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International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding Model of Diversification of the Sasak Language Dialects Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 6, Issue 2 and Multireligious Understanding April, 2019 Pages: 20-32 Model of Diversification of The Sasak Language Dialects:Understanding the Way Sasak Ancestors Migrated Toni Samsul Hidayat; Husni Muaz; Nuriadi Graduate Student of Mataram University, Indonesia 6 6http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i2.55566666666 Abstract The Sasak language is originally spoken by Sasak people in Lombok island. It has been identified to have five dialects. They are Kuto-kute dialect called Bayan Dialect (BD), Ngeto-ngete Dialect called Sembalun Dialect (SD), Ngeno-ngene dialect called Selaparang Dialect (SlD), Meno-mene dialect called Pejanggik Dialect (PD), and Meriak-meriku dialect called Pujut Dialect (PjD). This research is aimed at identifying and establishing how the Sasak language dialects are diversified from the mother language. The answer may be used to understand the way Sasak language speakers migrated around the island. The method used is comparative synchronic method. Data are about 450 words including 200 basic words from Swadesh. They are collected through interview and library research. The collected data are analyzed comparatively under the Tree Model Theory proposed by August Schleicher to see the relation among the dialects. Result of the analysis shows that Sasak language dialects are diversified through internal subgrouping model, the second model of Tree Model Theory. There are three internal subgroups generating the five Sasak language dialects. The first is protoBayan-Sembalun (PBS) that diversifies Bayan Dialect (BD) and Sembalun Dialect (SD) and second protoSelaparang-Pejanggik-Pujut (PSPP) that diversifies Selaparang Dialect (SlD) and protoPejanggik-Pujut (PPP). ProtoPejanggik-Pujut (PPP) then deversifies Pejanggik Dialect (PD) and Pujut Dialect (PjD). Model of the diversification of the Sasak language dialects reflects the way Sasak language speakers migrated from their first settlement around Bayan-Sembalun dialects area to other places around Sembalun and then moved to protoSelaparang- Pejanggik-Pujut dialect area and finally spread up into Selaparang dialect, Pejanggik dialect, and Pujut dialect area.Vertical analysis between the Sasak language dialects and protoAustronesian language, in case of lexical-phonological features, is in the line with the result of this research. Keywords: Sasak; Language; Dialect; Comparative; Model; Diversification; Migration; Speakers Introduction Sasak language is spoken by not only Sasak people in Lombok but also by Sasak people living in some other islands, such in Sumbawa and Bali. In Lombok island Sasak is spoken by the majority population, both Sasak people and immigrants. According to BPS (Central Statistic Agency) data (http://ntb.bps.go.id), the population of Lombok island is about 3.352.988 people and most of them are Sasak that still use Sasak language as their daily lingua franca. Accrual Earnings Management and Real Earnings Management: Increase or Destroy Firm Value? 20 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol. 6, No. 2, April 2019 Just like other language, Sasak also has some variants, which is popular called dialect, even sociolect. Dialect refers to subdivision of recognizably different type of language that does not, however, render intercommunication impossible or markedly difficult (Robin & Crystal in Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2017). In short, dialect is any variety of a language characterized by systematic differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary from other varieties of the same language (Meures, 2004). A brand of linguistics discipline discussing about dialect is called dialectology. While sociolect refers to the honorific forms used by the speaker of the language. Sasak language is one of the ten biggest number of speakers of local languages in Indonesia. It has almost more than 3 millions speakers. Thus, study on it has been conducted since decades. Sasak dialect researches were firstly conducted by Teeuw (1951), Herusantoso, et al. (1987),Thoir , et al., (1986). The most recent research, on the same concern, was done by Mahsun (2006). According to those reseachers, except Mahsun (2006), Sasak dialects are divided into five. They are Meno-mene dialect, Ngeno-ngene dialect, Ngeto-ngete dialect, Kuto-kute dialect, and Meriak-meriku dialect. Meno-mene is centrally spoken in Pejanggik (Central Lombok), West Lombok, Mataram, and a bit in East Lombok, Ngeno-ngene dialect is used by Sasak people in Selaparang, Ngeto- ngete is used around Sembalun, Kuto-kute is in Bayan, and Meriak-meriku is used by people in southen part of central Lombok specifically in Pujut. The name of the dialects proposed by those researcher refer to the empire or kingdom of Sasak that had ruled Sasak island in the past. This article is not about to discuss how many dialects of Sasak language has but to discuss how Sasak language diversifies its varieties, how Sasak language speakers migrated for the first time, and where they firstly settled. The last two objectives can be revealed through the result of the diversification model of the Sasak language dialects. Data of this article were collected in the five Sasak dialects. The vocabulary gained from the five dialects were compared within the dialects and proto-Austronesian vocabularies reconstructed by Dempwolff (1938 in Dahl 1976 and in Ranabrata 1991). Austronesian vocabularies are used to see which dialect is closer to the Austronesian language. The result will be the basis of inferring the migration way. Besides, Sasak dictionary is also used to add and to complete them. Result of the study is objected to answer two questions. The first is to answer the way Sasak language dialect are diversified and the second is how that model reveals the way Sasak ancestors migrated. People migration and the language variation development have strong link. It is approved that the way people migrated can be learned from the variation of the language spoken by the people. Linguistic interralation among the variation of the language may reveal how and when the speakers of the language separated. Swadesh (in Mahsun, 1999) stated that basic words of a language changes 20% in a thousand years. Meaning that if a language variation has 20% differences in 200 basic words proposed by Swadesh with other variation, the language variation was born one thousand years a go. The less the differences, the younger the age of the variation. The more similarities they have, the closer they are. If the two or more variations are approved to be close, they are surely diversified from a single node. Number of the similarities and the differences among the variations reflect the way their speakers spreap up long time ago. a) Method This research aims to inverstigate and identify the model of Sasak language dialect diversification and patterns of the Sasak ancestors migrated in the past based on the model of the dialects diversification. Accrual Earnings Management and Real Earnings Management: Increase or Destroy Firm Value? 21 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol. 6, No. 2, April 2019 Before going to do it, firstly, set of vocabularies in number of about 800 words consisting of basic words, body parts, cultural words, number, verbs, and adjectives is tabulized in data collection instrument. In the five dialects of Sasak language, data are collected using the instrument. In order to answer the questions of the research, the collected data are compared to identify the similarities and differences among the dialects. This is a compartive-descriptive research. The similarity and difference are used to group and to ungroup the dialects. The grouped dialect is usually bound by some inherited froms indicating that the member of the group is born from the same common mother. The making groups are used as the basis of establishing the model of the dialects diversification and that model is used, later, to identify the pattern of the Sasak ancestors migrated in the past. The final objective of the camparison is to model the Sasak language dialects diversificatioan and to pattern the way Sasak ancestor migrated in the past. b) Theoritical Concept The language tree theory or called Stammbaum theory was proposed by August Schleicher in 1853 in his article tittled Die ersten Spaltungen des Indogermanischen Urvolkes (Francois, 2013). The tree model presupposes an understanding of language diversification processes. To easly understand this theory, please look at the following figures. pBM PSA B M P S A Figure 1—An unordered genealogical tree pBMPSA pB pPS M A pS A B M P S A A Figure 2—A Genealogical tree indicating internal subgrouping All these two figures show that B, M, P, S, and A are genealogically related languages entails that they are ultimately descended from a common ancestor called proto-language, which in this case is called Proto-BMPSA. Figure 1 shows that each language is an independent descendant language of the proto- language, which no claim about the family’s internal structure. Such a flat tree may sometimes Accrual Earnings Management and Real Earnings Management: Increase or Destroy Firm Value? 22 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol. 6, No. 2, April 2019 corresponds to specific historical situation, as when an ancestral society (speaker of the langaage) swiftly broke up into a number of separate subcommunities. Those are subcommunities B, M, P, S, and A, and quickly followed by a loss of mutual social (ofcourse including lingual) contact. Such situation might happen in the case of conflict or war where the subcommunity escaped and moved further a way from other subcommunity and from its mother community. While figure 2 captures a set of claims about internal structure of a language family. According to the figure, a claim is made that the languages B and M were subgrouped together in a subfamily named proto-language BM.
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