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Fact Sheet No. 51 June 2018 FS/2018/SCI/51

Women in

The UNESCO Institute This fact sheet presents the latest UIS data on and experimental for Statistics (UIS) is the development (R&D) available as of June 2018. statistical office of UNESCO and is the UN The gap in science depository for global Overall, women account for a minority of the world’s researchers. Despite the statistics in the fields of education, science and growing demand for cross-nationally-comparable statistics on women in science, , culture and national data and their use in policymaking often remain limited. This fact sheet communication. presents global and regional profiles, pinpointing where women thrive in this sector and where they are under-represented. http://uis.unesco.org Researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new @UNESCOstat knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods (Frascati Manual, 2015). The global map (see Figure 1) depicts the share of women in the total number of researchers by country. Figure 1. The gender gap in science Women as a share of total researchers, 2016 or latest year available

Notes: Data in this map are based on headcounts (HC), except for Congo, India and Israel which are based on full-time equivalents (FTE). Data for China are based on total R&D personnel instead of researchers. Data for Brazil are based on estimations. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, June 2018. 2 UIS Fact Sheet No. 51 | June 2018

The vast majority of data are presented in headcounts (HC), which are the total number of persons employed in R&D. This includes staff employed both full-time and part-time. The regional averages for the share of female researchers (based on available data only) for 2015 are:  28.8% for World  39.8% for Arab States  39.5% for Central and Eastern  48.1% for Central Asia  23.4% for East Asia and the Pacific  45.4% for Latin America and the Caribbean  32.3% for and Western Europe  18.5% for South and West Asia  31.3% for Sub-Saharan Africa

Figures 2, 3 and 4 illustrate women researchers as a percentage of the total number. Based on headcount data, these figures include part-time and full-time researchers.

Figure 2. A breakdown of female researchers in the Americas Female researchers as a percentage of total researchers (HC), 2016 or latest year available

100% 90%

80%

70%

60%

50% 40%

30%

62.7%

61.6%

53.6% 53.2%

52.6% 51.8%

20% 49.9%

48.2%

48.0%

44.3%

42.5%

41.1%

41.1% 40.4%

38.4%

33.3%

33.1%

33.0% 32.4% 10% 31.9%

0%

CUBA CHILE

PERU-1

BOLIVIA-6

MEXICO-3

URUGUAY

PANAMA-3

BERMUDA-1 ECUADOR-2

TOBAGO-1

COLOMBIA-1

PARAGUAY-1 HONDURAS-1

ARGENTINA-1

VENEZUELA-1

COSTA RICA-2 COSTA

GUATEMALA-1

TRINIDAD AND TRINIDAD

NICARAGUA-14 SAINT LUCIA-17 SAINT EL SALVADOR-1 EL

Notes: -1= 2015, -2 = 2014, -3 = 2013, -6 = 2010, -14 = 2002, -17 = 1999. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, June 2018.

3 UIS Fact Sheet No. 51 | June 2018

Figure 3. A breakdown of female researchers in Europe Female researchers as a percentage of total researchers (HC), 2016 or latest year available

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

51.0%

50.8%

50.7%

49.1%

48.9%

48.4%

47.9%

47.6%

47.2% 47.1%

20% 46.2%

45.0%

44.3%

44.1%

43.9%

42.2%

40.0%

40.0%

39.6%

38.6%

38.0%

37.9%

37.4%

37.3%

37.0%

36.5%

36.0%

35.9%

34.1%

33.7%

33.5%

32.5%

32.3%

30.8%

29.5%

28.9%

28.5%

28.0% 27.0%

10% 26.9% 25.4%

0%

ITALY-1

SPAIN-1

MALTA-1

ICELAND -1

UKRAINE

BELARUS

TURKEY-1

FRANCE-1

POLAND-1

CYPRUS-1

GREECE-1

ALBANIA-8

FINLAND-1

IRELAND-1 AUSTRIA-1

ESTONIA-1 CZECHIA-1 SWEDEN-1

CROATIA-1

NORWAY-1

BELGIUM-1

ROMANIA-1

SLOVAKIA-1

SLOVENIA-1 DENMARK-1 HUNGARY-1

GERMANY-1

BULGARIA-1

LITHUANIA-1

PORTUGAL-1

LUXEMBOURG-1

SWITZERLAND-1

MONTENEGRO-1

NETHERLANDS-1

TFYR MACEDONIA TFYR

UNITED KINGDOM-1 UNITED

RUSSIAN FEDERATION RUSSIAN

BOSNIA/HERZEGOVINA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA OF REPUBLIC

Notes: -1=2015, -8 = 2008. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, June 2018.

4 UIS Fact Sheet No. 51 | June 2018

Figure 4. A breakdown of female researchers in Africa, Asia and the Pacific Female researchers as a percentage of total researchers (HC), 2016 or latest year available

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40% 85.5%

30%

57.1%

56.1%

55.4%

53.3%

52.3%

52.1%

52.0%

51.4%

49.5%

49.4%

49.1%

48.6%

45.7%

45.0% 44.8%

20% 44.1%

41.9%

41.5%

41.4%

40.6%

40.3%

40.0%

39.8%

39.7%

39.2%

39.0%

38.7%

36.9%

36.4%

34.9%

34.8%

33.9%

33.8%

33.2%

33.2%

31.4%

30.7%

30.6%

30.1%

29.8%

29.8%

29.6%

29.3%

28.9%

27.8%

27.7%

27.1%

25.7%

25.3%

24.8%

23.7%

23.3%

23.2% 23.1%

10% 23.0%

22.6%

22.4%

21.8%

21.8%

21.2%

20.8%

20.0%

19.7%

19.5%

18.3%

16.5%

15.7%

15.2%

14.5%

14.0%

13.9%

13.3%

12.8%

9.8%

10.4%

10.3%

10.0% 7.8%

0% 4.8%

IRAQ

CHAD

TOGO

MALI-1 JAPAN

EGYPT

LIBYA-7

OMAN-1

TUNISIA INDIA-1*

JORDAN

NEPAL-6

KENYA-6

QATAR-1

GHANA-6

GABON-7

ARMENIA

ZAMBIA-8

GEORGIA

GUINEA-3

KUWAIT-1

GAMBIA-5

MALAWI-6 ISRAEL-5*

SUDAN-11

NAMIBIA-2 NIGERIA-9

ANGOLA-5

UGANDA-2

MOROCCO -7 BAHRAIN-2

MONGOLIA

BURUNDI-5

ETHIOPIA-3

VIETNAM-1 CONGO-16*

SENEGAL-1

LESOTHO-1

ALGERIA-11

TANZANIA-3 THAILAND-1

PAKISTAN-1 LAOPDR-14

MALAYSIA-1

SRI LANKA-2

MAURITANIA

ZIMBABWE-4 CAMBODIA-1

UZBEKISTAN

MAURITIUS-4

PALESTINE-3 KOREA, REP.

MYANMAR-14

SEYCHELLES

BOTSWANA-3

CONGO, DR-1

SWAZILAND-1

CAMEROON-8

KYRGYZSTAN

SINGAPORE-2

INDONESIA-11

PHILIPPINES-3

MADAGASCAR

CHINA, MACAO

CABOVERDE-5

MOZAMBIQUE-1

SAUDIARABIA-3

BANGLADESH-19

SOUTHAFRICA-1

BURKINA FASO-2

NEW ZEALAND-15

CÔTE D'IVOIRE-11

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

IRAN,ISLAMIC REP.-3

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM-12 CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.-9

Notes: -1 = 2015, -2 = 2014, -3 = 2013, -4 = 2012, -5 = 2011, -6 = 2010, -7 = 2009, -8 = 2008, -9 = 2007, -11 = 2005, -12 = 2004, -14= 2002, -15= 2001, -16 = 2000, -19 = 1997. * = Based on FTE data. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, June 2018.

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For more information on R&D data, please consult the UNESCO eAtlas of Research and Experimental Development at http://on.unesco.org/RD-map