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Parasitization of the Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis Sacchari, by Commercially Available Aphid Parasitoids

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Parasitization of the Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis Sacchari, by Commercially Available Aphid Parasitoids Parasitization of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari, by commercially available aphid parasitoids Nathan H. Mercer, Ricardo T. Bessin & John J. Obrycki BioControl Journal of the International Organization for Biological Control ISSN 1386-6141 BioControl DOI 10.1007/s10526-020-10051-w 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC). This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy BioControl https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-020-10051-w (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Parasitization of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari, by commercially available aphid parasitoids Nathan H. Mercer . Ricardo T. Bessin . John J. Obrycki Received: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 Ó International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2020 Abstract Identification of natural enemies of novel (purchased adults) and the F1 generation (reared from pests is important for the development of effective M. sacchari). Host suitability was evaluated by integrated pest management. Commercially available transferring M. sacchari from host acceptance trials parasitoids used for control of arthropod pests have to caged sweet sorghum plants. Cages were monitored potential for enhancing biological control of invasive for aphid mummies and emerged adult parasitoids. pests. The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Parental A. colemani produced the most mummies and (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a new pest on sweet adult parasitoids and reduced final M. sacchari sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, in the USA. Surveys of numbers by 75%. A. ervi had a similar impact on M. M. sacchari have not detected any parasitoids in sacchari populations but produced fewer mummies central Kentucky. In North America, Aphelinus and adults. A. matricariae and A. abdominalis did not abdominalis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Aphidius reduce M. sacchari populations. F1 parasitoids pro- ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Aphidius colemani, duced few adults and did not reduce M. sacchari and Aphidius matricariae are sold for aphid manage- populations. A. colemani demonstrated potential for ment. This study’s objective was to determine the host field releases with the ability to use M. sacchari as a acceptance and suitability of M. sacchari for these host and reduce aphid population growth. parasitoid species. Host acceptance was assessed by counting attacks and oviposition strikes by parasitoids Keywords Parasitoid wasp Á Host acceptance Á Host on M. sacchari. All parasitoid species accepted M. suitability Á Hemiptera Á Aphididae Á Hymenoptera sacchari as a host in the parental generation Handling Editor: Stefano Colazza. Introduction N. H. Mercer (&) Á R. T. Bessin Á J. J. Obrycki As new insect pests emerge, identifying natural Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, enemies for biological control is critical. Classical Agriculture Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA biological control could provide the ideal parasitoid- e-mail: [email protected] host match for a new invasive pest, however, this R. T. Bessin requires surveys in the pest’s native region, non-target e-mail: [email protected] assessment and legal approval (van Lenteren et al. J. J. Obrycki 2006; de Clercq et al. 2011). Fortunately, mass-reared e-mail: [email protected] aphid parasitoids are available, and can be used in 123 Author's personal copy N. H. Mercer et al. augmentative releases to manage aphid pests, e.g., occasional pest of sugarcane since the 1970s (Den- Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Bra- mark 1988). In 2013, a new genotype of M. sacchari conidae) for Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: was found infesting grain, forage, and sweet sorghum Aphididae) (Vasquez et al. 2006)orAphidius ervi in the southern USA (Nibouche et al. 2018), resulting Haliday for Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach (Hemi- in major crop losses (Bowling et al. 2016; Brewer et al. ptera: Aphididae) (La-Spina et al. 2019). In North 2017). M. sacchari reached Kentucky in 2015, where America, four species of aphid parasitoids are used for it infested sweet sorghum fields and caused crop augmentative releases: Aphelinus abdominalis Dal- failures and yield losses (Villanueva 2016). Sweet man (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), A. colemani, A. sorghum is predominately grown for syrup and is an ervi, and Aphidius matricariae Haliday. The four important crop in Kentucky, worth an estimated species have relatively broad host ranges, spanning 18, $16–27 million yearly (R. Bessin, personal observa- 12, ten and nine aphid genera for A. abdominalis, A. tion). Once established on sorghum, M. sacchari colemani, A. ervi and A. matricariae, respectively populations can increase rapidly and reduce sugar (Stary et al. 1993; Japoshvili and Abrantes 2006; concentrations. A single aphid can produce 98 nymphs Tomanovic´ et al. 2009). Prior to recommending during their 2–5 week adult life span (Hinson 2017). augmentative releases of these parasitoids, testing to Management recommendations for M. sacchari in demonstrate their effectiveness at managing the target Kentucky sweet sorghum are limited. Chemical rec- pest is required. ommendations include insecticidal soap or flupyrad- The first step to determine the viability of a ifurone (SivantoÒ Prime, Bayer CropScience, parasitoid species for augmentative biological control Leverkusen, Germany), which is currently only avail- of a new aphid pest species is to determine host able under an emergency exemption. Cultural man- acceptance and host suitability for the parasitoid. Host agement practices include early planting and acceptance is defined as the parasitoid choosing to harvesting prior to the development of large M. oviposit in the aphid (Vinson 1976), and host sacchari infestations in the latter half of the sweet suitability is defined as the successful development sorghum growing season. M. sacchari is attacked by a of parasitoids in the aphid host (Vinson and Iwantsch variety of natural enemies (Maxson et al. 2019). 1980). Host acceptance can be influenced by several Aphelinus nigritus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelin- factors, including host plant, visual stimuli, olfactory idae) and Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hy- cues and cues detected by the ovipositor upon menoptera: Braconidae) are two parasitoid species insertion into the potential host (Vinson 1976; Mess- which attack M. sacchari in the USA (Maxson et al. ing and Rabasse 1995; Larocca et al. 2007). Once an 2019), neither are commercially avaliable. Although egg has been laid within a host, parasitoid develop- both L. testaceipes and the Aphelinus varipes species ment (host suitability) can depend on the host’s complex (which includes A. nigritus) (Wharton 1983) immune response, endosymbionts, nutritional state occur in Kentucky, USA (Lenhart and White 2017), and age (Vinson and Iwantsch 1980; Cayetano and M. sacchari mummies have only been observed in Vorburger 2015). High host acceptance and suitability western Kentucky (R. Villanueva, personal commu- can enable parasitoids to persist for multiple genera- nication). M. sacchari is believed to originate from tions and increase their value as biological control Asia (Nibouche et al. 2018) where it is attacked by agents. The host species used to rear parasitoids in several parasitoids (Singh et al. 2004). commercial insectaries is unlikely to be the same Existing host records for the four commercially species as the pest they are purchased to control. available aphid parasitoids show promise for their Second generation parasitoids reared on the target pest ability to parasitize M. sacchari. Many naturally species may differ from their parents in their fitness, occurring parasitoids including A. colemani and A. host acceptance and suitability (Pennacchio et al. ervi parasitize M. sacchari in the central Mexican state 1994; Henry et al. 2008). of Guanajuato (Salas-Araiza et al. 2017), but a survey The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehnt- in Coahuila, Mexico (which borders the USA) found ner (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a cosmopolitan pest only L. testaceipes and A. nigritus (Garcı´a-Gonza´lez that feeds on several genera of grasses (Singh et al. et al. 2018). A. abdominalis and A. matricariae are not 2004). M. sacchari has been present in the USA as an known to attack aphids in the genus Melanaphis, but 123 Author's personal copy Parasitization of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari, by commercially available aphid… do have hosts within the same sub-tribe (Rhopalosi- 24 h. Host suitability of M. sacchari for each phina) (Kavallieratos et al. 2004; Japoshvili and treatment was assessed with aphids from host accep- Abrantes 2006; Kim and Lee 2008). Parasitoids are tance trials. These aphids were monitored for devel- an important part of aphid population suppression opment of mummies and emergence of adult (Snyder and Ives 2001, 2003; Schmidt et al. 2003) and parasitoids, and
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