www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

Lesson Evolution of Society in South 5

Learning Objectives

„ To understand the social and political formation in early from the third century BCE to the fifth century CE

Introduction Stupas. The stupa is a heap of clay In the Deccan region, encompassing major that evolved out of earthen funerary parts of present day Andhra, Karnataka and mounds, in which the ashes of the dead Maharashtra, the Satavahanas established a were buried. Buddhist stupas evolved powerful kingdom in the first century BCE. out of the burial of the ashes of the In the south, the three family ruling houses, mortal remains of the Buddha. Buddhist the Cholas, the Cheras and the Pandyas sacred architecture originated with were their contemporaries, ruling the fertile the eight stupas where the ashes were parts of Tamizhagam. But the Tamil rulers divided. Hemispherical shape, the stupa started two centuries earlier as they figure symbolizes the universe; and the Buddha in Asoka’s inscriptions of the third century represents the emperor of the spiritual BCE. There were many common things as universe. The stupa has a path around it for devotional circumambulation. well as differences in the polity and society of the Deccan and Tamil regions.

Sources „ The coins issued by the Cheras, Cholas, Archaeological Pandyas, and the chieftains of the Sangam Age. „ The megalithic burials sites of the early historic period. „ Roman copper, silver and gold coins. „ Excavated material from ancient sites, including ports, capital towns, Epigraphic with architectural remains, such as in „ The Asokan inscriptions, written in Prakrit, Arikamedu, Kodumanal, Alagankulam, found in Andhra-Karnataka regions. and Uraiyur. „ The Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions found in „ Buddhist sites with stupas and chaityas the caves of and such located in Andhra and Karnataka regions as in Mangulam, Jambai, and Pugalur. (Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, etc.) „ The Satavahana inscriptions and other Numismatic Buddhist inscriptions of the Andhra „ Coins of pre-Satavahana chieftains region and of the Satavahanas from Andhra- „ Short inscriptions found on pottery Karnataka region. and rings and stones in Tamil Nadu

78 SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

and some sites outside India, like Foreign Notices in Berenike, and Quseir al Qadhim The following Greek and Latin sources (Egypt). inform us about the long distance cultural and commercial connections. Literary „ The Periplus of Erythrean Sea, an ancient „ Tamil texts including the Sangam and Greek text of the first century CE. post- „ Pliny the Elder’s Natural History, first „ The Arthasastra, the treatise on century CE economy and statecraft authored by „ Ptolemy’s Geography, second century Kautilya CE „ The Puranas which mention the „ Vienna Papyrus G 40822, a Greek genealogy of the Andhras/Satavahanas, document datable to the second „ Buddhist Chronicles such as century CE. Mahavamsa. „ A Roman Map called Peutingerian Table „ Gatha Saptasati, a Prakrit text composed by the Satavahana king Hala 5.1 South India during Mauryan times Classical The Classical Sangam corpus consists The Asokan edicts (c. 270-30 BCE) present of Tholkappiyam, the eight anthologies for the first time a picture of the political (Ettuththokai), Paththuppattu. Tholkappiyam, condition in south India. Rock Edict II lists attributed to Tholkappiyar, is the earliest the Tamil ruling houses Cholas, Pandyas, extant Tamil grammatical text dealing not Keralaputras and Satiyaputra as neighbour only with poetry but also the society and rulers, lying beyond his domain, where culture of the times. ThePathinen Kilkanakku he is said to have made provision for (18 minor works) and the five epics belong to two types of medical treatment: medical post-Sangam times (fourth to sixth century treatment for both humans and animals. CE) and describe a different social and The Mauryan empire at that time included cultural set-up. northern parts of Karnataka and Andhra,

Ettuthogai and Pathupattu collections have about 2400 poems. These poems, varying in length from 3 to 800 lines, were composed by panar, the wandering bards and pulavar, the poets. The Eight Anthologies are 1. Natrinai; 2. Kurunthogai; 3. Aingurunuru; 4. Patitruppathu; 5. Paripadal; 6. Kalithogai; 7. Akananuru; 8. Purananuru Pathupattu (ten long songs): 1. Thirumurugatrupatai; 2. Porunaratrupatai; 3. Sirupanatruppatai; 4. Perumpanatruppatai; 5. Mullaipattu; 6. Maduraikanchi; 7. Nedunalvadai; 8. Kurinjipattu; 9. Pattinappalai; 10. Malaipadukadam. Patinen Kilkanakku texts, which are post-Sangam works, include eighteen texts, which mostly deal with ethics and moral codes. The most important of them are Thirukkural, and Naladiyar. Silappathikaram and are the two important epics useful for insights into cultural and religious history.

Evolution of Society in South India 79 SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

while the Tamil kingdoms were treated as is available about their rulers, their coins independent neighbours. and inscriptions reveal that they were chiefs who controlled small territories.

Women Poets of the Sangam Age 5.2 South India under the Of the over 450 poets who contributed Satavahanas to the corpus of Sangam poetry about thirty are women. They composed more The Satavahanas emerged in the first century than 150 poems. The most prominent BCE in the Deccan region. They ruled over DQGSUROL¿FDPRQJWKHPZDV$YYDL\DU parts of Andhra, Maharashtra, Karnataka and 2WKHUV LQFOXGH $OOXU 1DQPXOODL\DDU Madhya Pradesh. From recent archaeological Kaakkaipadiniyar, Kavarpendu, evidence it is understood that the Satavahanas 1DOYHOL\DDU 2NNXU 0DVDDWKL\DU DQG started to rule in the Telengana area and Paarimakalir. then moved to Maharashtra to rule in the Godavari basin with Prathistan (Paithan in Maharashtra) as their capital. Later they After the decline of the Mauryan moved eastwards to control coastal Andhra power, and before the rise of the also. The work of Pliny talks about 30 walled Satavahanas, many small principalities towns, a large army, cavalry and elephant force emerged. Although not much information in the Andhra country.

SATAVAHANA EMPIRE

Malwa

Avanti Ujjayani

Saurashtra Utkala Tripuri Junagadh Bharuch Girnar Anupa Vidarbha Nasik Sisupalpuri Kalyan Muluka Kalinga Sopara Pratishthan Asmaka Bay of Arabian Bengal Sea

Amravati

A

L

n

a

d

k

(

a

s

I

m n

h

d a a

i d n

a

(

w I

a ) n

n

e d

d e i a

p ) N

i c

o

b a r

Indian Ocean

8 0 Evolution of Soci ety in South India SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

Gautamiputra Satakarni was the greatest of the Satavahana kings. He defeated the Shaka ruler Nahapana and reissued the coins of Nahapana with his own royal insignia. The inscription of his mother Gautami Balashri at Nashik mentions him as the conqueror of the Shakas, Pahlavas, and Naneghat inscription Yavanas. He is also said to have performed the prestigious Vedic asvamedha sacrifice. Buddhists and Brahmins. The Naneghat Vasishthiputra Pulumavi, the inscription refers to tax exemptions given successor of Gautamiputra Satakarni, to the lands granted to Buddhist monks. expanded the frontiers of the Satavahana Thus we notice the beginning of priestly Empire. The coins issued by him are found groups attaining higher status. These land scattered in many parts of south India. donations created a group of people who Yagnashri Satakarni was another famous did not cultivate, but owned land. This led ruler who issued coins with a ship motif, to the development of land-based social indicating the importance of the overseas hierarchy and divisions in the society. trade during his reign. For the first time a big state covering a major part of the Deccan was established. Several rock-cut caves dedicated to the Buddha sangha bear evidence that they were situated in the trade routes linking the interior to the coastal parts of Konkan region. It was also a period of brisk Indo- Roman trade.

Vasishthiputra Pulumavi 5.3 The Sangam Age King Hala is credited with the The first three centuries of the Common writing of Gatha Sattasai, a collection of Era are widely accepted as the Sangam 700 love poems. Written in Maharshtri period, as the information for this period Prakrit dialect, it has themes similar to is mainly derived from the Sangam those found in the Tamil Sangam poetry. literature. More correctly this has to be The Satavahana Empire declined called as the early historical period and around the 3rd century CE and was starts one or two centuries earlier, from replaced by the Ikshvakus, followed by the the second century BCE, as we have clear Pallavas, in Andhra and the Kadambas in epigraphical and archaeological evidence, northern Karnataka. in addition to literary evidence.

Importance of Satavahana Period The Muvendar Offering land grants was an important Though the three Tamil ruling families development of the Satavahana times. The were known to Asoka in the third century beneficiaries of these grants were mostly BCE itself, some individual names are

Evolution of Society in South India 81 SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

known only from the Sangam poems flourishing port during his time. Another of the first century and later. Known as king, Perunarkilli is said to have performed muvendar, ‘the three crowned kings’, the the Vedic sacrifice Rajasuyam. Karikalan’s Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas controlled death was followed by a succession dispute major agrarian territories, trade routes between the Puhar and Uraiyur branches and towns. But the Satiyaputra (same of the Chola royal family. as Athiyaman) found in the Asokan The Cheras controlled the central inscription along with the above three and northern parts of Kerala and the houses is a Velir chief in the Sangam Kongu region of Tamil Nadu. Vanji was poems. their capital and the ports of the west The Cholas controlled the central coast, Musiri and Tondi, were under their and northern parts of Tamil Nadu. Their control. Vanji is identified with Karur, core area of rule was the Kaveri delta, later while some scholars identify it with known as Cholamandalam. Their capital Tiruvanchaikkalam in Kerala. Now it is was Uraiyur (near Thiruchirapalli town) and accepted by most scholars that there were Puhar or Kaviripattinam was an alternative two main branches of the Chera family royal residence and chief port town. Tiger and the Poraiya branch ruled from Karur was their emblem. Kaviripattinam attracted of present-day Tamil Nadu. merchants from various regions of the The Patitrupathu speaks of eight Indian Ocean. Pattinappalai, composed by Chera kings, their territory and fame. the poet Katiyalur Uruttirankannanar, offers The inscriptions of Pugalur near Karur elaborate descriptions of the bustling trading mention Chera kings of three generations. activity here during the rule of Karikalan. Chellirumporai issued coins in his name. Karikalan, son of Ilanjetchenni, Imayavaramban Nedun-cheralathan and is portrayed as the greatest Chola of the Chenguttuvan are some of the prominent Sangam age. Pattinappalai gives a vivid Chera kings. Chenguttuvan defeated many account of his reign. Karikalan’s foremost chieftains and is said to have ensured the military achievement was the defeat of safety of the great port Musiri by putting the Cheras and Pandyas, supported by as down piracy. But the great north Indian many as eleven Velir chieftains at Venni. expedition of Chenguttuvan mentioned in He is credited with converting forest Silappathikaram is however not mentioned into habitable regions and developing in the Sangam poems. He is said to have agriculture by providing irrigation through ruled for fifty-six years, patronising the the embankment of the Kaveri and orthodox and heterodox religions. Some building reservoirs. Kaviripattinam was a Cheras issued copper and lead coins, with

Karikalan (modern representation) Cheran Chenguttuvan with Ilango Adigal (modern representation) 8 2 Evolution of Soci ety in South India SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

Tamil-Brahmi legends, imitating Roman coins. There are many other Chera coins with their bow and arrow emblem but without any writing on them. The Pandyas ruled from . Korkai was their main port, located near the confluence of Thampraparani with the Bay of Bengal. It was famous for pearl fishery and chank diving. Korkai is referred to in the Periplus as Kolkoi. Fish was the emblem of the Pandyas. Their coins have Nedunchezhiyan (modern representation) elephant on one side and a stylised image of fish on the other. They invaded Southern credit for capturing Milalai and Mutthuru Kerala and controlled the port of Nelkynda, (Pudukottai district) two important places near Kottayam. According to tradition, from a Vel chief. He is praised as the lord of they patronized the and Korkai, and as the overlord of the southern facilitated the compilation of the Sangam Paratavar, a martial and fishing community poems. The Sangam poems mention the of the Tirunelveli coast. names of several kings, but their succession and regnal years are not clear. 5.4 Social Formation in Tamil Eco-zones Sangam poems help us understand the social formation of the time. According to the thinai concept, Tamilagam was divided into five landscapes Coin of Peruvazhuthi or eco-regions namely Kurinji, Marutam, Mullai, Neytal and Palai. The Mangulam Tamil-Brahmi Each region had distinct characteristics – inscription mentions a Pandya king by name a presiding deity, people and cultural life Nedunchezhiyan of the second century BCE. according to the environmental conditions, Maduraikanchi refers to Mudukudumi- as follows: Peruvazhuthi and another Nedunchezhiyan, victor of Talaiyalanganam, and a few other Kurinji: hilly region: hunting and Pandya kings. Mudukudimi-Peruvazhuthi gathering is referred to in the Velvikkudi copper Marutham: riverine tract: plates of eighth century for donating land to agriculture using plough and irrigation. Brahmans. He seems to have issued coins with Mullai: forested region: pastoralism the legend Peruvazhuthi, to commemorate combined with shifting cultivation his performance of many Vedic sacrifices. Neythal: coastal land: fishing and Nedunchezhiyan is praised for his salt making. victory over the combined army of the Chera, the Chola and five Velir chieftains (Thithiyan, Palai: parched land. Unsuitable for Elini, Erumaiyuran, Irungovenman, and cultivation and hence people took to cattle Porunan) at Talayalanganam. He is also given lifting and robbery.

Evolution of Society in South India 83 SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

5.5 Tamil Polity The following counter arguments are presented in response: In a way this thinai classification is said to reflect the uneven socio-economic „ A closer look at the Sangam literature developments of the different localities. That is reveals that social differentiation is seen in the political forms too. Three levels of evident in the Marutham region. rulers are found:1) Kizhar, 2) Velir, 3) Vendar. „ The territorial associations are very Kizhar were the heads of the villages or a small clear in the case of the Muvendar, territory, later known as nadu. They were the and their important position is chiefs of tribal communities living in specific corroborated by the Greco-Roman areas. The Vendar were kings controlling texts from the first century CE. larger, fertile territories. „ Warfare for territorial expansion was The Velir, who were many in a major theme of Puratthinai number, controlled the territories of „ Evidence for taxation at the highways varied geographical nature, mainly hilly and in the port of Kaviripattinam is and forest areas, that were in between the cited. The Chera king is spoken as muvendar’s fertile territories. Chiefs like receiving the resources from the hills Athiyaman, Pari, Ay, Evvi and Irungo each and the port of Musiri. commanded a big area, rich in natural „ Trade played an important role between resources. They were generous patrons the late first century BCE and third of the poets and bards. They had military century CE. power and there were frequent wars among these chiefs on account of capture of cattle. On many occasions they seem to Political Ascendancy of the have united and confronted one or other Vendar of the three kings. From the chiefs of the Iron Age (c. 1100- There are differing views among 300 BCE) emerged the Vendar of the scholars, with regard to the political early historic period. While certain chiefs organization of the three kingdoms. The attained higher status (vendar) through earlier and dominant view is that the the larger and effective control of pastoral Sangam Age society was a well-organised and agricultural regions, others in the state society. The other view which is marginal regions remained as chieftains put forward in recent decades is that the (velir). For example, Athiyamans, polities of the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas mentioned as Satiyaputra in the Ashoka were pre-state chiefdoms. The arguments inscriptions, became weak and did not for the latter view are: attain the status of kings like the Chola, 1. No social stratification is noticed. Pandya and Chera vendar. 2. Proper territorial association is The Vendar subjugated the absent. chieftains and fought with the other two Vendars. For this they mobilized their 3. Destructive warfare did not allow own warriors, besides seeking the support the development of agriculture and of some Velir chiefs. The adoption of surplus production for the emergence titles was one of the measures adopted of the state. by the Sangam Age Vendar to display 4. No evidence of taxation as in the their power. Titles such as Kadungo, governments of North India. Imayavaramban and Vanavaramban and

8 4 Evolution of Soci ety in South India SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

Peru Vazhuthi distinguished themselves from the ordinary people and the Velirs. The patronization of bards and poets and entertaining them in their courts (avaiyam) was probably a step undertaken by the kings to glorify their name and fame and also their territories and towns. For example, the Chola king Karikalan is said to have offered a huge amount of gold coins to Uruttirankannanar who composed Pattinappalai.

5.6 Society and Economy

In the Sangam Age the wars waged by the Stones for ornaments, Pattanam Vendar were involved in expanding their territorial base by annexing the enemy’s territories. Endemic warfare presumably The names of persons mentioned in created conditions for social disparities. inscriptions on pottery reveal the presence of non-Tamil speakers, mostly traders, in War captives serving in some cult centres certain craft centres and towns. Traders from are mentioned. Some references to slaves faraway regions were present in the Tamil are also found there.Women were actively country. Manimegalai refers to Magadha engaged in economic production and there artisans, Maratha mechanics, Malva smiths were a significant number of women poets and Yavana carpenters working in co- in the Sangam Age. operation with Tamil craftsmen. Trade- There is evidence of craft related terms such as vanikan, chattan production such as bronze vessels, beads and nigama appear in the Tamil-Brahmi and gold works, textiles, shell bangles and inscriptions. Salt merchants called umanar, ornaments, glass, iron smithy, pottery travelled in bullock carts along with their making. Craft production was common in families for trade activities. Chattu referred the major urban centres such as Arikamedu, to the itinerary or mobile merchants. Uraiyur, Kanchipuram, Kaviripattinam, Madurai, Korkai, and Pattanam in Kerala. Maduraikanchi speaks about day markets as well as and night markets selling several craft goods. Raw materials for the production of various objects and ornaments were not available everywhere. Precious and semi-precious stones were collected, which were exchanged for other commodities. Such raw materials reached the industrial centres, where various objects were made, and they were again exchanged for some other produce. Roman Amphora

Evolution of Society in South India 85 SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

is a legend associated with the movement of Chandragupta Maurya to Karnataka region before the time of Ashoka. The Satavahanas, Sangam kings and Ikshvahus supported Vedic sacrifices. The evidence for the movement of Brahmins and the performance of Vedic ritual practices is found in the Sangam texts. But the varnasrama ideology was yet to take root in the Tamil region. Evidence of Buddhism is widely found in south India. The Krishna and Godavari delta of Andhra had many important Buddhist centres. Roman Glass Bowls Archaeological excavations conducted in Amaravathi, Nagarjunakonda, etc. show how deep-rooted was Buddhism. In Tamil In trade, barter system was much Nadu, Kaviripattinam and Kanchipuram in vogue, though coins were also in use. have evidence of Buddhist Stupas. But Roman coins circulated as bullion. Long compared to Jainism, the evidence for distance trade existed and the connections Buddhism is restricted to a few sites in with the Roman empire and southeast Asia Tamil Nadu. The numerous cave shelters are in evidence at many archaeological with Tamil Brahmi inscriptions found sites. The southern part of India, because in Tamil Nadu show that Jainism was of its easy access to the coast and location more influential in the Tamil country. in the maritime trade route connecting the Their influence on the common people is East and the West, played an important role not known but we have evidence for the in the overseas contacts. The major early merchants and lay devotees supporting historic ports have evidence of Roman Jain monks by providing rock shelters and amphora, glassware and other materials offerings. In the post-Sangam centuries suggesting active maritime activities. The wealth brought by the Romans and the arrival of foreign merchants is evidenced in archaeology as well as literature. Roman gold and silver coins have been found in many hoards in the Coimbatore region and in many other places in south India.

5.7 Ideology and Religion The earliest evidence of the appearance of formal religious activities appears in the time of the Asoka, when Buddhism reached south India and . Asoka’s daughter is considered to have Amaravathi Stupa taken the Bodhi tree to Sri Lanka. There

8 6 Evolution of Soci ety in South India SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

Tamil culture disappeared in this interval. This idea of the Kalabhra interregnum is no more accepted as correct. Rather this is the time when the greatest Tamil work Tirukkural was written along with many other works grouped as the eighteen minor works. The epics Silappathikaram and Manimekalai also belong to this period. As this was the time when the non-orthodox religions, Jainism and Buddhism became more influential, the scholars of the orthodox Vedic- Buddha Statue, Nagarjunakonda Puranic school seem to have created the impression that the ruling Kalabhras of Jains contributed substantially to Tamil the time were evil in nature. literature. The recent interpretation of the period takes it as a period of transition 5.8 Age of Kalabhras - Post leading to enlarged state societies under the Pallavas ruling over northern Tamilnadu and the Pandyas in the south from the sixth The period between the Sangam Age century onwards. To start with, the rulers and the Pallava-Pandya period, roughly of these new states were patrons of the Jain between c. 300 CE and 600 CE, is known and Buddhist religions and gradually they as the age of Kalabhras in the history of came under the spell of the orthodox Vedic- Tamizhagam. As the three traditional Puranic religion emerging in the form of the kingdoms disappeared in this interval Bhakti cults of Saivism and Vaishnavism. But due to the occupation of their territory the influence of Jain and Buddhist religions by a warlike group called the Kalabhras, on the general society was so strong as to this period was called an interregnum or evoke much aversion from the Bhakti saints. 'dark age' by earlier historians. It was also supposed that many good traits of earlier

A group of inscriptions found at Pulangurichi in Sivagangai district datable to about the middle of the fifth century, name two kings. They are Chendan and Kurran. Though there is no mention about their family or dynasty name, some scholars identify them as Kalabhra rulers. The Kalabhra kingdom seems to have been uprooted by Pandyas around the third quarters of sixth century CE.

Evolution of Society in South India 87 SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

SUMMARY

„ The history of south India can be traced clearly from about the third century BCE, as script was adopted for writing Tamil, and written evidence in the form inscriptions and literature are available. „ Economic development with agro-pastoral expansion characterised the Early Historic Period. „ The Cheras, Cholas, and the Pandyas, who were at the level of chiefdoms in the Iron Age, became kings with the title of Vendar in the Sangam Age. „ The Satavahanas who ruled Andhra, Karnataka and Maharashtra regions were contemporary rulers. „ Buddhism and Jainism had a strong presence in south India. Vedic ideas started to influence the ruling class. „ Sea-borne trade in the Indian Ocean regions and with the Roman world developed. „ The idea of Kalabhra interregnum is contested as cultural activities continued as before in this period.

EXERCISE

I. Choose the correct answer: 1. Karikala was the son of ______(a) Sengannan (b) Kadungo (c) Ilanjetchenni (d) Athiyaman

2. Which of the following pairs is not correct? (i) Talayalanganam - Nedunchezhiyan (ii) Pattinapalai - Uruttirankannanar (iii) Gajabahu - Ceylon (iv) Tiruvanchikulam - Cholas (a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv)

3. ______performed Rajasuya sacrifice (a) Perunarkilli (b)Mudukudumi Peruvazhuthi (c) Simuka (d) Athiyaman

4. Indravihara is mentioned in ______. (a) Manimegalai (b) Silappathikaram (c) Ashoka inscription (d) Chera coin

8 8 Evolution of Soci ety in South India SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

5. Ikshavakus wielded power in ______. (a) Andhra-Karnataka region (b) Odisha (c) Deccan region (d) Banavasi

6. Read the following and pick out the wrong statement (i) Kalabhras are referred to as Kaliyarasars (ii) Kalabhras were Saivites (iii) Kalabhras defeated Pallavas and Pandyas (iv) Ikshavakus supported vedic sacrifices

(a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv)

II. Answer briefly 1. Explain Barter System. 2. What do you know from Madurai Kanchi? 3. What did Hiuen Tsang see in Kanchipuram? 4. Identify Adukotpattu Cheralathan.

III. Write short notes 1. The five eco-zones of Tamil land during Sangam Age 2. Karikala as the greatest of early Chola rulers. 3. Achievements of Gautamiputra Satakarani. 4. Distinction between Khizhar and Velir.

IV. Write in Detail 1. Sangam polity should be considered pre-state chiefdom. Give your reasons in support of or against this statement? 2. Describe the administrative structure in the kingdom of Muvendars. 3. Who were the Kalabhras? What do we know about them from Pulankurichi inscriptions. 4. Attempt an account of traders and their long distance trade during the Sangam and the immediate post-Sangam period.

Activity 1. Deliberations on various ideas articulated in Thirukkural 2. Visit to ancient port-towns in the neighbourhood to compile an account of the ruins and the memories of the local people there.

Evolution of Society in South India 89 SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM www.tntextbooks.in

SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM

GLOSSARY

numismatic - pertaining to coins - FTDJÕ>ãHä†J PXQL¿FHQFH - generosity - Y>T[CPãNå[I corroborate - confirm - 6²ÜH©Ú« exalted - dignified - 6JßÛE insignia - emblem - 2>TKÖzåGÝ interregnum - the interval - 4[CÜH©>TMÝ amalgamate - combine, come together - 4[D commemoration - celebration in honour - Y>TÙCTØCÝ of or in memory of

REFERENCE BOOKS 1. R.Champakalakshmi, Trade, Ideology and Urbanization in South India. Oxford University Press, 1996. 2. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India. Oxford University Press, 1955. 3. Noboru Karashima, ed., A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. Oxford University Press, 2014. 4. Rajan Gurukkal, Social Formation in South India. Oxford University Press, 2009. 5. Romila Thapar, Early India. Penguin. 6. R. Sathyanathier, , Vol. I, 1972 (Reprint). 7. Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval South India. Pearson Longman, 2009.

9 0 Evolution of Soci ety in South India SPLIT BY - SIS ACADEMY https://t.me/SISACADEMYENGLISHMEDIUM