEAR IN ELECTIONS, 2013 WWW. ELECTORALINTEGRITYPROJECT.COM The Electoral Integrity Project Department of Government and International Relations Merewether Building, HO4 University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Phone: +61(2) 9351 6041 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.electoralintegrityproject.com Copyright © Pippa Norris, Ferran Martínez i Coma, and Richard W. Frank 2014. All rights reserved. Photo credits Cover photo: ‘Ballot for national election.’ by Daniel Littlewood, http://www.flickr.com/photos/daniellittlewood/413339945. Licence at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Page 6 and 18: ‘Ballot sections are separated for counting.’ by Brittany Danisch, http://www.flickr.com/photos/bdanisch/6084970163/ Licence at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. Page 8: ‘Women in Pakistan wait to vote’ by DFID - UK Department for International Development, http://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/8735821208/ Licence at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexism and Stereotypes in Social Media Gender
    election monitoring report: Sexism and gender stereotypes in social media Sexism and gender stereotypes in social media 1 election monitoring report: Sexism and gender stereotypes in social media Author: KETI MSKHILADZE Monitors: MEDEA SULAMANIDZE, MARIAM TALAKHADZE Editor: TAMAR KINTSURASHVILI Design: BESIK DANELIA, IBDesign Cover photo: Shutterstock, Nubefy The report has been prepared by Media Development Foundation (MDF) with support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) component within the framework of the United Nations Joint Programme for Gender Equality financed by the Government of Sweden. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the international organisations listed above. INTRIDUCTION “Gender Barometer – Monitoring sexist speech during pre-election period” is implemented with sup- port of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The project is implemented by Media Development Foundation (MDF) in partnership with the Union Sapari. The aim of the project is to ex- pose sexist hate speech and gender stereotypes as well as gender-based campaigns against women politician and representatives of various public institutions. Within the framework of the project, Sapari has conducted focus groups involving media experts, politicians and gender specialists and formulated sexist hate speech indicators adjusted to interna- tional experience and Georgian political reality. Based on these indicators and using a Facebook tool, Crowdtangle, the MDF developed a social media monitoring methodology. Findings of the monitoring is provided in this report. A mid-term report1 which was published on 26 November, covers the results of a three-month mon- itoring – from 4 August through 4 November.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Election Monitoring of October 8, 2016 Parliamentary Elections Second Interim Report July 17 - August 8
    International Society for Fair Elections and Democracy Pre-Election Monitoring of October 8, 2016 Parliamentary Elections Second Interim Report July 17 - August 8 Publishing this report is made possible by the generous support of the American people, through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). The views expressed in this report belong solely to ISFED and may not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID, the United States Government and the NED. 1. Introduction The International Society for Fair Elections and Democracy (ISFED) has been monitoring October 8, 2016 elections of the Parliament of Georgia and Ajara Supreme Council since July 1, with support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). The present report covers the period from July 18 to August 8, 2016. 2. Key Findings Compared to the previous reporting period, campaigning by political parties and candidates has become more intense. ISFED long-term observers (LTOs) monitored a total of 114 meetings of electoral subjects with voters throughout Georgia, from July 18 through August 7. As the election campaigning moved into a more active phase, the number of election violations grew considerably. Failure of relevant authorities to take adequate actions in response to these violations may pose a threat to free and fair electoral environment. During the reporting period ISFED found 4 instances of intimidation/harassment based on political affiliation, 2 cases of physical violence, 3 cases of possible vote buying, 4 cases of campaigning by unauthorized persons, 8 cases of misuse of administrative resources, 4 cases of interference with pre- election campaigning, 4 cases of use of hate speech, 7 cases of local self-governments making changes in budgets for social and infrastructure projects; 3 cases of misconduct by election commission members.
    [Show full text]
  • Hate Speech and Gender Representation, 2016
    Authors: TAMAR KHORBALADZE TINA GOGOLADZE Peer review: JEAN MARIE COAT, FPU Expert Researchers: TAMAR GAGNIASHVILI, SOPHO GOGADZE, KHATIA LOMIDZE, ROMAN BAINDURASHVILI, TAMAR SOPROMADZE, TINA GOGOLADZE, IRAKLI TSKHADADZE, MARIAM TSUTSKIRIDZE, NATIA GOGELIA, NATIA GOGOLASHVILI, DALI KURDADZE Editor: TAMAR KINTSURASHVILI The report is prepared by Media Development Foundation (MDF) in the framework of the project “Transparent and Accountable Media for Enhancing Democratic Practices during Elections” supported by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Georgia. The contents of this report is the sole responsibility of the MDF and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Embassy. ©2016, MEDIA DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION MDF GEORGIA.GE MEDIAMETER.GE/GE 1 INTRODUCTON Media Development Foundation (MDF) is conducting a pre-election media monitoring from April 1 to October 15, 2016. The monitoring is carried out with the financial support of the Embassy of the Kingdom of Netherlands in Georgia within the frame of the project Transparent and Accountable Media for Enhancing Democratic Practices during Elections. The methodology for MDF’s monitoring was developed by Dominique Thierry, consultant of Free Press Unlimited (FPU) 1. The report was reviewed by FPU expert Jean-Marie Coat. Primetime news programs of the following TV channels were selected as monitoring subjects: the Georgian Public Broadcaster (Moambe at 20:00), Rustavi 2 (Kurieri at 21:00), Imedi (Kronika at 20:00), Maestro (Kontakti at 20:00), Kavkasia (Dges at 20:30), Tabula (Focus at 19:00), GDS (20/30 at 20:30). From 1 June the list was extended to include TV Obiektivi as this TV channel launched its news program (Akhali Ambebi at 19:30) on 16 May.
    [Show full text]
  • Representation of Political Forces in the Legislative Body of Georgia in the Period Between 1990 and 2016
    Representation of Political Forces in the Legislative Body of Georgia in the period between 1990 and 2016 Since 1990, parliamentary elections have taken place nine times in Georgia. The ones held in 2016 resulted in election of the Parliament of the 9th convocation by ​ the population of Georgia. 2016 parliamentary elections brought along concerns whether concentration of the constitutional majority in a single party in the legislative body is well justified or vice versa, whether diversity of political parties can lead to positive outcomes for the country. According to the Election Code of Georgia, a subject which represents a registered party, an election bloc, an initiative group of voters or independent candidate to majoritarian membership is entitled to run for elections. Transparency International – Georgia explored representation of political forces in the legislative body of Georgia in the period between 1990 and 2016 as well as number of elected members and election threshold stipulated by the law. ● The 2nd convocation of Parliament (1992-1995), with 24 parties overcoming ​ the election threshold, was the one with the greatest number of political ​ subjects. ​ ● In terms of the number of MPs, the Supreme Council with 247 members was the most numerous. ​ ● 2% represented the lowest election threshold, whereas 7% - the highest. ​ ​ ● The parliament of the 8th convocation (2012-2016) included just two ​ ​ election subjects, though the bloc “Georgian Dream” was comprised of six parties. th ● Since 1990, including the parliament of the 8 c​ onvocation, the legislative ​ body has had 1216 members ​ ● The following members were most frequently represented in different convocations of the Parliament: Akaki Bobokhidze (member of six convocations) and Giorgi Baramidze (member of five convocations) Number of MPs in the legislative body and the election threshold Number of elected MPs as well as the election threshold have experienced a number of changes over time along with amendments to the law.
    [Show full text]
  • Ten-Year Development Plan for Georgian Gas Transmission Network 2018-2027
    Ten-Year Development Plan for Georgian Gas Transmission Network 2018-2027 October 2017 1 The document represents a 10-year Georgian gas transmission and related infrastructure development plan. It was prepared on the basis of 2016 and 2017 year editions of “10-Year Development Plan for Georgian Gas Transmission Infrastructure)’’, considering the actual situation of current period. The 10-year Gas Network Development Plan was discussed with the Georgian Gas Transportation Company, presented to the Ministry of Energy of Georgia, the Georgian National Energy Regulatory Commission and other stakeholders. Consultations regarding the information used in and information on the project implementation of the 10-year Gas Network Development Plan can be obtained from GOGC Strategic Planning and Projects Department. Head of the Department: Teimuraz Gochitashvili, Dr. Sci, professor, Tel: +(995 32) 2244040 (414); E-mail: [email protected] 2 Contents Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................4 Executive summary ..................................................................................................................5 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................7 1.1. General provisions............................................................................................................ 7 1.2. Formal and methodological basis for preparing the plan ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Georgia in 2014
    2014 Minerals Yearbook GEORGIA U.S. Department of the Interior December 2017 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF GEORGIA By Elena Safirova Prior to the proclamation of Georgia’s independence in company $200 million to build. With a total capacity of 1991, a range of mineral commodities were mined in Georgia, 87 megawatts (MW), the new powerplant was the largest among including arsenic, barite, bentonite, coal, copper, diatomite, all powerplants built in the country in the past 35 years. The lead, manganese, zeolites, and zinc. The country’s metallurgical company expected that the energy produced at the Paravani sector produced ferroalloys and steel. Production of many of powerplant would be consumed domestically during the these mineral commodities ceased or had been significantly winter, and it would be exported to Turkey in the summer reduced since 1991 because many supply chains were severed (AFN.by, 2014). after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In the middle of the past decade, the Government of Georgia Minerals in the National Economy sought to position the country as a transit hub between Europe and Asia. As a result, the country emphasized making In 2014, the nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of improvements to its transportation and energy infrastructure and Georgia increased by 2.4% to $16.5 billion1 compared with logistics systems. In 2014, Georgia continued the modernization that of 2013. The country’s real GDP increased by 4.8% in and partial construction of its East-West gas pipeline; several 2014 compared with that of 2013. The share of industrial new gas network links were to be constructed.
    [Show full text]
  • GEORGIA Second Edition March 2010
    WHO DOES WHAT WHERE IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN GEORGIA Second edition March 2010 Georgian National Committee of Disaster Risk Reduction & Environment Sustainable Development FOREWORD Georgia is a highly disaster-prone country, which frequently experiences natural hazards (e.g. earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, and drought) as well as man-made emergencies (e.g. industrial accidents and traffic accidents). Compounding factors such as demographic change, unplanned urbanization, poorly maintained infrastructure, lax enforcement of safety standards, socio-economic inequities, epidemics, environmental degradation and climate variability amplify the frequency and intensity of disasters and call for a proactive and multi-hazard approach. Disaster risk reduction is a cross-cutting and complex development issue. It requires political and legal commitment, public understanding, scientific knowledge, careful development planning, responsible enforcement of policies and legislation, people-centred early warning systems, and effective disaster preparedness and response mechanisms. Close collaboration of policy-makers, scientists, urban planners, engineers, architects, development workers and civil society representatives is a precondition for adopting a comprehensive approach and inventing adequate solutions. Multi-stakeholder and inter-agency platforms can help provide and mobilize knowledge, skills and resources required for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development policies, for coordination of planning and programmes,
    [Show full text]
  • Reserved Domains
    Countries: (.ge; .edu.ge; .org.ge; .net.ge; .pvt.ge; .school.ge) afghanistan cameroon ghana lebanon nigeria spain zambia albania canada greece lesotho norway srilanka zimbabwe algeria centralafricanrepublic grenada liberia oman sudan andorra chad guatemala libya pakistan suriname angola chile guinea liechtenstein palau swaziland antiguaandbarbuda china guinea-bissau lithuania palestina sweden argentina colombia guyana luxembourg panama switzerland armenia comoros haiti macau papuanewguinea syria aruba congo honduras macedonia paraguay taiwan australia costarica hongkong madagascar peru tajikistan austria croatia hungary malawi philippines tanzania azerbaijan cuba iceland malaysia poland thailand bahama curacao india maldives portugal timor-leste bahrain cyprus indonesia mali qatar togo bangladesh czechia iran malta romania tonga barbados denmark iraq marshallislands russia trinidadandtobago belarus djibouti ireland mauritania rwanda tunisia belgium dominica israel mauritius saintlucia turkey belize dominicanrepublic italy mexico samoa turkmenistan benin ecuador jamaica micronesia sanmarino tuvalu bhutan egypt japan moldova saudiarabia uganda birma elsalvador jordan monaco senegal ukraine bolivia equatorialguinea kazakhstan mongolia serbia unitedarabemirates bosniaandherzegovina eritrea kenya montenegro seychelles uk botswana estonia kiribati morocco sierraleone england brazil ethiopia northkorea mozambique singapore unitedkingdom brunei fiji korea namibia sintmaarten uruguay bulgaria finland southkorea nauru slovakia uzbekistan burkinafaso
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf | 281.89 Kb
    USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO GEORGIA 40° E 42° E 44° E The46° boundariesE and names used on this map Majkop do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the U.S. Government. Caspian GEORGIA Cherkessk Sea N N 44° 44° Kuban' T'bilisi & Affected Areas Karachayevsk RUSSIA CARE a Psou E !0 !0 Counterpart Int. a 0 Nal'chik FAO A ! Gagra Bzyb' Groznyy !0 Pskhu UMCOR a Novvy Afon Nazran Pitsunda !0 "ABKHAZIA" Omarishara UNICEF J Lata Mestia Gudauta!0 0 Sukhumi Kodori Inguri WFP ! Vladikavkaz Otap USAID/GeorgiaRUSSIA a !0 Khaishi Kvemo-gulripsh Lentekhi WFP a EF !0 Tkvarcheli Dzhvari RACHA-LECHKHUMI- Terek KVEMO SVANETI Ochamchira Gali Tsalenjhikha World Vision a Khvanchkara Rioni MTSKHETA- Achilo Pichori Zugdidi SAMEGRELO- Kvaisi Mleta ZEMO Ambrolauri MTIANETI Various a Pasanauri Alazani Khobi Tskhaltubo Tkibuli "SOUTH OSSETIA" Anaklia SVANETI Aragvi Qvirila SHIDA KARTLI Various E a BLACK Senaki Kurta Artani Rioni Samtredia Kutaisi Chiatura Tskhinvali Poti IMERETI Lanchkhuti Rioni !0 Akhalgori KAKHETI RUSSIA SEA Chokhatauri Zestafoni Khashuri N Supsa Baghdati Dusheti N 42° Kareli Akhmeta Kvareli 42° Ozurgeti Gori Kaspi Borzhomi Lagodekhi Kobuleti GURIA Bakhmaro Borjomi TBILISI Telavi Abastumani Mtskheta Gurdzhaani Belokany Atskuri T'bilisi Î! Batumi 0 AJARIA Iori ! Vale Akhaltsikhe Zakataly Khulo Rustavi Keda KVEMO KARTLI Tsnori Bolnisi !0 Akhalkalaki Marneuli Dedoplis Tsqaro SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI Dmanisi KEY Iori Coruh Ninotsminda Kura USAID/OFDA DoD State/EUR/ACE Mingachever !0 !0 Resevoir A AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY Rize a EMERGENCY RELIEF SUPPLIES TURKEY ARMENIA Kars EMERGENCY FOOD COMMODITIES AZERBAIJAN E LOGISTICS & TRANSPORTATION Arteni Lake INFORM NUTRITION IC AT F Sevan PH IO A N Î! R G U N O Yerevan E I WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE T J 0 30 60 mi G Firat Aras N U N 8/27/08 S A 40° A 40°D 0 30 60 90 km I F D O 40° E 42° E 44° E 46° E / D C H A /.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia's Perspectives for Investment Growth
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Imnaishvili, Athina; Kbiltsetskhlashvili, Tea Article Georgia's perspectives for investment growth IBSU Scientific Journal (IBSUSJ) Provided in Cooperation with: International Black Sea University, Tbilisi Suggested Citation: Imnaishvili, Athina; Kbiltsetskhlashvili, Tea (2009) : Georgia's perspectives for investment growth, IBSU Scientific Journal (IBSUSJ), ISSN 1512-3731, International Black Sea University, Tbilisi, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, pp. 73-95 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/54630 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu IBSU Scientific Journal 2009, 1(3), 73-95 Georgia’s Perspectives for Investment Growth Athina IMNAISHVILI Tea KBILTSETSKHLASHVILI Abstract The article focuses on recent developments in the former Soviet republics, especially political tremors and hostilities in Caucasus area considerably hinder the development of American businesses in the region.
    [Show full text]