Trickett's Tickets Jana Dambrogio

66 • Suave Mechanicals : IV Dambrogio : Trickett’s Tickets • 67 Trickett’s Tickets

Jana Dambrogio

Introduction This is the biography of colonial emigrant bookbinder William Trickett (ca. 1738–1780), the only American whose ticketed bindings can be found among the records of the Continental Congress, the first government of the United States of America (USA). Trickett was a stationer, a Freemason, and may have been a Patriot during the Revolutionary War.1 As of 2017, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) retains probably the largest collection of Trickett bindings. Biographical information about Trickett, combined with his well-preserved handiwork, e.g., his distinct style of using tickets, tools, and materials to construct and decorate the covers of the books he sold, help to unravel a mystery, and Fig. 4. Philadelphia ticket, small type-set design. Courtesy National Archives and Records Adminis- what was once thought to be an impossible task, that of identifying who bound-by-hand tration. HxW: 2¼ x 3½ in. (5.7 x 8.9 cm.) blankbooks that now contain the USA’s earliest manuscript records.2 Presented in this essay are Trickett’s five “tickets,” a type of trade or business card attached inside his bindings, serving as a signature. Ticketed Trickett bindings help to attribute some of NARA’s twenty-nine additional, but ticketless, originals to him. The significant content captured in Trickett’s blankbooks includes the Founders’ real-time minute entries, indicating the USA’s declaration of independence from Britain.3 These bindings should be preserved as artifacts and are as American as the words contained within.4

1. In this instance, a Patriot refers to an American colonist who rebelled against the British in 1776. The American Revolution lasted from 1775 to 1783. 2. This essay is dedicated to the memory of Willman (1920–2010) and Carol (1929–2016) Spawn. I adopted the methodology they developed over sixty years, that of connecting biographical facts about bookbinders with the material features they leave behind on the books they made and decorated. Later, Tom Kinsella joined their efforts. They encouraged my work and taught me their techniques. In addition to providing me with numerous photocopies of their articles, they shared a six-page document of unpublished Trickett research with me, referred to herein as “Spawn’s unpublished research.” 3. Trickett bound: Rough Journal, Volume 3, 25 May–24 July 1776. It contains the 4 July 1776 entry on pp. 94–97 and an 11 July 1776 entry on p. 124, indicating that Congress paid Trickett for stationery; see Appendix 4. Trickett’s Accounts, #2. Papers of the Continental Congress. Rough Journals, 1774– 1789. Record Group 360. National Archives Building, Washington D.C., Entry 4 July 1776: ; accessed on 20 March 2017. 4. Dambrogio, Jana. “Made in the U.S.A.: Early American Bindings 1750–1860 at the National Fig. 6. Philadelphia, Freemason ticket, engraved, calligraphic design. Courtesy National Archives Archives.” Presented at the Book and Paper Group Session, American Institute for Conservation of and Records Administration. HxW: 2½ x 3⅝ in. (6.4 x 9.2 cm.) Historic and Artistic Works, 39th Annual Meeting, 31 May–3 June 2011, Philadelphia, Penn. Abstract

William Trickett in London (1738–1773) conduct, which precluded marriage among other restrictions including the consumption of William Trickett lived in London for the first thirty-five years of his short life. His baptism alcohol. On 27 September 1760, seven months after he was released from his apprenticeship was recorded as occurring at Blackfriars, on 14 January 1738 in St. Ann’s Parish.5, 6, 7 He was agreement, bachelor William Trickett wed “spinster” Susanna Lewis at St. Sepulchre in one of at least seven children in the William and Elizabeth (Cotton) Trickett family.8, 9 At Holborn.13 Susanna Trickett died of unknown causes within a year. age fifteen, young Trickett was formally apprenticed to his father William Sr., who was a According to the parish Marriage Allegation records – banns – a little over a year London stationer.10 The seven-year, two-month legal agreement began on 6 February 1753 and later on 11 October 1761, Trickett, twenty-three, widower, with his witness “John Doe” of lasted until 1 April 1760.11, 12 The training indenture bound Trickett to a forbidding code of St. Sepulchre parish, married spinster Sarah Stansbury, also twenty-three, at St. Mary the Virgin in Islington.14 The banns record bore the signatures of the bridal couple and their published in the 30 (2011): 35; Dambrogio, Jana. “Trickett’s Tickets: Book and Paper Group Annual witnesses, her younger brother Joseph and father Samuel Stansbury. Trickett applied for the Continental Congress Bookbinder and his Blank Books [Made in the USA], 1776–1780.” Public lecture given in the William McGowan Theater at the National Archives, Washington, D.C., 12 April 2012: banns and bond on the same day, only three days before the nuptials.15 ; ; accessed on 30 March 2017. For twenty years, Trickett lived and worked in Snow Hill with his wife from 1761 to 5. Ancestry.com was an invaluable resource in building Trickett’s biography. However, this online 1773. Evidence of his shop location is found in his tickets.16 Illustrated in Fig. 1 is what may database can be difficult when attempts are made to recreate searches. For that reason, I have included be Trickett’s earliest ticket, an engraved, calligraphic design that identifies the location of his as much of the original source identification information from the images, e.g., page numbers, when shop as opposite Cock Lane, a street just south of Smithfield meat market: citing the records on this membership-only site. 6. Trickett’s last name is misspelled often. N.B. To recreate online searches, use the misspelled variants Willm Trickett | VELLUM BINDER and STATIONER, | Opposite Cock Lane indicated: Tricket, Trickets, Tricketts, Trichet, Trichett, Trichot, Tricot, Frickett, and Frickstts. Snow Hill | LONDON. | Where Gentleman, Merchants, & Shopkeepers, may | 7. It is not known for certain if Trickett was born in 1738 because his baptismal date is so close to the beginning of the New Year. London Metropolitan Archives, London, England, Church of England be Supply’d with all sorts of Accompt Books and Stationary Wares on the lowest Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538–1812, St Ann Blackfriars, Register of baptisms, 1701–1812, “Jan 14 Terms; | NB. Sells Bibles & Common Prayer Books.17, 18 1738. William T of William and Elizabeth Tricketts.” No page number in original register. Volume dates 25 March 1701–27 December 1812. Reference Number: P69/ANN/A/001/MS04508, Item 002: ; accessed 19 July 2017. in 1753 and married his first wife in September 1760, a rite he could have only engaged in as a freeman. 8. Marriage record for William Trickett[s] and Elizabeth Cotton, 24 January 1727. London Metropolitan Archives, London, England, Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, 1538–1812, All Hallows 13. Banns. Susanna Lewis marriage to William Frickett [sic]. Guildhall, St. Sepulchre Holborn, Register Staining, Composite Register: baptisms 1710–1743, marriages 1710–1743, burials 1710–1728, www. of Marriages, 1754–1764, 156. www.ancestry.com. London, England, Marriages and Banns, 1754–1921. ancestry.com, Reference Number: P69/ALH6/A/002/MS17825: ; Reference Number: P69/SEP/A/01/Ms7222/1: ; accessed 19 July 2017. accessed 19 July 2017. 14. Appendix 10. Trickett’s Genealogy Details, #2, #3, and #4. 9. Appendix 10. Trickett’s Genealogy Details, #1. 15. Trickett paid £2 for this bond. The original printed form was signed “Wm Trickett” and has 10. “Stationer, [Lat. stationarius, belonging to a military station] Term which seems to refer to traders what appears to be a papered seal, i.e., a signet stamp impressed into sealing wax or starch wafer with fixed stalls, or occupying buildings rather than stalls, or not being itinerant vendors; it was sandwiched between the document substrate and a smaller diamond-shaped paper on top (to act originally used to describe university booksellers in the early 13th century, reaching England by 1262. as an authentication enhancement) next to his signature. London Metropolitan Archives, London Why it became attached to the book trade as a generic term is unclear. From the 15th century, its and Surrey, England, Marriage Bonds and Allegations, 1597–1921, Marriage Bonds and Allegations, primary meaning appears to have been bookseller; however, it could also describe members of the dated 8 October 1761, “We William/ Trickett of the Parish of St. Sepulchre/ London Stationer book trade regardless of their occupation. Thomas Blount (in 1656) was the first to distinguish its and John Doe,” 844. www.ancestry.com, Reference Number: MS10091E/74: ; accessed 19 July 2017. older meaning of bookseller alongside the newer.” The Oxford Companion to the Book. Vol. 2. Ed. 16. “First seen in America in the mid-eighteenth century, tickets were used throughout the nineteenth Michael F. Suarez, S.J. and H.R. Woudhuysen, entry by Ian Gadd, 1174–1175. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford century and into the twentieth century.... They were affixed inside the covers of books, most frequently University Press, 2010. to the upper left corner of the front pastedown.... Tickets were the principal form of signing.” Spawn, 11. Spawn had identified the start date of Trickett’s apprenticeship to his father but did not provide a Wilman and Thomas E. Kinsella. American Signed Bindings Through 1876, Pennsylvania and Delaware: citation. I was able to locate the record. London Metropolitan Archives, Freedom of the City Admissions New Castle and Bryn Mawr, Oak Knoll Press & Bryn Mawr College Library, 2007, 26. Papers, 1681–1930. www.ancestry.com, Reference Number: COL/CHD/FR/02/0851-0-858: ; accessed 19 July 2017. and Drawing Department. See Website URL in Bibliography. 12. Spawn indicated that Ellic Howe found Trickett listed as a freeman as of 1 April 1760. I have not located 18. An historic spelling of the word stationery is found consistently throughout the early primary the record on www.ancestry.com. The date appears to be correct since Trickett began his apprenticeship sources cited in this paper and remains so in direct quotations.

*** It has been many Years used in a private Family in the above | Complaints, with great Success; and is now, by the Desire of tho’e | who have found Benefit by it, and for the Public Good, sold at 2 s. [?] the | Bottle, each Bottle being sealed with these Words. (Elixir of Ease.) It | will keep its Virtue for Years in any Climate, and is an excellent and useful Medicine for such as travel Abroad. It is sold at Archer’s Elixir Warehouse near London-stone; at Mr. | Basire’s, the Sign of the Parrot in Beil-yard, Temple Bar; at Mr. | Trickett’s Stationer, facing the End of Cock-lane, on Snow-hill; | and at Mr. Spier[’]s, Bookbinder, in Seacol-lane.20

The London Poll Book and Electoral Register of 1768 placed Trickett in Snow Hill through the late 1760s and listed him as one of approximately 198 stationers in his Parish who voted in that election period.21

William and Sarah Trickett in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ca. 1774–1780) It appears that William and Sarah Trickett emigrated from England to the American colonies sometime late in 1773 or very early in 1774.22 It may be that they chose to relocate to Philadelphia to be near Sarah’s brother Joseph Stansbury and his wife Sara Ogier Stansbury who settled there in 1767.23, 24 Philadelphia may have been an appealing destination to Trickett because it was the second largest center for book trade in colonial America by the Fig. 1. Snow Hill, London, ticket; engraved, calligraphic design. Courtesy British Museum, Depart- early 1700s, as well as the second largest city in the British Empire.25, 26 The Tricketts were ment of Prints and Drawings. Bequeathed by: Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks. HxW: 4 x 5⅛ in. 20. Public Advertiser, London, Saturday, 10 January 1761; Issue 8170, [4], 17th–18th Century Burney (10.2 x 13.0 cm.) Collection Newspapers, British Library. 21. Appendix 10. Trickett’s Genealogy Details, #5. 22. Spawn documented Trickett’s time in America as 1773–1780, and a 1772 Philadelphia tax roll Trickett probably began inserting tickets into the printed books he bound as early as had no listing for Trickett. Spawn cited Isaiah Thomas who indicated that Trickett arrived in 1773. 1761.19 In addition to placing tickets in books, advertisements in newspapers were a common Thomas, Isaiah. The History of Printing in America: With a Biography of Printers, and an Account of way for binders to self-promote. The classified notice in thePublic Advertiser dated 10 Newspapers: to which is Prefixed a Concise View of the Discovery and Progress of the Art in Other Parts January 1761 describes some of the miscellany he sold in addition to his hand-bound books of the World: in Two Volumes. 2nd ed. 1874. New York: Burt Franklin, 1964, II:239. in his stationer’s shop. 23. Joseph was an “English-born Loyalist poet, [who] came to Philadelphia (1767), where during the Revolution he was in high favor with the British as an urbane and witty satirist of the patriots. Although he opposed the Revolution he did not, like the other major Loyalist poet Jonathan Odell, The Grand ELIXIR of EASE. | This safe and p’easant Medicine gives immediate become virulent or descend to invective, but chose instead with gay humor to show the foibles and Relief to all | Persons afflicted with the most violent Pains of the Stone, (many/ inconsistencies of the patriots.” Hart, James D. and Phillip W. Leininger. The Oxford Companion to Stones of a large Size having been brought away by means thereof;) | also in Cases American Literature. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, 631. of the Gravel, Colic, or any sudden Disorder of the | Bowels, its Efficacy is great and 24. “[Stansbury] served as the commissioner of the city watch, managed General Howe’s lottery for speedy. It may be taken at any Time, the Quantity of a large Tea-Cup full at once. the relief of the poor, and directed the library.” People of the Revolution, Joseph Stansbury: ; accessed 30 March 2017. 19. Trickett’s ticket was identified in a copy of John Fox’s Book of Martyrs, printed in London on 15 25. Spawn, Willman. “The Evolution of American Binding Styles in the Eighteenth Century.” In January 1761 by John Fuller, with a label inside the upper left cover which read: “Willm Trickett, Stationer, America 1680–1910. From the Collection of Frederick E. Maser. Bryn Mawr, Penn.: Bryn Mawr College opposite Cock Lane, Snow Hill, London”. This ticket may help to date the British Museum’s Snow Hill Library, 1983, 29. ticket by Trickett which is disassociated from its original binding; the wording of the two tickets is similar. 26. “After a lusty growth in the decade preceding the Revolution, by 1775 Philadelphia’s population Genealogies of Pennsylvania Families from the Pennsylvania Genealogical Magazine. Volume III: Stauffer- of 34,000–38,000 was second in the British realm only to London. The latter had 750,000 residents, Zerbe. Indexed by Robert & Catherine Barnes, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1982, 877. but Bristol and Dublin, the next largest cities in the British Isles, were smaller than the Quaker City.

at Second and Market Streets.28, 29, 30 Fig. 2. In addition to creating hand-bound books on- demand, Trickett’s shop functioned similarly to a modern-day convenience store that had available pre-made blankbooks and supplies for writing. Perhaps the earliest local newspaper advertisement for Trickett’s business can be found in the Pennsylvania Ledger, dated 28 January 1774.31 The advertisement he placed in Benjamin Franklin’s newspaper the Pennsylvania Gazette on 15 June 1774 boasted of the quality l r materials he used to make books and highlighted his skills to make a variety of affordable binding styles with swiftness, as well as offering stationery supplies:

n o p WILLIAM TRICKETT | STATIONER, from LONDON, opposite Black- horse-alley, in | FRONT-STREET, near Market-street, and at his shop, back | of m q the said house, in WATER-STREET, PHILADELPHIA | MAKES all kinds of accompt books, in the best man- | ner, bound in leather and vellum, or with Russia bands | and ruled to any pattern, where merchants and others may be | supplied with single books, or complete setts, at the shortest | notice; he keeps a neat assortment of books, ready made | together with stationary wares of all kinds, and flatters him-self, j the goodness and cheapness of his work will recommend | him to the future favours k of those who please to employ him.32

According to newspaper advertisements identified and transcribed by Spawn, Trickett referred to himself as a bookbinder for the first time in Philadelphia in a 9 November 1774 listing in the Pennsylvania Journal and stopped indicating he was from London after his 8 February 1775 advertisement in the same paper.33

Fig. 2. Detail. Easburn, Benjamin, Peter André, and Andrew Dury. A Plan of the City of Philadelphia, 28. Thomas listed a “Catalogue of Booksellers in the Colonies, from the First Settlement of the the Capital of Pennsylvania, from an Actual Survey. London: Andrew Dury, 1776. Courtesy Library Country to the Commencement of the Revolutionary War, in 1775.” It included the entry for Trickett, of Congress. HxW: 19¼ x 26⅓ in. (48.9 x 66.9 cm.) 1. Independence Hall, 2. American Philosophical “1773. William Trichet, an Englishman, bound and sold books, at No. 5 South Front street. He was Society, 3. Stephen Potts, 4. Benjamin Franklin, 5. John Dunlap, 6. London Coffee House, 7. Robert in business about eight years.” Thomas’s book includes a list of newspapers and early publications Aitken, 8. William Trickett, 9. Joseph Stanbury. printed in the Colonies. Thomas, History of Printing, II:239. 29. “In a 1770 ad, prominent Philadelphia merchant Joseph Stansbury offered ‘a few Prussian Decanters labelled Madeira.’” “Wines by Type,” Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library blog: in Philadelphia by the first of the new year 1774. We know this because on 3 January, Sarah ; accessed 30 March 2017. joined the First Baptist Church and presented a letter written on her behalf from a Dr. 30. Stansbury’s receipt to “His Excellen[c]y Gen[eral] Washington...at his store of “China, Glass, and Gifford to pastor William Rogers, D.D.27 Trickett set up his stationer’s shop at 5 South Earthen-wares...opposite Christ’s Church in Second Street” indicated his exact location on Second Front Street, a few blocks from his brother-in-law’s import china store, which was located Street. The receipt is dated 28 March 1776. Washington, George. George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers: Revolutionary War Receipts, June 1775–December, 1783. 06-/12-1783, Montross, Lynn. The Reluctant Rebels: The Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. New York: 1775. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Retrieved from the Library of Congress: ; accessed 30 March 2017. of the American Revolution. New York: David McKay Co., 1966, 856. 31. Spawn cites this newspaper in his unpublished Trickett research, but I was unable to locate it in the 27. Appendix 10. Trickett’s Genealogy Details, #6. Rogers, William, “A Register of Baptisms, Marriages, Library of Congress’s database or on Accessible Archives. and Deaths, 1772–1822.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 19. Philadelphia: 32. Pennsylvania Gazette, 15 June 1774; 1, Number 2573. From Spawn’s unpublished Trickett research. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1895, 104. Incidentally, Rogers went on to found Brown University 33. Pennsylvania Journal, 9 November 1774 and 8 November 1775. Spawn cited these in his unpublished in Providence, Rhode Island. research, but I was unable to locate them in the Library of Congress’s database or on Accessible Archives.

separated from its text block.35 While the abbreviation of Trickett’s first name, “Willm” is a detail similar in style to his Snow Hill ticket, this one emphasizes that he sold conversion tables in his Philadelphia shop, a line item listed in the inventory of his premises taken in 1780 at the time of his death.36 However, Trickett does not indicate he is from London, a fact he does state in his early Philadelphia newspaper advertisements and subsequent ticket.

Trickett’s tickets in NARA bindings Figs. 4–6. It is rare to find a ticketed volume in a colonial American binding before 1800 in a collection, let alone ten, executed in three different designs by the same binder.37 Trickett’s ten ticketed bindings at NARA constitute an important record in the history of bookbinding in colonial America because one can be confident about their provenance; the US government has always been their custodian.38, 39 Spawn’s research on colonial American bookbindings indicated

35. Thanks to Julia Miller for noticing the sewing evidence in the image; I have not examined this ticket in person. 36. See Appendix 7: Trickett’s House and Shop Inventory Found in the Letters of Administration. 37. In a lecture given in 2009, Spawn described his efforts while working over 30 years as a conservator and bookbinding historian at the American Philosophical Society. There he surveyed 170,000 early Fig. 3. Trickett advertisement for conversion tables and the marbled paper it is adhered to. HxW: 3¾ American bindings. Of those he found that only four books had binders’ tickets. By 2009, he developed x 2⅞ in. (9.5 x 7.2 cm.) Courtesy Winterthur Library, Joseph Downs Collection of Manuscripts and the ability to recognize the craftsmanship of binders working before 1800 in twenty-two US cities. Printed Ephemera. Spawn, Willman. Bookbinding in Colonial America before 1800. Video-recording of a public lecture given at NARA, 16 April 2009: ; accessed 30 March 2017, minutes 39:53 and 7:19. In Spawn, Willman. “Identifying Eighteenth Century American Bookbinders.” Guild of Book Workers Journal 17, nos. 1, 2, 3 (1978–1979): 25–26: “I...worked for the Library of the American Trickett’s Philadelphia Tickets Figs. 3–6. Philosophical Society, which is strong in eighteenth century imprints, many of them still in their Presented here are four tickets Trickett used in Philadelphia. The ticket illustrated in Fig. 3 original bindings.... It was not until 1955/1956, when I supervised the oiling of all the leather-bound may be one of his earliest or latest. It is included first in the chronology of tickets because – books in the Library.... Naturally I had hoped to find some clue…such as a binder’s ticket or even a unlike the others – it only lists descriptions of currency-conversion tables he sold rather than signature. To my great disappointment, I found only three binder’s tickets in American imprints” and promoting his bookbinding talents and varied wares. “It is certainly fortunate for my study that I have not had to rely solely on binder’s tickets, for I now estimate that in Philadelphia, at any rate, they were used only by a dozen binders, and most of these were stationers in business near the end of the eighteenth century. Spawn, “Identifying,” 28–29. Tables. | Shewing ... the Value of any Sum | from One Penny Sterling to £10,000 – | 38. Carl Lokke’s article, The Continental Congress Papers, Their History, 1789–1952, gives an overview From. one Dollar to. 10,000, Dollars – | AND | From. One to, 10,000. Guineas – | – of the history of the custody of the Papers of the Continental Congress. Reprinted from the National Calculated. – | In the different Currencies | – of – | Pensylvania. and N. York. – | Sold. Archives Accessions, no. 51, June 1954, 1–19. One example is: Ingraham, Edward Duncan. A sketch of by Willm Trickett. Stationer. | four Doors below the Coffee House | In front Street | the Events which preceded the Capture of Washington, by the British on the Twenty Fourth of August, Philadelphia.34 1814. Published in Philadelphia by Carey and Hart, 1849. 39. Catalogue of the Papers of the Continental Congress. Misc. Index. Appendix: Documenting History of Sewing-hole evidence retained along the lengthy right edge suggests it was attached the Constitution. Bulletin of the Bureau of Rolls and Library of the Department of State. US Department of State, no. 1. Washington D.C.: Department of State, 1893, 1–22. Index – Journals of the Continental to a thin marbled-paper front cover of a side-stabbed blank or printed book that was later Congress, 1774–1789. Comp. Kenneth E. Harris and Steven D. Tilley. National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976. Page 386 contains the heading: 34. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, shewing is an old-fashioned spelling for show. William Trickett, William: 1776 – pp. 242, 544, 610; 1777 – pp. 360, 503; and 1779 – pp. 95, 295, 550, 583, Trickett. Trade card. Call number: collection 9, accession number: 96x097, ca. 1773–1780, courtesy 972, 1027. See Appendix 4. In cases where volumes did not remain in the same collection, “Tickets Winterthur Library, Joseph Downs Collection of Manuscripts and Printed Ephemera: ; accessed 30 March 2017. unscrupulously moved from one volume to another....” Spawn, Willman and Thomas E. Kinsella.

that tickets were used sparingly.40 That is why he felt it was so significant that NARA had ten volumes with Trickett tickets. Perhaps Trickett intentionally added tickets to these potentially important bindings intended to be used by the Continental Congress, a group of very influential and prosperous men. According to the evidence found on NARA’s Trickett bindings, he updated his tickets at least three times between 1776 and 1780. Examples of these tickets can be found at NARA in the Papers of the Continental Congress and the Records for the Bureau of the Public Debt.41 Several entries made into the minute books known as the Rough Journals (RJ) of the colonies’ earliest government, the Continental Congress, indicate that the Congress purchased supplies from Trickett. Irish-born emigrant Charles Thomson, secretary of the Continental Congress, generalized those entries, simply referring to them as “stationery.” The tickets in the volumes help prove that the blank journals were included in that generalization.42 The next two tickets, Figs. 4 and 5, are entirely set in type, a dramatic change in style from the previous two engraved tickets, see Figs. 1 and 3. It appears that Trickett began placing the smaller of the two type-set tickets in the blank journals he sold by at least mid-March Fig. 4. Philadelphia ticket, small type-set design. Courtesy National Archives and Records Adminis- 1776; see Fig. 4. One can be fairly confident about assigning a date to this ticket since the tration. HxW: 2¼ x 3½ in. (5.7 x 8.9 cm.) month, day, and year appear as the first entry in the NARA Continental Congress minutes book, known as RJ Volume 2, carrying a Trickett ticket; the entries would have been written for his bindery as the one listed in his advertisement placed in Franklin’s newspaper the contemporaneously.43 Trickett’s earliest NARA ticket appears to have the same address Pennsylvania Gazette on 15 June 1774; however, the wording changed slightly from opposite to facing Black Horse Alley. This ticket was likely printed by one of the nearby Patriot Ticketed Bookbindings from Nineteenth-Century Britain. New Castle, Del., and Bryn Mawr, Penn.: printers: Irish emigrant John Dunlap, Scottish emigrant and bookbinder Robert Aitken, Oak Knoll Press and Bryn Mawr College Library, 1999, 8. John Hancock’s letterbooks were donated or American-born William Bradford.44 The ticket publicized information about Trickett’s to the Massachusetts Historical Society in 13 November 1817 by Mrs. Dorothy Scott. I am not sure when the Historical Society gave the books to the US government. There is a notation and bookplate in it. This Freemason ticket could not have been used by Trickett until he became a Master Mason indicating this information inside the front cover of each of the two books. By 1835 they were included in December 1779, which indicates that the blankbook was bought at a later date and filled with in the State Department inventory of the Papers of the Continental Congress (PCC), compiled by clerk information copied from an earlier time; see Freemason section. An image of 14 March 1776 entry in William A. Weaver. He assigned items numbers 1–194, which are used today; Hancock’s letterbooks RJ Volume 2 can be found at ; accessed 30 March 2017. are 12a and 12b. The PCC was transferred to the Library of Congress in 1903 and later to the NARA 44. John Dunlap was printer to the Continental Congress and his work included the first printed in 1952. Index – Journals of the Continental Congress, 1. version of the Declaration of Independence. This printed document, known as the “Dunlap 40. “Of the approximately 150 binders at work in Philadelphia during the eighteenth century, only Broadside,” was folded and adhered to the page in the minute volume with starch-wafer seals about a dozen used tickets, and certainly not in every volume that they bound. Placement of tickets contemporary to the 4 July 1776 entry in the Continental Congress RJ Volume 3: “Drafted for the was time consuming; expediency called for their use only in volumes that binders wanted to be most part by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of Independence justified breaking the colonial ties noticed….” Spawn and Kinsella, , 1999, 8. Ticketed to Great Britain by providing a basic philosophy of government and a list of grievances against the 41. See Appendix 1: William Trickett’s Ticketed Bindings at NARA. Crown.” National Archives Catalog, Dunlap Broadside: ; 42. Other early government account-record entries listed the purchase of journals, which presumably accessed 30 March 2017. Dunlap also printed the Declaration of Independence on the front page are referring to blank ones; see Appendix 4. of his newspaper, Dunlap’s Pennsylvania Packet 5, no. 246. 8 July 1776. Willman and Carol Spawn’s 43. Trickett’s tickets, e.g., the small type-set design, Fig. 4, are found in the RJs of the Continental 1963 article describes their research methodology and explains that Robert Aitken was not only a Congress as early as 14 March 1776, RJ Volume 2, Fig. 7. The title of these journals indicate that the printer and publisher but a prolific bookbinder. “The Aitken Shop. Identification of an 18th Century information within is contemporary. Conversely, two Continental Congress journals, ticketed by Bindery and Its Tools.” Based on a paper given to the Bibliographical Society of America, held 14 July Trickett, contain copies of letters or transcriptions of letters that predate the fabrication of Trickett’s 1963 at the Newberry Library. Separate from the Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 57 bindings. For example, President John Hancock’s letterbook, Volume 1, has a ticket, and these letters (fourth quarter, 1963): 422–437. Aitken was a “Scottish-born printer and publisher, settled in America are dated 1775. The text, in this instance, may or may not be contemporaneous with the binding. (1771). His most famous publishing venture was the Aitken Bible (New Testament, 1777; complete Another example, the Transcription Letters from Major General Horatio Gates contains textual edition, 1782), the first complete English-language Bible printed in America. Prior to the Revolution information dating from 1775 to 1781; see Figs. 8 a–b. This binding has the Trickett Freemason ticket the English held a monopoly on the Bible by prohibiting its publication outside the mother country.

location, gave a detailed list of the shop contents, and stated the quality and affordability of Using two bindings ticketed by Trickett for comparison, one owned by Washington in his merchandise. Fig. 4. the collections of the Boston Athenæum and the other at the Houghton Library, it is possible to at least tentatively attribute similar bindings in NARA’s holdings that could be Trickett’s WILLIAM TRICKETT, | STATIONER & BOOKBINDER from London, | work, e.g., they all feature pointed sewing support tail ends, but the NARA volumes lack Facing Black-horse Alley, in Front-street, near | Market-street, Philadelphia, | Makes tickets, tinted color added to their parchment covers, furniture, and cover drawings. One all Sorts of ACCOUNT BOOKS, bound | in Leather or Vellum, in the best of Washington’s copies of Thomas Hanson’sPrussian Evolutions, in the Boston Athenæum, Manner. | A neat Assortment of Ladies and Gentlemen’s | Pocket-books and Cases, appears to have been custom-bound by Trickett and is replete with features that must have with or without Furni- | ture, with Silver or Common Locks; Playing | Cards; a cost more money to execute: a full-parchment binding tinted a blue-green color, two decorated great Choice of Message Cards; great | Variety of Paper Hangings; Stationary Wares fore-edge metal clasps with catch plates, pen and ink drawings on the upper and lower covers | of all Kinds, &c. at the most reasonable Prices.45, 46 – executed and even signed with his initials, “W.T.” in ink in the drawing on the upper cover. Figs. 10a–e. The Houghton Library’s copy ofPrussian Evolutions is identical to the Boston Trickett’s shop moved to various locations on Front Street, all within a few blocks of Athenæum’s copy, including Trickett’s two signing techniques, handwritten initials, and Bradford’s heavily frequented London Coffee House, around which were located Stansbury’s inserted ticket added inside the upper cover, adhered to the middle of the board.48, 49, 50 The china shop, as well as other printer and bookbinder shops, e.g., those of Aitken, Bradford, original owner of the Houghton Library copy is not known.51 and Dunlap.47 Two of Trickett’s customers were General George Washington and John Adams. Both men would have traveled to Philadelphia to attend the Continental Congress 48. The Prussian evolutions in actual engagements; both in platoons, sub, and grand-divisions; sessions. Each owned at least one binding with Trickett’s small type-set ticket in it. explaining, all the different evolutions, and manœuvres, in firing, standing, advancing, and retreating, which were exhibitted [sic] before his present Majesty, May 8, 1769; and before John Duke of Argyle, on Aitken also published the Pennsylvania Magazine.” Hart and Leininger, Oxford Companion, 13. the links of Leith, near Edenburgh, in 1771. With some additions, since that time, explained with thirty Bradford “vehemently opposed the Stamp Act in his Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser folio copper-plates. To which is added, the Prussian manual exercise; also the theory and some practices (1743–[17]97), the most successful competitor of Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette. He also published of gunnery. By Thomas Hanson, adjutant to the 2d Battalion, and teacher of part of the American The American Magazine and Monthly Chronicle (1757–[17]58) and was the official printer for the first militia. Philadelphia: Printed for the author, by J. Douglass MacDougall, printer, book-binder and Continental Congress.” Hart and Leininger, Oxford Companion, 84. stationer, at his shop in Chestnut-Street, three doors below Second-Street, [1775]. This book is in the 45. Ticket inserted in Rough Journal Volume 2, 14 March–24 May 1776, Papers of the Continental Washington Collection Wa. 7, the Boston Athenæum, ; accessed 30 March 2017. evidence to support the attribution to Trickett of approximately six volumes bound in the same 49. “Though not unique, this binding is a particularly unusual and ambitious example for 18th- style, including the Rough Journal Volume 3 (the volume with the 4 July 1776 entry), volumes that century Philadelphia. Before being used to cover the book, the vellum was irregularly stained with lack tickets and identifying tool marks. The books are bound in a common style, and it is difficult blue…. This was such an eccentric binding that it has often drawn attention…. Washington must to assign attribution without the presence of a ticket: quarter-parchment spines, marbled sides, and have felt that this was a useful book, since he bought eight copies.” Cushing identified an article in laced-case construction. See Fig. 7 and Appendix 2, Binding Style 7. the Boston Evening Transcript (21 February 1922, part 2, 3), which described the Washington Library, 46. Interestingly, the tops of type-set letters appear at the bottom of all the tickets, other text from and he also noticed that Trickett initialed the drawing. Cushing, Stanley E. The George Washington another type-set message, “D or B or P or R,” “L,” then “H or U,” ending with “W N.” Library Collection. Boston: Boston Athenæum, 1997, 40. 47. The “London Coffee House [was] at the southwest corner of Front and Market (also called High) 50. Spawn did not cite the Boston Athenæum’s ticketed copy in his unpublished research. Surely if he Streets. Hundreds of people flocked there daily to drink coffee...and to socialize.... The Coffee had seen it, he would have called attention to the drawing on the front and back covers, details Spawn House quickly became the center of business and political life in Philadelphia and the site of auctions would have noticed. The Athenæum’s director wrote the foreword for Cushing’s catalog, expressing that sold carriages, foodstuffs, horses and enslaved Africans and African-Americans…. Opened by their thanks to Spawn for his assistance and advice. Stanley Cushing indicated that Spawn did visit William Bradford in 1754, the London Coffee House was built with funds provided by more than the Athenæum, as did Hannah French. Both conducted research there (personal communication, 200 Philadelphia merchants, and it soon became their meeting place. Here merchants, shipmasters April 2017). Spawn may have been focused on identifying and capturing tool impressions on book and others talked business and made deals that they often sealed with nothing more than a simple covers to prove his methodology about identifying bookbinders based on such marks. See Appendix handshake. The governor and other officials also frequented the coffee house, where they held 2: Trickett’s Binding Formats and Appendix 3: Trickett’s Finishing Tools and their Marks on some court in their own private booths. City residents came to get the latest news and to buy tickets for of NARA’s Ticketed Bindings. concerts, lectures and other public events. The coffee house was also a destination for weary travelers 51. The Houghton copy of Hanson’s Prussian Evolutions led the author to the Boston Athenæum’s from other colonies, and countries, and for the businessmen and curious onlookers attending the copy of the same – which belonged to Washington – also ticketed by Trickett, which proves Trickett auctions held regularly outside its front doors.” “London Coffee House Historical Marker”: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Houghton Library, Harvard University, call number AC7.H1989.775p,

The binding style found on these two bindings shows Trickett also bound printed books, letter helps us date this style ticket found in this journal and Prussian Evolutions bindings, and that he used furniture – a detail he boasts about in his advertisements; the drawings show respectively. According to Lyman Butterfield, “John Adams’ purchase...from William he was also a talented draftsman.52, 53 One additional interesting note regarding the unusual Trickett was...the first conscious act toward the making of a matchless family archive. Adams blue-green parchment Trickett used to bind these two Prussian Evolutions relates to the fact was aware that he, like his country, was on the threshold of great events.”55 that one can trace his use of the off-cuts. He repurposed the parchment waste, using the scraps Trickett’s next ticket design, his largest, Fig. 5, was also set entirely in type, similar in style – too small to cover a book – as sewing supports and as the parchment spine piece, which can to the smaller ticker; see Fig. 4. One cannot be certain when the ticket change took place or be seen on Volume 2 of John Hancock’s letterbook found at NARA; see Appendix 1. whether it occurred before or during the British occupation in Philadelphia.56 This ticket lists In early June 1776, less than a month before the colonies united and “just five days in great detail the different styles of ledger bindings and blankbooks, as well as other items not before the Virginia delegates to the Continental Congress moved a momentous resolution of made by Trickett, all available for purchase in his shop “at a lowest prices.” Trickett dropped independence” from England, American-born John Adams had written to his wife Abigail, “from London” from the description. also American-born, to let her know he had walked into a stationer’s shop and had purchased two blankbooks, affording them the opportunity to copy the letters they wrote to each WILLIAM TRICKETT, | STATIONER AND BOOK-BINDER, | At his other before sending them; he sent her a journal with no Trickett ticket in it, but the one House, [above crossed out text in red ink: Next Door to the Coffee house] in he purchased for himself was ticketed in this first design style inserted inside.54 Adams’s Front-street, facing Black-horse Alley, and in Water- | Philadelphia; | MAKES AND SELLS, | All SORTS of ACCOUNT BOOKS, at the lowest Prices, viz. | edu/aleph/005694252/catalog>; accessed 30 March 2017. Trickett drew the identical pen and ink LEDGERS, bound in leather or vellum, with Russia bands; Jour- | nals; Day-books; drawings that appear on both bindings on the front and back covers, and he signed both bindings Cash-books; Invoice-books; Bill-books; and Sea- | journals ruled to any pattern; with his initials, “W.T.” in ink in the lower right corner of the drawing executed on the front covers. Receipt-books; Cyphering-Books; and | Copy-books; he has also, Spelling-books; John Overholt, Curator of the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson and of Testaments; Bibles; Superfine | Sealing-wax; Wafers of different sizes; Pewter and Early Modern Books and Manuscripts, Houghton Library, Harvard University, confirmed that Houghton’s records do not indicate provenance information for the volume and suggested that, led [lead] Ink-stands; Pounce | and Pounce-boxes; Ink-glasses; Paper and leather “Since the book was published by subscription and Washington was one of the subscribers, it is Ink-cases; Ladies | Etwee and Gentlemens Morocco and Spanish Cases, with also possible that many subscriber’s copies were bound that way,” email communication, April silver and steel | Locks and Clasps; Playing-cards; Message-cards, ornamented and 2017. “The outbreak of the Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord sparked a boom in the plain; | blue, purple, and white Bonnet-boards; A variety of good Writing-paper; publication of military books. Everyone suddenly started reading them, including John Adams…. | Slates and Slate-pencils; Pens; Quills, and other Articles. BOOKS | of all Sorts Hanson’s Prussian Evolutions in Actual Engagements, published by subscription that same year, was clasp’d in the neatest Manner. | N.B. Ready MONEY for Linen RAGS.57 one work Adams read. So did Washington. Both men subscribed to its publication, as did many other American patriot: Ben Franklin, John Hancock….” Hayes, Kevin. George Washington: A Life in Books. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, 180. much better worth preserving than mine. Your Daughter and Sons will very soon write so good Hands 52. Furniture is a term that refers to any metal (usually) material found on a book cover that helps that they will copy the Letters for you from your Book, which will improve them at the same Time protect the surface, e.g., bosses, or helps to keep the fore edge closed, e.g., claps and catch plates. that it relieves you.” John Adams to Abigail Adams, 2 June 1776 in The Adams Papers, Adams Family 53. Trickett mentions stocks of Bibles and other books in his tickets, but one cannot be certain if he Correspondence, vol. 2, June 1776 – March 1778. Ed. L.H. Butterfield. Cambridge: Harvard University bound those too. Press, 1963, 3–4. Spawn did not see the bindings at the National Archives until 2009, after we had invited him to spend two days with us to view our bindings. Before that visit, over the course of 50 54. Butterfield, Lyman H. “The Papers of the Adams Family: Some Account of Their History.” years, he had documented seven of Trickett’s ticketed bindings, all listed in his unpublished research. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 3rd s., 71 (October 1953–May 1957): 328. Excerpt The only tickets he documented were the two printed, type-set designs and may have only been on from John Adams’s transcribed letter dated 2 June 1776: “Now for something of more Importance. bindings that lacked decorative tooling impressions; see Figs. 4–5. One such Trickett ticket Spawn In all the Correspondencies I have maintained, during a Course of twenty Years at least that I have identified was in Adams’s letterbook (Adams Papers, John Adams, Letterbook no. 2, June–October been a Writer of Letters, I never kept a single Copy. This Negligence and Inaccuracy, has been a great 1776) listed above which is also documented here: Misfortune to me, on many Occasions. – I have now purchased a Folio Book, in the first Page of which, Founding Families: Digital Editions of the Papers of . Ed. C. James Taylor. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2017: excepting one blank Leaff, I am writing this Letter, and intend to write all my Letters to you in it the Winthrops and the Adamses ; accessed 30 March 2017. from this Time forward. This will be an Advantage to me in several Respects. In the first Place, I shall write more deliberately. In the second Place, I shall be able at all times to review what I have written. 55. Butterfield, “Papers of the Adams Family,” 329. 3. I shall know how often I write. 4. I shall discover by this Means, whether any of my Letters to you, 56. The British Occupation of Philadelphia lasted from 26 September 1777 to 18 June 1778. miscarry. If it were possible for me to find a Conveyance, I would send you such another blank Book, 57. Ordinance Book 175 (1781–1788). Papers of the Continental Congress. 1774–1789. National Archives as a Present, that you might begin the Practice at the same Time, for I really think that your Letters are Building, Washington, D.C. The information recorded in the Ordinance Book 175 (1781–1788), took

is evidence that this ticket, free from corrections, may be in a letterbook in the Library of Congress’s collection of George Washington’s Papers; some of which were transcribed letters organized by his private secretary Lieutenant Colonel Richard Varick.59

Patriot Trickett? Was William Trickett an American Patriot? He was certainly an American citizen, since he was living in Philadelphia when the Declaration of Independence was signed on 4 July 1776. But did he also support or even take part in the organized resistance to British rule? Presented here is some of the potential evidence for this question for future scholars to adjudicate. In the Pennsylvania Gazette on 21 February 1776, Trickett advertised that his shop, along with that of William and Thomas Bradford (owners of the London Coffee House), bookbinder

59. At the Library of Congress, there are letterbooks of Washington’s, which contain copied correspondence from his time as Commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and made by Richard Varick at Washington’s direction in 1781–1785. Annotated transcriptions of the letters are available online. Contained in letterbook 14 – a letterbook that has Trickett’s large type-set ticket in it – is a copy of a letter from George Washington to Varick dated Philadelphia, 31 December 1781, which reads: “The [blank] Books shall be put in hand and forwarded to you as they are finished.” If Trickett died in September 1780, 15 months before the date of Washington’s letter to Varick, how could Washington have been waiting for the blankbooks – ones Varick needed to begin the carrying out of the task of overseeing the copying of Washington’s letters into letterbooks – when Trickett’s ticket is inside one of them? Here are a few suggestions. First, the government must have had on hand a supply of unused blankbooks. Second, bookbinder William Woodhouse purchased Trickett’s shop after his death, which presumably would have included Trickett’s stock of unsold finished blank books. If Woodhouse was filling this order for Washington for blankbooks, perhaps he used some of Trickett’s unsold stock to fill the order. For example, Trickett may have completed the forwarding of the books, which presumably would have included inserting the ticket inside the upper front cover but perhaps had not tooled decorations on the outside of the covers, leaving that for Woodhouse to complete and send off to fill the order. One could tell by viewing the original bindings and studying the decorative tool impressions made on the covers; the two book- Fig. 5. Philadelphia ticket, large type-set design. Courtesy National Archives and Records Adminis- binders would have had distinct styles even if Woodhouse used some of Trickett’s tools to decorate tration. HxW: 6 x 5½ in. (15.2 x 14.0 cm.) the bindings. See the section in this essay, Joseph Stansbury and Sarah Stansbury Trickett after William’s death. The annotator (from the Library of Congress, Manuscript Division) of Washing- ton’s letter to Varick explained that when Washington referred to “Books,” he was in fact referring to “The blank books in which Varick’s copyists transcribed Washington’s letters. They were folio Unlike any of his other tickets, Trickett apparently updated portions of this one by volumes, approximately 14¾ by 9¾ inches, with approximately 200 to 250 folios in each. They were hand, crossing out words to indicate his change in address in red ink, presumably because bound in undressed sheep with blind tooling and laced parchment backs. A few of them have small he moved or because of a printing error. The former reason may be more likely, since the parchment corners. They were made by William Trickett, stationer and bookbinder, ‘at his House, corrected location in red matches the exact location on his final ticket, see Fig. 6.58 There in Front-street, facing Black-horse Alley, and in Water-street in the lower Part of said House, Phil- adelphia.’” This citation in the Varick Transcripts is interesting because the Trickett ticket word- place after Trickett’s death in September 1780. See Appendix 1. ing is from the large type-set design, Fig. 5, and the annotator’s footnote to the transcribed letter 58. Spawn documented this ticket in the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. In does not indicate that any part of the address had been crossed out. The author has not examined Spawn’s unpublished research, his citation reads: “the ticket is located loose in Misc. Box 9c, Business these original Washington or Varick letterbooks housed at the Library of Congress. Washington, Cards” and it appears to have been removed from the Levi Hollingsworth Ledger D, 1779–1780. The George. George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries 3B, Varick Transcripts, 1775–1785, Letter- printed address on this ticket is crossed out – written in is: “Next Door to the Coffee House in Front- book 14, 220–221. Retrieved from the Library of Congress: ; accessed 30 March 2017.

William Woodhouse, and others, had an additional title to offer for sale: that of British- challenge for families with members who had differences of opinions. At that point during the born philosopher Thomas Paine’sCommon Sense – one of the first publications to advocate Revolutionary War, on two separate occasions beginning in October 1776, Trickett’s brother- for the independence of the American colonies from Britain.60 Shortly afterward, the in-law, Joseph Stansbury, the man who witnessed Trickett’s wedding fifteen years earlier, was Continental Congress secretary Charles Thomson wrote the Congress minutes in Rough arrested for being a Loyalist and for singing “God Save the King.”64 Eight months later, on Journal Volume 2, beginning on 14 March 1776; this Journal bears Trickett’s small, type- 27 June 1777, a William Trickett, “one of the foreign born,” took the Oath of Allegiance, set ticket; see Fig. 4. Would selling supplies to the Continental Congress be enough to call pledging loyalty to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.65 The Oath of Allegiance, enacted Trickett a Patriot? Within the pages of the Continental Congress RJ volumes – the very on 13 June 1777, stated that “The Legislature, by a general militia law passed...[required]... books Trickett bound – are recorded the motions passed to pay him. Trickett supplied the [that] all white male inhabitants of the State...above the age of eighteen years...shall, before young government with stationery during the turbulent years of the Revolutionary War, the 1st day of the ensuing July...take and subscribe before some justice of the peace an oath including the entire time the British had occupied Philadelphia. He waited for more than to…renounce and refuse all allegiance to George the Third, king of Great Britain…[and to eighteen months for the Continental Congress to compensate him, which happened in late be]…faithful and bear true allegiance to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.”66 A William January 1779.61 Trickett from Philadelphia was also listed as a volunteer in the Fourth Battalion (presumably Trickett appears to have refrained from advertising in the Philadelphia newspapers from of the Continental Army) of Captain Jeremiah Fisher’s Company, for a tour in 1777 during 15 March 1776 to 23 March 1778, perhaps due to the military occupation.62 Were shops like the British occupation.67 However, no records for a William Trickett regarding payments, Trickett’s open during the occupation?63 The politically charged atmosphere must have been a 64. Stansbury was accused of singing “God Save the King” on 15 October 1776. He was arrested on 30 60. Paine’s Common Sense pamphlet was first published anonymously in Philadelphia on 10 January November and again on 13 December 1776. Complied by Wines, Frederick Howard. The Descendants 1776: “at a time of rising passion against the British government, the work [Common Sense] was the of John Stansbury of Leominster. Springfield, Ill.: H.W. Rokker, 1895, 4–5. On two occasions in 1775 and first unqualified argument for complete political independence, and helped turn colonial thought again in 1777, Trickett purchased goods from Robert Aitken’s shop for Joseph Stansbury, as indicated in the direction that, six months later, culminated in the Declaration of Independence. Over in Aitken’s wastebook (daily-account-transaction book). Two entries: 1) Trickett’s purchases for his 100,000 copies were sold by the end of March, and it is generally considered the most important brother-in-law, Mr. Stansbury on 28 Tuesday November 1775, “[Account #]146 Wm Tricket[t] for Mr literary influence on the movement for independence.” Hart and Leininger, Oxford Companion, Stansbury Dr | 1 Buchant Iam: physician –10– | 1 Military instructions–7.6 | 1 Lowths Grammar–2.6 135. In the introduction to an online version of Paine’s Common Sense, it states that his publication /£ 1,” 287, and 2) on Tuesday, 28 December 1777, six months after the British occupation ended in “challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. The plain language Philadelphia, Trickett purchased a few volumes for his brother-in-law: “[Account #]146 M.r Tricket[t] that Paine used spoke to the common people of America and was the first work to openly ask for for M.r Stansbury D.r | To 1 Whiggs supplication... 6 [ditto] | To 1 Gulliver’s Travels 2 Vols… [ditto] independence from Great Britain.” Paine, Thomas. “Common Sense.”: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Pennsylvania Gazette, 21 February 1776, [3] no. Philadelphia, 287 and 331. How did Stansbury’s sister Sarah, Trickett’s wife, cope with a conceivably 2461. Dates of circulation: 2 October 1729–10 September 1777. This newspaper citation is based on Patriot husband and Loyalist brother? What was the tolerance in Philadelphia for Loyalist vs. Patriot? Willman Spawn’s unpublished research. Why did Trickett purchase Stansbury’s items in Aitken’s shop? Was Stansbury not allowed in Aitken’s 61. At first glance, it appeared that the Continental Congress did not purchase any supplies from shop? Page “11b. Loyalists, Fence-sitters, and Patriots.”: ; Trickett because there are no account entries in the Continental Congress Rough Journals between accessed 30 March 2017. 25 July 1776 and 14 May 1777. However, by documenting all the payments made by Congress to 65. Linn, John B. Names of Persons Who Took the Oath of Allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania Trickett, one Rough Journal entry reveals that on Wednesday, 20 January 1779, Congress did pay 1776–1794. Contrib. William H. Egle, 21. Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2006. Trickett for supplying stationery to Congress from 22 June 1777–30 November 1778, a period which 66. Linn, Names of Persons, 3. began before and extended past the entire 10-month period the British occupied Philadelphia from 67. One cannot be certain if by “volunteered,” the meaning is that Trickett may have funded a 26 September 1777 to 18 June 1778. See Appendix 4: Trickett’s Accounts, #7 and ; accessed 30 March 2017. Battalion. The uncertainty derives from a lack of other documents. Maybe Trickett “volunteered” 62. Spawn lists in his unpublished research that Trickett advertised in the Philadelphia newspapers (signed up) but ultimately never served? It is unclear whether our Trickett served a tour in the in such publications as the Pennsylvania Evening Post, the Royal Pennsylvania Gazette, and the Revolutionary War. There may have been other men named William Trickett at that time. “July 1777, Pennsylvania Packet, resuming his advertising in late March 1778. I was unable to locate the Captain Jeremiah Fisher’s Co. (c), City of Philadelphia Association and Militia, A general return of newspapers online in the Library of Congress database ; soldiers of the 4th battalion,” Pennsylvania Archives. Muster Rolls Associators and Militia of the City accessed on 30 March 2017, or at Accessible Archives. of Philadelphia. [1] 6. Ed. Thomas L. Montgomery. Harrisburg, Penn.: Harrisburg Publishing Co., 63. “When the British occupied this capital on 26 Sept. ‘77 nearly 600 houses were unoccupied, 1906, 297. Trickett would have been 39 years old by 1 July 1777 and would have served for six weeks. over 200 shops were closed, and fewer than 5,500 males of military age (18–60 years) were in town.’” Coincidentally, Jeremiah Fisher and Trickett attended meetings at the Philadelphia Freemasons’ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 856. Lodge Two on 8 February 1780. See Appendix 5. Trickett and Freemasonry.

applications for his active duty service, or pension files (in the event that he may have died Trickett updated his final ticket to reflect his official Master Mason status. The design in service) were found in NARA records.68, 69, 70 What is known for certain is that one year reverted to the engraved, calligraphic style witnessed in his earlier ticket manifestations; after the British Occupation ended in Philadelphia, William Trickett, stationer, joined the see Figs. 1, 3.74 He included ten Masonic symbols – some which could have only been used Freemasons in June 1779 and attended meetings at the two lodges – No. 2 and No. 4 – by an official member of the Masonic order, presumably to let others know of his fraternal known to have supported the Patriots.71 Are these details coincidences or do they provide association. It reads: evidence that our bookbinder was a Patriot? William Trickett | Stationer, and Book-Binder, | in Front Street, next Door, to the William Trickett, Freemason, June 1779–September 1780 Fig. 6. Coffee House, | PHILADELPHIA. | Makes & Sells all sorts of merchants Acco.t Becoming a member of the Freemasons must have been significant to Trickett because he | Books, Bound in the neatest & Best Manner, | Where Store keepers, may be updated the design of his final ticket to reflect his membership. If Trickett saw the St. John’s Supplyed with | all Sorts of Stationary Ware, at the most | reasonable rates NB: The Day Parade on 28 December 1778 when General George Washington first marched publicly as Highest Price is | Given for Clean Linnen Rags.75 a Mason through the streets of Philadelphia he may have been inspired to join the Fraternity.72 Less than six months later, William Trickett committed to becoming a Freemason. This Freemason ticket design relays Trickett’s most succinct message. The meaning According to the rough and corrected minute books of the Philadelphia Freemason associated with one of the Masonic symbols on the ticket, the compass and square, may help Lodges No. 2 and No. 4, Trickett was documented as attending fifteen meetings over a to date it. The symbols, particularly the tools, remind the Freemason how to behave.76 fifteen-month period – regular Tuesday night and “emergency meetings.” Trickett was 1. The thirteen stars represent the thirteen American colonies. officially accepted as a Freemason after he petitioned, and the petition had been ordered to “lye on the books on June 22, 1779.” On Tuesday, 27 July 1779, Trickett’s candidacy was 2. The “All-Seeing Eye is a symbol of watchfulness and the eye of the Grand Architect.” balloted upon and unanimously approved. The following day he took his first steps and paid his dues. Trickett achieved the next two steps in rapid succession, just two weeks apart, sure he’s a good person, and that his family has no objection to his joining. Then it reports back passing his Fellow Craft on Thursday, 25 November 1779, and his ultimate achievement, that to the lodge, which only then votes on him.” Email communication, March 2017, with Dr. Glenys of being raised to the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason on Thursday, 11 December 1779, six Waldman, Librarian, The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania, from March 2011–2017. months after he attended his first meeting.73 Dr. Waldman also recommended: ; accessed 30 March 2017. The significance of earning the “Sublime Degree” after being laid on the books “means that Trickett was a Master Mason because he is listed as being an 68. No records were found for William Trickett in either Box 2122 or Box 2129 (for 4th battalion officer (Senior Deacon), so he had to have been. Once one is a Master Mason, he is a full member of Philadelphia) in the Department of War Pension Claim Records and indexes. Record Group 93. the ‘guild’/fraternity and is entitled to all the rights and privileges thereof. In the old days of operative National Archives, Washington, D.C. masonry, it meant one could go into business for himself – just as in any other guild. Now it means one 69. No record for William Trickett was found, and only one record listed a Richard Trickett. may join other related Bodies (Shrine, Knights Templar…). There are many philosophical meanings Revolutionary War Pension Files (a.k.a. Widow’s Claims in Records of the Veterans Administration), to being a Master Mason: each man understands them his own way, and develops his own – rather 1775–1985. Record Group 15. National Archives, Washington, D.C. like one’s faith journey: some have serious faith journeys, some do not, and some do not know that 70. Thanks to NARA archivist Jane Fitzgerald who kindly consulted several NARA indexes and there is such a thing.” Email communication, March 2017, with Waldman. records in Record Group 93 (Department of War) and Record Group 15 (Revolutionary War Pension 74. Trickett’s hand-drawn design on the cover of Hanson’s Prussian Evolution, combined with the Claim Records, a.k.a., Widow’s Claims in Records of the Veterans Administration), 1775–1985), and evidence of his signatures on his archival records, e.g., indenture, marriage bond, and in particular found no evidence about William Trickett. his signature on the 1761 marriage bond to Sarah Stansbury (which appears to be similar to the 71. See Appendix 5. calligraphy used for his signature on this Freemason ticket design), may help prove that Trickett 72. Sachse, Julius F. Freemasonry in Pennsylvania, 1727–1907, as Shown by the Records of Lodge No. 2, executed the calligraphic designs on all of his tickets. F. and A. M. of Philadelphia, from the Year A. L. 5757. Vol. 2. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 75. Entry 259, Volume 923 Box 1 NC 120, Records of the State Loan Offices and of the Second Bank of the 1909, 264: ; accessed 19 July 2017. United States Maryland Records. Accounts Current, 1780–1790. Records of the Bureau of Public Debt, 73. For more information about Trickett and Freemasonry, see Appendix 5. “One is ‘entered’, thus 1775–1976. Record Group 53. National Archives. See Appendix 1. an Entered Apprentice ‘passed’ to the [second degree or] Fellowcraft / Fellow Craft and ‘raised’ a 76. See Appendix 5. The subsequent numbered items 2–9 are direct quotations from a website Master Mason [third degree]. Those are the traditional verbs, having to do with the ritual involved…. recommended by Dr. Waldman: The Phoenixmasonry Masonic Museum and Library, Glossary Index: The significance of the petition being laid on the books means that when a man is proposed for ; accessed 30 March membership, no action is taken in lodge right away, but a group from the lodge visits him and makes 2017. Items 1 and 10 are from email communication, March 2017, with Waldman.

circumscribing our passions, and keeping our desires within due bounds…. [Compasses] are the most prominent emblem of virtue, the true and only measure of a Freemason’s life and conduct. In the earliest rituals of the eighteenth century, the compasses are described as a part of the furniture of the Lodge, and are said to belong to the Master…. The square is a symbol of morality and is one of the most important symbols in Freemasonry.” 8. Trowel “is the symbol of spreading the cement of brotherly love and affection; that cement which unites us into one sacred band...among whom no contention should ever exist.” 9. “The true form of the gavel is that of the stonemason’s hammer…. The gavel of the Master is also called a Hiram, because, like the architect, it governs the Craft and keeps order in the Lodge, as he did in the Temple.” 10. There is an unidentified tool below the sun. This could be a ruler. Thus, Trickett’s final ticket design, Fig. 6, includes the compass and square and, in accordance with Freemason tradition, that symbolizes that Brother Trickett had been raised to the sublime degree of Master Mason. This achievement allowed him to use this tool symbolism in his Freemason ticket for the last nine months of his life, from 11 December 1779 until his death in late August or early September 1780.

Fig. 6. Philadelphia, Freemason ticket, engraved, calligraphic design. Courtesy National Archives The Death of “Our Stationer” and Our “Worthy Brother Trickett” and Records Administration. HxW: 2½ x 3⅝ in. (6.4 x 9.2 cm.) Two Philadelphia communities reacted to the death of William Trickett as one of their dearly departed members: his Continental Congress associates and his Masonic brethren. Trickett died at age forty-two, sometime after 12 August 1780 (the date of the last meeting 3–4. Sun and Moon show the “‘Sun’ as the source of material light [and] reminds the he attended at Lodge 2) and before early September.77, 78 On 9 September 1780, his Letters Mason of that intellectual light of which he is in constant search.... As the sun rules of Administration, the document that functioned as his last will and testament to settle the day, so does the moon govern the night; as the sun regulates our years, so does the his estate because he had not prepared a will, were filed. The bond was co-administered to moon mark the passing months. These symbols in Masonry are known as the ‘Lesser “Sarah Trickett, Wid[o]w, and her brother Joseph Stansbury.” Also present were Richard Lights.’” Wells, merchant, and attorney Ashton Humphreys.79 TheLetters of Administration created 5. “TheLevel is a symbol of equality.” (That is, to meet and act on the level.) 6. “The twenty-four inch gauge...is divided by marks into twenty-four parts each one 77. See Appendix 5. inch in length...to measure his time so that...he may devote eight hours to the service of 78. This entry lists Trickett’s death date as 22 December 1780, presumably incorrect because his Letters God and a worthy distressed Brother, eight hours to his usual vocation, and eight hours of Administration papers state his death occurred in September 1780, a document which referred to Sarah Trickett as a widow. Perhaps it is or could be referring to the date of Trickett’s death recorded to refreshment and sleep…. The Masonic essence of the lesson is ability, preparedness by the Guild. A Biographical Database of Members of the London Book Trade 1701–1800. Biography and readiness, recalling the suggestion of William Shakespeare to the workmen in Julius Database, 1680–1830. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Avero Publications, 1998. For further information Caesar (act 1, scene i, line 5), ‘Where is thy leather apron and thy rule? What dost thou contact Michael L. Turner, Bodleian Library, Oxford. U.K. and U.S. Directories, 1680–1830: ; accessed 19 July 2017. 79. “Trickett died without a Will, therefore were granted to Sarah Trickett 7. The Square and Compasses “is the Universal Symbol of Freemasonry...and is accepted Letters of Administration and Joseph Stansbury as Co-Administrators under Record A0037 of 1780. The document lists a as the Masonic emblem from the beginning of the 18th Century...the square illustrates true Accounting of the Goods, Chattels and Credits taken September 9, 1780.” Email and phone our duties to our neighborhood and Brother, so the compasses give that additional light communication with Staff in the Register of Wills office in Philadelphia, 10 February 2017; Trickett, which is to instruct us in the duty we owe to ourselves – the great, imperative duty of William, Pennsylvania, Wills and Probate Records, Philadelphia (Pennsylvania). Register of Wills;

upon Trickett’s death included an inventory of Trickett’s premises at Front Street, which was Trickett’s last location next door to the Coffee House. As recorded in the Continental performed by Robert Aitken and James Reynolds.80, 81 Ten days after the date on theLetters Congress Journals, Woodhouse began (or continued) supplying stationery and bindings to of Administration papers, news of Trickett’s death had spread. In a letter dated 19 September the government.86, 87 1780, James Lovell wrote to Samuel Holten, both were Continental Congress delegates, and Sarah was listed as a widow in both the Philadelphia 1781 tax roll and much later in the relayed the news from Philadelphia that “Tricket[t] our Stationer” had died.82, 83 In 1781, 1792 Livery List.88 About a year after William Trickett’s death, on 28 December 1781, Sarah Sarah Trickett received a pension from the Freemasons; they referred to William in their petitioned to and was granted permission by the Supreme Executive Council of Philadelphia minutes as “Worthy Brother Trickett.” 84 to relocate to New York City where her brother Joseph was formally exiled with his family.89 In August 1783, although Stansbury “tolerantly tried to forget differences of opinion after Joseph Stansbury and Sarah Stansbury Trickett after William’s Death the war, destroyed his earlier political verse, and wrote some conciliatory lines, the erstwhile Joseph Stansbury moved himself and his family, including his widowed sister Sarah, rebels temporarily imprisoned him, causing him to flee to Nova Scotia,” and a month later, several times beginning around the time of Trickett’s death in September 1780. Trickett’s on 25 September, while in Halifax, he wrote a letter requesting land for himself, his wife, death occurred just weeks before Benedict Arnold’s traitorous behavior was exposed on their eight children, two servants, and sister Sarah Trickett, all as refugees.90 “Not until 1793 23 September 1780, also revealing that Stansbury aided in that betrayal.85 Sarah sold the was he able to return in safety to the U.S.”91 Sarah remained a member of Joseph’s family stationery shop to bookbinder William Woodhouse who relocated his own workshop to until her death in late 1809 or early 1810.92 Sarah’s sister, Mary Collins, administered Sarah’s

Probate Place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, City of Philadelphia, administration files; 86. “When W. Woodhouse removed to No. 6 Front Street, he purchased of the widow of the late Pennsylvania, Wills and Probate Records, 1683–1993. Pennsylvania County, District and Probate Wm Trickett the residue of stationary, &c, on hand.” This information was noted in Spawn’s Courts. This record is available on Ancestry.com, Reference Number: case no. 37, administration unpublished research. N.B. Brown misspells Trickett as “Tichet.” Brown, H. Glenn and Maude O. files, No 94–97, 1779–1780, 10 pages: ; accessed 19 July 2017. See Brown, “A Directory of the Book Arts and Book Trade in Philadelphia to 1820 including Painters Appendix 7. and Engravers.” Bulletin of the New York Public Library 54 (1950): 227. 80. The inventory included the contents of “one pair of stairs back room, ditto small room, room 87. When Spawn visited the NARA in 2009, among other things, he brought an image of a over the kitchen [a stash of undressed quills listed here], two pair of stairs room [paper and bindings Woodhouse Freemason ticket that resembled Trickett’s. After Spawn saw the NARA Trickett listed in this room], the parlour, one pair of stairs front room, kitchen, front and back shop.” Spawn Freemason design the first time, he shared his speculation that perhaps Woodhouse had access to referred to this document in his research. Spawn estimated the amount of paper Trickett had stored the engraving of Trickett’s Freemason ticket, had Trickett’s last name burnished out on the plate, and in the house, and transcribed the last two pages of the Letters of Administration document that re-engraved with his own. It appears that the moon and all-seeing eye were also altered at this time. listed the items in the front and back shop rooms. I transcribed it in its entirety in Appendix 7. The image of Woodhouse’s ticket is in Willman Spawn Papers, Call no. Ms Coll 170 (uncataloged 81. I am not certain if the James Reynolds referred to is the James Reynolds (1757–?), former collection), American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. commissary officer in the American Revolution, married to Maria who was Alexander Hamilton’s 88. Spawn indicated in his unpublished research that French found the 1792 Livery List that included mistress: ; accessed 30 March 2017; or the under widows: Mrs. Sarah Trickett, America. James Reynolds (1759–1833) married to Abigail Knapp: ; accessed 30 March 2017. & Co., 1853. “By 27 November 1780, Joseph Stansbury retired behind the British lines and headed to 82. Letter from James Lovell to Samuel Holten [Danvers, Mass.] A.L.S. Endorsed. 1 page, New York New York. On 8 January 1781, Stansbury was liberated and a pass was granted to his wife, six children Public Library, Emmet Collection EM 528, call number: Mss Col 927, Sept. 19, 1780, no page number. and a servant to move with clothing and bedding etc. to Moorestown, NY. There Joseph Stansbury N.B. Trickett’s name is misspelled as Fricket in the NYPL transcription of Lovell’s letter. N.B. type was known by the great social favorite nom de plume of Roderick Random.” Wines, Descendants Holten into the search bar to retrieve the letter: ; of John Stansbury, 4–5; ; accessed 30 March 2017. 83. See Appendix 6: Transcription of John Lovell’s Letter to Samuel Holten. 90. Hart and Leininger, Oxford Companion, 631. In June 1783, Joseph Stansbury returned to 84. Philadelphia Freemasons’ Lodge No. 4 Minute Book Corrected, No. 119, 1770 –1785, entry 24 July Philadelphia alone a few times, and on at least one visit, he was arrested and put in jail. Wines, 1781, 148. Philadelphia Freemasons’ Lodge No. 4 Minute Book Corrected, No. 119, 1770–1785, entry 22 Descendants of John Stansbury, 5. Nova Scotia Archives, Nova Scotia Land Papers 1765–1800 – Archives. January 1782, 154. See Appendix 5. Spawn believed that Trickett died from yellow fever and that Sarah 25 Sept. 1783, 50. Names listed in the documents: “Joseph Stansbury, Merchant | in behalf of himself and returned to London to collect his pension. Spawn, Bookbinding in Colonial America, minute 27.55. family & of his sister | Mrs. Sarah Trickett, Widow…. Refugees…. Memorial for as much land as the 85. Selling West Point July 15, 1780 – Benedict Arnold to John André: ; exhibits/online/spies/stories-arnold-3.html>; accessed 30 March 2017. Joseph Stansbury’s “opposition accessed 30 March 2017. took a more serious turn when he acted as a go-between in the treasonable negotiations of Benedict 91. Hart and Leininger, Oxford Companion, 631. Arnold and [John] Andre.” Hart and Leininger, Oxford Companion, 631. 92. Sarah Trickett was buried in the Baptist Church on Gold Street, New York. Mary Collins’s birth

© 2017 Jana Dambrogio The Legacy Press • All rights reserved © 2017 Jana Dambrogio The Legacy Press • All rights reserved This pdf is accessible only from: https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/search-scholarly/. It was originally published in This pdf is accessible only from: https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/search-scholarly/. It was originally published in Vol. 4 of Suave Mechanicals: Essays in the History of Bookbinding, pp. 66–155. ISBN: 9781940965055 (HC) / 062 (SC). Vol. 4 of Suave Mechanicals: Essays in the History of Bookbinding, pp. 66–155. ISBN: 9781940965055 (HC) / 062 (SC). Send inquiries to: [email protected] • To purchase books, visit: www.thelegacypress.com. Send inquiries to: [email protected] • To purchase books, visit: www.thelegacypress.com. 92 • Suave Mechanicals : IV Dambrogio : Trickett’s Tickets • 93 will, which identified her as a person originally from Snow Hill, London.93 Joseph Stansbury Conclusion died the same year as his sister Sarah, both were laid to rest in New York.94 The life of William Trickett has been partially uncovered through access to archival records in conjunction with studying his well-preserved bindings and their tickets. These details Trickett’s Front Shop by 1780 shed light on a relatively unknown contributor to the work of the Continental Congress and In addition to information listed in Trickett’s various advertisements and tickets, one can his part in the building of colonial America. These books may have been in cheap bindings almost visualize what Trickett’s premises, including his “front” shop and bindery, must have at the time but must now be considered artifactual treasures, adding meaning to the valuable looked like by the itemized list of the contents (and their value) of his living and working text recorded on their pages. The original bindings on NARA records reveal that perhaps quarters found in the official inventory attached to Trickett’sLetters of Administration. His the Continental Congress chose to do business with others who appeared to support the front-shop stock included checker boards, the World Upside Down chapbooks, children’s formation of a new and independent country. NARA Journals were handmade by emigrant and commonplace books, and many more items.95 It also listed all the items one would have binders, such as William Trickett, who may have been acquaintances with and in some expected to find in a stationer’s shop: blank paper in a variety of sizes (demy, post, and foolscap), cases also Masonic brothers of the Founding Fathers. Many of these bindings have yet to as well as inks, sealing wax, quills, wafer seals, lead pencils, slate pencils, and blankbooks.96 be researched and are unsigned, yet have tool marks that are similar to ones used by Robert Aitken and his daughter Jane who bound for Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson; Trickett’s Back Shop Stephen Potts, Franklin’s binder and friend; and Frederick Mayo, Thomas Jefferson’s last The inventory lists the contents of Trickett’s bindery, where he bound books by hand (referred binder. More information gleaned from the physical evidence on these bindings would to in the Letters of Administration as being in the “back shop”): his bookbinding tools, some contribute to the study of the materiality of blankbooks and to the scholarship of American of which consisted of six decorative tool rolls, a box of letters and finishing tools (presumably history, especially its early written, official records. The colonial American bindings at stamps and fillets), dressed and undressed quills, and thirteen unfinished books – six in NARA may be one of the largest and least studied of the collections. The other large demy, three in folio, and four in foolscap.97 According to Spawn, based on the inventory list, collections are at the American Antiquarian Society, the American Philosophical Society, it appears that the shop was a small, one-man operation.98 the Boston Athenæum, and The Library Company of Philadelphia. Preserved tool marks on bindings can help to attribute them when they lack tickets. Unfortunately, these covers and death dates were not researched. Wines, Descendants of John Stansbury, 3. are deteriorating because of the inherently damaging nature of the reverse-leather skins used 93. “Trickett, Sarah, formerly of Snow Hill, London, but late of New York City, widow. Administration to cover them. Preserving original stationers’ bindings intact is an important consideration to the sister, Mary Collins, widow. June. 1810.” Coldham, Peter Wilson. American Wills and for book conservators, archivists, librarians, historians, curators, and scholars. Hand-bound Administrations in the Perogative Courts of Canterbury, 1610–1857. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, volumes are our witnesses from a specific historic moment; if we alter them, they lose their 1989, 317. N.B. Ancestry.com has this file listed as, “American Wills and Administrations.” To recreate voice. Trickett’s bindings protect the words of freedom and independence that began to the search, type in Sarah Trickett and Snow Hill as exact matches. ; define the new country that would come to be called the United States; these books, like the accessed 19 July 2017. texts within, were made in the USA. 94. Wines, Descendants of John Stansbury, 3. 95. Letters of Administration. See Appendix 7. 96. Demy: from 15½ x 20 in. to 17¾ x 22½ in. (39.4 x 50.8 cm. to 43.2 x 55.9 cm.); post: 15¼ x 19 in. (38.1 x 48.3 cm.)]; and foolscap: from 13¼ x 16½ in. to 14 x 18¾ in. (33.0 x 45.7 cm.) refer to old English paper sizes. The proposed sizes are those defined by the British Association of Paper Historians: ; accessed 30 March 2017. 97. Letters of Administration. See Appendix 7. NARA’s nine Trickett tooled bindings – four ticketed and five attributed – have evidence of six different rolls and two stamps used to decorate the reverse- calf leather-binding covers. See Appendix 3. 98. Spawn believed this to be true based on the bookbinders he had identified working in Philadelphia before 1800. By 1965, Spawn had already identified 35 binders. Spawn, Willman and Carol Spawn. “Francis Skinner, Bookbinder of Newport: An Eighteenth Century Crafts-man Identified by His Tools.” Winterthur Portfolio 2 (1965): 50. Personal communications, 2009–2010. Spawn focused his work on Philadelphia binders because he lived there and since there was a “wealth of eighteenth century document still available in Philadelphia, I felt sure I could identify some of Aitken’s peers.” Spawn, “Identifying,” 28.

Appendix 1. William Trickett’s Ticketed Bindings at NARA. Figs. 4–6. Appendix 2. Trickett’s Binding Formats. Figs. 7 through 10a–f Papers of the Continental Congress 1774–1789. Record Group 360. National Archives The thirty-nine NARA bindings attributed to Trickett can be categorized into seven styles; Building, Washington D.C. N.B., the following website provides access free-of-charge to five of the seven styles have tickets, while two do not.100, 101 Typical material and structural the digitized microfilm images of the Papers of the Continental Congress (). Unfortunately, the inside boards – where Trickett’s supports and the addition of extended-patch spine linings made of strips of cream or colored tickets were affixed to the bindings – do not appear online. woven cloth.102 Other details found on Trickett’s bindings, typical for books in this period, include Small type-set ticket design. Fig. 4. the use of stiff boards; uneven turn-ins; leather or parchment remnants affixed to board Item 1 Rough Journals, 1774–1789 corners for added strength; solid-blue-paper or decorative, nonpareil-marbled-paper sides. 1. Rough Journal Volume 2, 14 Mar 1776–24 May 1776 Fig. 7 Their text blocks are composed of ruled or blank leaves sewn with either all-along sewing 2. Rough Journal Volume 9, 14 Apr 1777–23 Jul 1777 or a combination of side-stabbed sections then sewn onto sewing supports (for large book Item 2 Transcript Journals, 1775–1779 structures). The text-block edges were trimmed and sometimes sprinkled with red/orange 3. Transcript Journal Volume 4, 14 May 1776–6 Aug 1776 pigmented paste. The endpaper sections were sewn with the text blocks with the first and 4. Transcript Journal Volume 5, 7 Aug 1776–5 Feb 1777 last leaves cut and pasted down to the inside of the boards followed by the second to the last Item 12a–b leaves adhered overall to create the pastedown. Trickett used parchment, reverse-leather or 5. President Letterbook John Hancock Volume 1, 1775–1776 (see fns. 39, 43) reverse-alum-tawed skin as a covering material.103, 104 He used decorated metal tools to blind 6. President Letterbook John Hancock Volume 2, 1776–1777 tool the covers, the turn-ins, the board edges, or the spine; see Table 1 in Appendix 3. The Item 8 prices of some of the Journals can be found written on the inside of the front covers.105 7. Secret Journal 8a, 25 Apr 1776–1783 100. Between 2010–2013, I examined approximately 100 colonial American bindings among NARA’s Large type-set design. Fig. 5. holdings. There are possibly hundreds of volumes – possibly with tickets – that are yet to be discovered. Item 175 101. Two binding styles are attributed to Trickett by his handiwork only: Binding style #5 (large 8. Copies of Ordinances of the Confederation Congress, 1781–1788 portrait): whip-stitched sections, sewn on cords, full-reverse-alum-tawed skin with decorated blind-tooled sides; the example has his decorated tool impressions. Binding style #6: sewn on cords, quarter-leather spine, parchment or leather corners, nonpareil marbled or blue-paper sides because of Freemason engraved, calligraphic design. Fig. 6. association; the later bindings are attributed to Trickett by association. They are made with similar Item 171 materials as the other letterbooks and are interspersed with the Trickett ticketed bindings in the 9. Transcript of letters from Major General Horatio Gates, 1775–1781 Figs. 8a–b Continental Congress Rough Journal volumes at NARA. 102. Note that the Houghton Library’s copy of Prussian Evolutions in Actual Engagements has a lower Tenth ticket in this last style is in the Records of the Bureau of Public Debt, 1775–1976. Record extended spine liner of dark-green textile. Group 53. National Archives at College Park, Md. 103. This essay refers to the reverse-skins as reverse-leather. Spawn refers to the leather from this time 10. Entry 259, Volume 923 Box 1 NC 120, Records of the State Loan Offices and of the period as sheep and Etherington and Roberts call it reverse-calf. The author did not test the skins to figure out which animal they were. The skins are peeling, which tends to be a characteristic found Second Bank of the United States Maryland Records. Accounts Current, 1780– with sheepskin. “The leather for this style of binding, as for almost every other binding produced in 1790 Figs. 9, 11a–e. the eighteenth century to the time of the Revolution, was sheep, a coarser and less elegant material than calf. Sheep was undoubtedly cheaper, whether local or imported, and reasonably durable. At least in the early part of the [eighteenth] century, when calf was used, it was imported as was morocco...[and] was used once in a great while on very special bindings such as presentation prayer books.” Spawn, Bookbinding in America, 31–32. 104. Reverse-calf is defined as, “A calfskin finished on the flesh side by light buffering. The skin is used flesh side out. Reverse-calf was sometimes used in place of suede leather as a covering material for ledgers and blank books during the latter 18th and early 19th centuries. Also called ‘rough calf.’” Roberts and Etherington, Bookbinding, 218. 105. For examples, the following five NARA bindings with Trickett tickets have their prices recorded.

Examples of Trickett’s ticketed (and two unticketed) bindings are organized below Binding Style 1. Fig. 7. by the seven binding styles. Styles 1 and 4 are described in detail because the author was Semi-laced case, sewn through the fold on parchment supports, tails split and one half laced responsible for conserving the unticketed Rough Journal Volume 3 – a semi-laced-case through parchment spine cover, extended patch spine liners, parchment or leather reinforced journal (Style 1) – in 2010, and the large reverse-leather binding (Style 4) with the Freemason board corners, solid-blue-paper or nonpareil-marbled-paper sides. ticket came to the author’s attention coincidentally a year earlier, during a routine boxing Examples of the binding style illustrated in Fig. 7 can be found on six of Trickett’s ticketed project. The interaction with both bindings initiated this study. The other styles are NARA bindings, as well as one from the Massachusetts Historical Society, listed below. The described in less detail or simply noted. bindings are ticketed with the small type-set design illustrated in Fig. 4. Measurements are given HxWxTh. Binding Style 1. Semi-laced case, sewn on parchment supports, tails split and one half laced through parchment spine cover, extended patch spine liners, parchment or leather Items 1.1–1.6 are found in the Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Record Group reinforced board corners, solid-blue-paper or nonpareil-marbled-paper sides.106 360. NARA. Measurement for 1.1: 12½ x 8½ x 1 in. (31.8 x 21.6 x 2.5 cm.) 1.1. Item 1. Rough Journal Volume 2, 14 Mar–24 Jul 1776. Fig. 7. Binding Style 2. Semi-laced case, sewn on parchment supports, tails split and one half 1.2. Item 1. Rough Journal Volume 9, 14 Apr 1777–23 Jul 1777 (rebound, cover retained). laced through parchment spine cover, extended patch spine liners, parchment or leather 1.3. Item 2. Transcript Journal Volume 4, 14 May–6 Aug 1776. corners, reverse-leather or reverse-alum-tawed skin with decorated blind-tooled sides. 1.4. Item 12a. President Letterbook John Hancock Volume 1, 1775–1776. 1.5. Item 12b. President Letterbook John Hancock Volume 2, 1776–1777. Binding Style 3. Full reverse-leather, decorated blind-tooled sides. 1.6. Item 8. Rough Secret Journal 8a, 25 Apr 1776–1783.

Binding Style 4. Large landscape: side-stabbed sections, sewn on parchment supports, Item 1.7 belongs to the Massachusetts Historical Society full-reverse-leather with decorated blind-tooled sides. 1.7 Adams Papers, John Adams, Letterbook no. 2, June–October 1776.

Binding Style 5. Large portrait: side-stabbed or whipstitched sections, sewn on six cords, Binding Style 2. full-reverse-alum-tawed skin with decorated blind-tooled sides (not ticketed, attributed to Semi-laced case, sewn through the fold on parchment supports, tails split and one half laced Trickett based on tool marks and design). through parchment spine cover, extended patch spine liners, parchment or leather corners, reverse-leather or reverse-alum-tawed skin with decorated blind-tooled sides. Binding Style 6. Sewn on cords, leather on spine and board corners, solid-blue-paper or This variation differs from the first binding style in that the reverse-leather covers nonpareil-marbled-paper sides (not ticketed, attributed to Trickett by association). the front and back sides instead of paper. Examples can be found on two ticketed Trickett bindings in the Papers of the Continental Congress 1774–1789. Record Group 360. National Binding Style 7. Semi-laced case, sewn on supports, tails split and one half laced through Archives Building, Washington D.C. Example 2.1 has the small type-set ticket (Fig. 4) full parchment at shoulder of spine cover, full-limp-parchment cover, with or without clasps. inserted, while 2.2 has the large type-set ticket design (Fig. 5). 2.1. Item 2. Transcript Journal Volume 5, 7 Aug 1776–5 Feb 1777. Transcript Journals, 1775–1779. Measurements: 12¾ x 8 1/16 x 1½ in. (32.4 x 20.5 x 3.8 cm.) 2.2. Item 175, Ordinance Book 175 (1781–1788), Copies of Ordinances of the Confederation The prices are in shillings/pence: 1 pound =20 shillings; 1 shilling = 12 pence. The value of £1 in 1776 is equivalent to approximately $160.00 in 2017 (; Congress, 1781–1788. Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 (this binding has accessed 8 June 2017). 1.) Continental Congress RJ Volume 2: 7 shillings/6 pence; 2.) Continental worked endbands). Measurements: 15 x 10 x 2.5 in. (38.1 x 25.4 x 6.35 cm.) Congress RJ Volume 9: 11 shillings; 3.) Continental Congress RJ 8 Secret Journal 8a: 10 shillings; 4.) 2.3 . Book of Estimates, 1781–1786. Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 (not Continental Congress President [John Hancock] Volume 1: 9 shillings; 5.) Continental Congress ticketed, attributed to Trickett). President [John Hancock] Volume: 11 shillings. Spawn pointed out the prices when he visited NARA 2.4. . President’s Letterbooks, Samuel Huntington, 1780–1781 (reverse-alum-tawed sides, in 2010. The prices tend to be written on the upper corner of the front-board pastedown, an area that not ticketed, attributed to Trickett). may be lost if the boards were covered/reinforced with inherently acidic material, such as leather. 106. See Appendix 9. Instructions about How to Make William Trickett’s Semi-Laced-Case Journal, for the fabrication details of this structure.

Binding Style 3. Figs. 8a–b. Full reverse-leather, decorated blind-tooled sides. This third binding style tends to be comprised of twenty or more sections sewn through the fold onto flat parchment sewing supports. There is a wider portion, about a half-inch (1.27 cm.) long and cut to an angle at the tip, and the shorter portion visible underneath the pastedown. The endpaper sections are sewn along with the text block and create the pastedown, front and back. The binding is covered in full reverse-leather and blind tooled on the sides and turn-ins, board edges, or spine. 3.1 Item 171. Letterbook Transcript letters from Major Horatio Gates (1775–1781). Measurements: 12¾ x 8¼ x 1¾ in. (32.4 x 21.0 x .44 cm.) Figs. 8a–b. The volume has a Freemason, engraved, calligraphic-design ticket; see Fig. 5. 3.2 Item 169. Washington’s Letters,1 January 1777–28 August 1777, Volume 3 (not ticketed, attributed to Trickett). 3.3 Item 189. Transcripts of Letters from Maj. Gen. Philip Schuyler, 25 September 1776–15 February 1780. Volume 2 (not ticketed, attributed to Trickett).

Binding Style 4. Large landscape: side-stabbed sections, sewn on parchment supports, full-reverse-leather with decorated blind-tooled sides. Figs. 9 and 11a–e. There is one example in the NARA holdings where Trickett used reverse-leather to cover a large oblong format (landscape) ledger binding – it is the most important ticketed Trickett binding in this study because of the tooling evidence on the cover (Figs. 11b–e), the Freemason ticket found within (see 4.1, below), and because it is the only NARA ticketed binding that is not found in the Papers of the of the Continental Congress records. Assuming the ticket was attached to the binding by Trickett, its presence indicates that the binding was made in the last nine months of Trickett’s life and also shows eight of the ornamental metal tools he used at that time in his career to decorate it. In Spawn’s opinion, this binding is the largest known Trickett tooled binding, employing the longest length of six of his rolls and two stamps. Spawn felt this was significant because, for example, a tool roll may have been twelve inches in circumference. The width of the board on this binding measures 15¾ in. (40 cm.) , which offers the possibility that the roll completed one revolution and began to repeat itself. Spawn looked for imperfections in the metal roll which would have transferred into the decorated blind-tooled pattern and began to use those imperfections as a way to recognize Trickett’s tool on other bindings and distinguish him from other binders who may have had tools with similar designs.107 The eight sections that make up the text block are comprised of twenty Fig. 7. Binding Style 1. Item 1.1. Spine and upper cover of Trickett’s semi-laced case journal. Cour- tesy National Archives and Records Administration. 107. “The comparison becomes difficult in the case of decorative rolls. Once the visible differences have been eliminated, there may still be left two rolls of striking similarity.... Because the tools are cut by hand and because it is difficult to construct the repeats so that the first and last unit join perfectly, there are always small adjustments and compensations that occur. If a comparison of the divider pattern [the 10-point divider tool Spawn used to study the tool marks in detail] of the two rolls reveals that there is indeed an irregularity present in one and not the other, then they must be

Fig. 9. Binding Style 4. Maryland Record Group 53. Upper cover. Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration. See also Figs. 11a–e.

large, single-ruled sheets of paper, which were side-stabbed into sections. Those sections were sewn onto four wide parchment supports. 4.1. Entry 259. Volume 923. Box 1. NC 120. Records of the State Loan Offices and of the Second Bank of the United States Maryland Records. Accounts Current, 1780–1790. Records of the Bureau of Public Debt, 1775–1976. Record Group 53. National Archives at College Park, Maryland. Records of the Bureau of Public Debt, 1775–1976. Record Group 53. NARA. Measurements: 12¾ x 15¾ x 1 in. (32.4 x 40.0 x 2.54 cm.) Fig. 9 and 11a–e. 3. Item 171. Cover, upper board, upper bindingreverse-leather Cover, in tooled 171. blind.3. Item Courtesy National Archives andRecords Administration. two different rolls.” Spawn, Bookbinding in America, 31. As a result of this research, this is the first Trickett binding at NARA to be classified as a vault item based on the significance of its binding and (less so) for the significance of its contents. This rare specimen – Trickett’s largest decorated binding with tooled impressions from six rolls and two stamps, which is possibly the only extant ticketed binding of its kind – requires permission from the custodial archival unit to access the volume. The Binding Style Binding late Kathy Ludwig, Senior Conservator at NARA, helped identify the details of this binding, and Patricia Anderson, Archivist at NARA, helped to change the status of this binding from general Fig.8a. Fig. 8b. Cover, upper board inside, upper pastedown Cover, Fig. 8b. with ticket Freemason attached. stacks to vault storage.

Binding Style 5. 7.1 Boston Athenæum, Washington Collection Wa. 7.109, 110 Hanson, Prussian Evolutions Large portrait: side-stabbed or whipstitched sections, sewn on cords, full-reverse-alum-tawed in Actual Engagements, [1775]. Measurements: 8⅝ x 7 in. x ca. 1¼ in. (21.9 x 17.9 x 3.2 skin with decorated blind-tooled sides (no ticket, attributed to Trickett based on tool marks cm.) Figs. 10a–g. and design). 7.2 Houghton Library, Harvard University, AC7.H1989.775p.111 Hanson, Prussian Trickett appears to have bound single sheets of paper in a large rectangular format (portrait) Evolutions in Actual Engagements, [1775].112 Measurements: 8⅝ x 7 in. x ca. 1¼ in. ledger book, though no ticket found in a book of this format. These sheets were gathered into (21.9 x 17.9 x 3.2 cm.) sections, and later sewn onto cords. One such letterbook attributed to Trickett’s handiwork 7.3 Item 17. General Index to the Papers of Congress. Papers of the Continental Congress, was bound in reverse-alum-tawed skin and blind tooled with five rolls and one stamp. 1774–1789. Record Group 360. NARA. (Attributed to Trickett; sewn endbands; 5.1. Item 11. Record Book of the Committee to Headquarters, 1780. Papers of the Continental dimensions not recorded.) Congress, 1774–1789. Record Group 360. NARA. (Not ticketed, attributed to Trickett.) Measurements: 16½ x 12¾ x 2 in. (42.0 x 30.5 x 5.0 cm.) 109. Boston Athenæum, George Washington Library Bookbindings: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Binding Style 6. 110. An early 19th-century catalogue describes the Trickett binding but does not indicate the ticket Sewn on cords, leather on spine and board corners, solid-blue-paper or nonpareil-marbled- therein. The Athenæum has three of Washington’s copies of this book. One is in a simpler binding that paper sides (not ticketed, attributed to Trickett). looks contemporary, and the other was rebound in the 20th century. Griffin, Appleton P.C., William These are nine bindings comprised of six to twelve sections sewn through the fold on C. Lane, and Franklin O. Poole. A Catalogue of the Washington Collection in the Boston Athenæum, Parts 1–4. Boston: Boston Athenæum, 1897, 97. linen or hemp cords. No doubt Trickett had leather remnants he must have used to cover 111. Houghton Library, Harvard University: ; accessed 19 spines, such as the ones found on these bindings, though no ticketed binding has yet been July 2017. identified. Leather remnants fortified the board corners at the fore edges of the front and 112. The Library of Congress’s catalogue of Washington’s Military Manuals indicates that LC has back boards, before the pale-blue-paper or nonpareil-marbled-paper covers were added. a copy of the Prussian Evolutions manual. I have not seen it. It would be interesting to know if this 6.1 Rough Journal Volume 18, 25 August–13 Oct 13 1778. Item 1 Rough Journals. Papers imprint was bound by Trickett. U101 .H25 Am Imp Rare Bk Early American Imprints, Series I: Evans, of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Record Group 360. NARA. (Dimensions no. 14098, George Washington’s Military Manuals, compiled by Virginia Steele Wood, p. 5: ; accessed 30 March 2017.

Binding Style 7. Figs. 10a–g. Semi-laced case, sewn on supports, tails split and one half laced through parchment at shoulder of spine cover, full-limp-parchment cover, with or without clasps. Trickett’s technique of sewing on parchment supports, splitting the tails to lace through the cover to help attach it to the text block, are demonstrated in Binding Style 1. This style shows that Trickett bound books in full parchment and that he also fashioned clasps and catch plates to use at the fore edges to aid in keeping the text block tight and the binding closed, preventing the parchment covers from warping.108 The two ticketed imprints 7.1 and 7.2 help to attribute and date similar NARA unticketed, unattributed, full-parchment-cover bindings; one difference is that those NARA bindings do not have clasps.

108. Trickett advertises “furniture” in his small type-set Philadelphia ticket (Fig. 4) and “clasped bindings” in his large type-set Philadelphia ticket (Fig. 5). For more about furniture, see fn. 52.

Fig. 10c. Detail. Fore-edge clasp. Trickett’s semi-laced, full-parchment Trickett’s case Prussian binding Evolutions. Hanson’s on Binding

Fig. 10d. Detail. Trickett’s initials (W.T.) on the lower right of the drawing on the upper cover. Fig. 10e. Detail. Clasp attachment and drawing on lower cover. elements: upper and lower covers. Courtesy covers. and lower upper elements: Boston Athenæum. Figs. 10a–b. BindingFigs. Washington 10a–b. Style 7. Collection 7. Wa.

Appendix 3. Trickett’s Finishing Tools and their Marks on some of NARA’s Ticketed Bindings. The impressions of seven of Trickett’s decorated tools are preserved in nine of NARA’s bindings.113 The four ticketed NARA volumes help to attribute five additional tooled treasures to Trickett. This essay introduces four rolls and three stamps used by Trickett to decorate his binding covers that are found on NARA bindings. American binding historian Hannah French – who adopted Willman Spawn’s methodology – has published research on a binder named Caleb Buglass, whom French believed used some of Trickett’s rolls passed down to him from William Woodhouse.114, 115 Trickett’s tool marks on NARA’s tooled bindings match at least one, possibly two, of French’s tool impression attributions to him, while two other rolls are not found on NARA bindings.116, 117 All of the NARA tooled bindings by Trickett were made with reverse-leather or reversed-alum-tawed skin. This material was relatively cheap (compared to skins used for fine bindings, such as polished calf or moroccan goat), strong, and hid imperfections in the skin – a material perfect for utilitarian blank books used as journals and ledgers.118 Trickett used a combination of four or more rolls and stamps on each of the nine tooled NARA bindings. The tool use is indicated in Table 1 for NARA’s four ticketed Trickett bindings and five others attributed to him.

113. See Appendix 1. 114. Hannah Dustin French (1907–1993) was a long-time friend and colleague of Carol and Willman Spawn, and she willed her archive to Willman when she died. Her archive is included in his and is now housed at the American Philosophical Society. If that archive contains the rubbings made by French of the Buglass bindings or other Trickett bindings, it may be possible to compare the chevron and cat-tooth rolls that she documented to the tool marks on the NARA bindings. This work could verify that French had identified three of Trickett’s rolls. 115. French, Hannah D., Early American Bookbinding by Hand 1636–1820, Portland, Me.: Southworth- Anthoensen Press, 1941, 83–88 and Appendices C–E: Caleb Buglass: Rolls. “Trickett’s tools may have been acquired, after his death by [William] Woodhouse when he moved to the Trickett property,” 83; and “These attributions, which have been made with the aid of Willman Spawn, show that a binder’s Fig. 10f. Upper cover, inside. Ticket and detail of Trickett’s pointed sewing support tails visible work cannot be identified by the tool impressions; the way he uses them, the style of his work, and his beneath the pastedown. technique must also be considered,” 84. See also French, Hannah D. “Caleb Buglass, Binder of the Fig. 10g. Detail. Lower cover, inside. Sewing supports and lining extensions. Proposed Book of Common Prayer, Philadelphia, 1786.” Winterthur Portfolio 6 (1970):15–32. 116. Possibly T34 and definitely T35. French, Early American Bookbinding, 83, and Appendix C, Caleb Buglass: Rolls, 85. 117. T46 and T51 are not found on NARA’s nine bindings attributed to Trickett. French, Early American Bookbinding, 83, and Appendix C, Caleb Buglass: Rolls, 85. 118. Spawn, Bookbinding in America, 31–32.

Trickett’s brass ornamental rolls (R) and stamps (S) for tooling found on NARA bindings 119 R1 Small cat’s tooth roll (French: T34).120 R2. Large cat’s tooth roll (French: T35). R3. Narrow leaf roll (French: T46). R4. Chevron roll (French: T51). R5. Chevron roll. R6. Wide floral filigree roll. R7. Triple line roll. R8. Dashed line scallop. In the center of the arch, there is a circle with a cross through it (or a four-part circle) and a leaf in between the arches. S9. Large floral bouquet. S10. Small round petal flower with stem and leaves. S11. Small pointed petal flower with stem and leaves (attributed to Trickett).121

119. Not included in the study are the tooled letters found on the spine labels because the author is not certain the labels are contemporary to the bindings. 120. French, Early American Bookbinding, 83, and Appendix C. Caleb Buglass: Rolls T34, T35, T46, T51. 121. This stamp is found on an unticketed binding and only appears on this binding. Washington Letterbook, Volume 3. Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Record Group 360. National Archives Building, Washington D.C. Table 1. NARA’s Trickett Bindings with Decorative Tooling Rolls and Stamps. and Rolls Tooling Decorative with Bindings Trickett NARA’s 1. Table This table lists the 6 rolls and 3 stamps found on four ticketed five unticketed NARA bindings attributed to Trickett. For more information about the Items, see Appendix 2.

Capturing tool marks Figs. 11a–e. The reverse-leather used by Trickett and other colonial binders and found on NARA volumes is an inherently acidic material that peels and powders as it degrades.122 This aging threatens the ability to capture accurate data about the tool marks that are needed to conduct successful tool-impression studies. The tool marks will become more difficult to identify, especially the small imperfections in the metal rolls that left behind impressions on the surface of the leather covers. In his lifetime, Spawn created reliefs of the tooled surfaces of the binding covers – he referred to them as rubbings – of more than 20,000 bindings.123 The benefit of his technique was a one-to-one ratio record of the cover – a detail that Spawn needed to accurately measure and compare tool marks. In 2009, a collaboration with NARA imaging specialist Sheri Hill began, which involves experimenting with digital-imaging cameras, lighting, setups, and post-processing techniques to capture tool impressions that initially augmented Spawn’s rubbing technique, providing him with more precise data. For Figs. 11b–e, imaging was performed using the Cruse CS 295 ST Synchron Table Scanner with a 80-mm lens. The RGB color image was isolated in the blue channel and converted to grayscale to accentuate contrast of tool impressions. Additional tonal adjustments were made to increase contrast. The second image in each pair was inverted in Photoshop to see if the reversed tonal values would yield additional tool details.

122. Spawn, Bookbinding in America, 31–32. 123. Spawn and French’s rubbings may be found in Spawn’s archive now at the American Philosophical Society. Willman Spawn Papers, Call no. Ms Coll 170 (uncatalogued collection), American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Accessioned 2015.

Fig. 11a. Sheri Hill, NARA imaging specialist setting up the upper cover, see Figs. 11b–e. Fig. 11b. Maryland Records RG 53. Upper cover. Courtesy NARA.

Fig. 11c. Lower cover. Fig. 11d. Detail. Upper cover, top corner.

In 2013, NARA’s conservators, archivists, and imaging specialists also collaborated with the Smithsonian experts to have the detached front covers of two of Trickett’s ticketed bindings (Record Group 53 Maryland Records and the Record Group 360, Item 171 Gates Letterbook) imaged at the Smithsonian’s Museum Conservation Institute by E. Keats Webb, Digital Imaging Specialist and Melvin J. Wachowiak, Senior Conservator. Webb and Wachowiak used the technique known as reflectance transformation imaging (RTI), a technology invented by Hewlett Packard Labs and developed by the non-profit organization Cultural Heritage Imaging.124, 125 The results of both of these digital techniques are promising.126 Spawn felt the drawback to any sort of hard copy fabricated by photocopy machines or printers was that the process shrinks the output by a minute amount, which affected the exact measurements Spawn needed to conduct this type of research. The hope was to scan the covers and to create the comparisons digitally – eventually migrating the entire study to digital precision. Some treatment considerations include the avoidance of applying consolidant directly onto the leather, e.g., coatings to reduce the powdering effect of the degrading leather, or lifting the leather to perform treatments underneath (rebacking). The coating affects the imaging techniques and the lifting affects the ability to capture precise tooling measurements. The need for continuing this tool image-capture work is still present.

124. Webb, E. Keats and Melvin Wachowiak, “Imaging Studio Technical Note: Flexible Solutions for Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI),” Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, August 2011: : accessed 30 March 2017. 125. Mudge, M., Schroer C., et al. “Principles and Practices of Robust, Photography-Based Digital Imaging Techniques for Museums.” In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (VAST), 2010, 1–27: : accessed 30 March 2017. 126. Tooling on reverse-skins can be difficult to do well and can also appear to the naked eye to be shallower and less well-defined than tooling done on the hair side of calf. With this in mind, the results from RTI (not shown) are excellent in terms of clarity. Sheri Hill’s experimental imaging with NARA’s equipment also shows promising results when the RTI setup is not available, see Figs. 11b–e.

Fig. 11e. Detail. Lower cover, top corner.

Appendix 4. Trickett’s Accounts in Chronological Order. to William Tricket[t] for stationary he furnished for the use of Congress and/ During the six years in Philadelphia, Trickett established himself as a stationer, bookbinder, the treasury office the sum of 102 dollars,” p. 289: ; accessed 30 March 2017. this list of thirty account payments to William Trickett are payments that Sarah Trickett 1778 received after his death. No accounts found. 1776 1779 Item 1. Rough Journals (RJ), 1774–1789. Papers of the Continental Congress. Record Group Item 1. Rough Journals, 1774–1789. Papers of the Continental Congress. Record Group 360. 360. NARA. RJ, Volume 2, 14 March 1776–24 July 1776 NARA. 1. Saturday, March 30, 1776, The Committee of Claims reported, that there is due: RJ Volume 20, 8 December 1778–24 February 1779 “To William Tricket[t] for stationary for the public service the/ sum of £15.13.0 7. Wednesday, 20 January 1779: “In consequence of an adjustment by the equal to 41.7 dollars,” p. 42: ; commissioners of claims, the Auditor General reports.... That there is due to accessed 30 March 2017. William Tricket[t] his acco[un]t for stationary furnished Congress from 22 RJ Volume 3, 14 March– 24 July 1776 June/ 1777, to 30.th Nov.[embe]r 1778 two hundred dollars & 57/90ths,” p. 149: 2. Thursday, 11 July 1776, entry 382: “To William Tricket[t] for stationary the sum/ ; accessed 30 March 2017. of [£]76.14.3=204 51/90 dollars/ Ordered That the said accounts be paid,” p. 124: RJ Volume 21, 25 February–27 April 1779 ; accessed 30 March 2017. 8. Tuesday, 9 March 1779: “The commissioners report.... That there is due to RJ Volume 4, 25 July–17 October 1776 William Tricket[t] for stationary for the board of claims in 1777 eight dollars 3. Thursday, 25 July 25 1776, The Committee of Claims reported, that there is due... & 88/90ths,” p. 48: ; accessed 30 entry 397: “To William Tricket[t] for stationary/ the sum of 43 76/90ths dollars,” March 2017. p. 2: ; accessed 30 March 2017. RJ Volume 22, 28 April–6 July 1779 1777 9. Wednesday 5 May 1779: “The commissioners report.... That there is due to William Pennsylvania] State Navy Board, Board of Claims Tricket[t] for stationary for the use of the board of treasury one hundred and seven 4. 8 April 1777: “State Navy Board, April 8th, 1777….As Order on William Webb to dollars & 54/90ths,” p. 26: ; accessed William Trickett, for nine pounds, in full, for Stationery supplyed Capt. Richards, 30 March 2017. 9 [pounds?]”, Minutes of the Board of War, Volume 1, 14 March–7 August 1777, RJ Volume 22, 28 April–6 July 1779 Harrisburg: Clarence M. Busch State Printer of Pennsylvania 1876, p. 12: ; accessed 30 March 2017. N.B. This is a printed transcription of the and fifty two dollars and 42/90ths. ordered that the said accounts be paid.… record and I did not view original for verification. [N.B. This report, dated May 10, is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, Item 1. Rough Journals, 1774–1789. Papers of the Continental Congress. Record Group 360. No. 136, III, folio 305] Ordered That the said accounts be paid,” p. 54: ; accessed 30 March 2017. 5. Wednesday, 14 May 1777, The Committee of Treasury reported: “That there RJ Volume 23, 7 July–8 November 1779 is due to William Tricket[t] for stationary supplied by him to the President of 11. Tuesday, 17 August 1779: “The com.ers of Accounts report. That there is due to Congress and board of War the sum of 139 18/90 dollars,” p. 136: ; accessed 30 March 2017. hundred and forty dollars,” p. 129: ; RJ, Volume 9, 14 April 1777–6 September 1777 accessed 30 March 2017.127 6. Friday, 27 June 1777: “In consequence of an adjustment by the commissioners / of claims,/ the auditor general reports, Friday, 27 June 1777…. That there is due 127. This entry is located in RJ Volume 23; however, there are three sets of page numbers as follows: 1)

RJ Volume 23, 7 July–8 November 1779 Numbered Records Books Concerning Military Operations and Service, Pay and Settlement 12. Saturday, 4 September 1779: “That there is due to William Tricket[t] for of Accounts, and Supplies in the War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records, stationary supplied the treasury [page 37] and the paymaster genl office, the sum Miscellaneous Activities or Supplies of the Commissary General of Military Stores Department of nine hundred and ten dollars and 30/90.… Ordered, That the said accounts Volume 128. NARA. be paid,” pp. 36–37: and ; both accessed 30 March 2017.128 Hundred and fifty four pounds in full of the following… 2 10 Quire of Elephant bound the broad way in Leather 487.10.0 Item 62. Letters and Reports, 1781–88, from John Pierce, Paymaster General and Commissioner " 2 Five quires short Royal ruled q Lines bound in d Alphabet 135.00.0 for Army Accounts, and Records Relating to Investigations of Treasury Offices, 1780–81. List of " 2 Two demy books bound 119.00.0 accounts reported, 1779–1780. Office of the secretary. The correspondence, journals, committee " 2 Demy journal bound in Leather 112.10.0 reports, and records of the Continental Congress (1774–1789). Papers of the Continental Congress for the use of the United States in Colonel B. Flower in GMS (SP?) Department 1774–1789. Record Group 360. NARA. 854.00.00 [20 cents left off in the ms version].” 13. 1 July 1779: “Wm Trickett…. Stationary…[amount in dollars]: 5 [number of vouchers]: 1 certificate,” Papers of Paymaster Pierce, p. 558: ; accessed 30 March 2017. 1780–2 Oct 1780), p. 21: ; accessed 30 March 2017. N.B. Entry is transcribed as “William Frickett” in Fold 3. 1780 18. 18 April 1780: #28, long list here, including General Quarter Master journals for Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania Colonel B. Flowers, MF M 853, Roll 39 (pay order on this date one of two different 14. 2 March 1780: “An Order was drawn on the Treasurer in Favour of William sized journals rebound into one nineteenth-century binding), p. 21. Trickett, for the Sum of fifty-nine pounds five shillings, amount of his account for binding sundry, Books, and for Quills, Ink, & ca., for the use of the Council.”129 Record of Disbursements by Samuel Hodgdon, Deputy Commissary General of Military Stores, series supply records; Various Books of Samuel Hodgdon, Commissary General of Military Stores 15. “Friday April 7, 1780...an Order was drawn on the Treasurer, for the sum of one Department Record of Disbursements by Samuel Hodgdon. Deputy Commissary General of hundred and thirty-two pounds, the amount of his account for binding Dunlap’s Military Stores. Supply Records, 22 March 1780–8 March 8 1781 Pennsylvania Packett for the years 1778–1779, and for sundry other articles for 19.1. 2 June 1780 (four different versions of the same bill at NARA): “purchase of ¼ the use of the Council,” Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, Volume 12, hundred quills,” US Account of Samuel Hodge, Incidentals Co. General Military p. 309: ; accessed 30 stores, Department #117, p. 4 (wastebook). March 2017. N.B. This is digitized image of a transcription of the record; I did not view original for verification. 19.2. “To d.º paid W.m Trickett for ¼ 100 (25) Quills at 115 Doll.rs [Ls] 5.,[Ds] 12.,6,” Volume 117, 22 March, 1780–March 8, 1781, p. 4: ; accessed 30 March 2017. NARA. 16. 11 April 1780: “1780 pd on April 11 Cash $10 in paper,” #21469, p. 24, (little pocket 19.3. #20425, p. 6 (is a large ledger page loose, #114, p. 8, a rebound account book). account book rough notes, fascicle). 19.4. #144, p. 2 (is a large ledger binding rebound). Paymaster General and commissioner for Army Accounts, and Records Relating to Investigations of Treasury offices, Papers of Paymaster Pierce 7 July–25 August 1779; pp. 1–157; 2) 26 August–28 September 1779, pp. 1–97; and 3) 29 September–8 20. 20 June 1780 listed: “1 July brought forth for payment. For stationary. Letters and November 1779, pp. 1–99. The Tuesday, 17 August 1779 Trickett citation appears on p. 129 within the 1–157 page numbering sequence. Email communication with Jane Fitzgerald, April 2017. reports 1780–1781.” 128. This entry is located in RJ Volume 23; however, there are three sets of page numbers as in fn. PI–44, Entry 5, Numbered Books, 1775–1898, Volume 144: Ledger of Accounts with 127. The Saturday, 4 September 1779 Trickett citation appears on pp. 36–37 within the 1–97 number Officers, Other Persons, and States, 1778–1792 War Department Collection of Revolutionary sequence. Email communication with Jane Fitzgerald, April 2017. War Records. Record Group 93 (NARA Microfilm M853). 129. Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Volume 12, Ed. Samuel Hazard, Harrisburg: Theo Fenn & Co., 1853, 265–266. 21. 26 September 1780: “Paid – Sarah Trickett for Sundrys,” voucher 17, p. 23. © 2017 Jana Dambrogio The Legacy Press • All rights reserved © 2017 Jana Dambrogio The Legacy Press • All rights reserved This pdf is accessible only from: https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/search-scholarly/. It was originally published in This pdf is accessible only from: https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/search-scholarly/. It was originally published in Vol. 4 of Suave Mechanicals: Essays in the History of Bookbinding, pp. 66–155. ISBN: 9781940965055 (HC) / 062 (SC). Vol. 4 of Suave Mechanicals: Essays in the History of Bookbinding, pp. 66–155. ISBN: 9781940965055 (HC) / 062 (SC). Send inquiries to: [email protected] • To purchase books, visit: www.thelegacypress.com. Send inquiries to: [email protected] • To purchase books, visit: www.thelegacypress.com. 120 • Suave Mechanicals : IV Dambrogio : Trickett’s Tickets • 121

War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records. Record Group 93. NARA. explained. When his accott. was under examination, the work was taken to 22. 26 September 1780 RG 93: “Cash…pd. S[arah] Trickett for 1 quire large paper, Woodhouse and he was asked what he would do such work for – and the price 100 quills, 1 ppr ink powder 50 pounds 2 shillings 6 pence, #117.” This entry pays was fixed according to his offer in the case.” Sarah Trickett for stationary for first time. N.B. There are two different versions War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records. Record Group 93, PI-44, Entry of the same bill at NARA located. 5, Numbered Books, 1775–1898, Volume 144: Ledger of Accounts with Officers, Other 22.1. 25 September 1780, (small waste book rebound in 20th century): This Numbered Persons, and States, 1778–1792 (NARA Microfilm M853). Book #117: Record of Disbursements by Samuel Hodgdon, Deputy Commissary 24. 6 November 1781: “To Do Paid Sarah Trickett for 1 Account Book, Voucher 213,” p. 61. General of Military Stores, 22 March 1780–8 March 1781, Voucher 17, p. 9. Item 62, Letters and Reports, 1781–88, from John Pierce, Paymaster General and Commissioner 22.2. 18 September 1780, box 22, #20514, Numbered Book #114: Record of Receipts & for Army Accounts, and Records Relating to Investigations of Treasury Offices, 1780–81. Papers Disbursements, Commissary General of Military Stores Department, 22 March of the Continental Congress. Record Group 360. NARA. 1780–7 October 1781, p. 19. 25. 18 November 1780: “Proceedings regarding an inquiry into Board of Treasury…. Mr. Hopkinsons, Mr. Gibsons & Mr. Tricket[t]s acots. were mentioned, 18 Letters of Delegates to Congress: Treasury Inquiry Committee Minutes. Library of Congress. November 1780,” p. 325. Volume 16. 1 September 1780–28 February 1781, pp. 268–269. 23. 26 October 26 1780: “Thursday October 26th, 1780.... Present Hn’ble Mr. 26. 20 November 1780: “1st of December last – by which, he says, it will appear McKean, Mr. Walker & Mr. Matlack.... It was proposed, that the accotts. of how far they have done their duty. On examination the list exhibitted [sic] does Sweers should be ordered from the Treasury, Mr. Geddis having informed the not contain the dates of the reference, therefore – Ordered That the Treasury Committee, that the Treasury had refused him the accounts on his application do furnish the Committee with a list of the Accotts, referred to the Chambers without the orders of the Committee. Mr. Nicholson said he had now brought of accost – in order that the Committee may judge of the neglect. Proceedings the accounts – On which Mr. Geddis, observed, that it was very hard that a clerk regarding an inquiry into Board of Treasury – Note. The 2 quire of Paper in of the office should be furnished with the account and he (Geddis) refused, Tricket[t]s accotts. not d[elivere]d, 20 November 1780,” p. 340. and by that means prevented from the means of making his defence.... The 27. Determination of the Treasury 1 July 1780: “(a Copy) Note. The 2 quire of Paper mode of stating the account of Colo. Sweers being examined and the charge of in Tricket[t]s accotts. Not d[elivere]d.” List of accounts reported – William P[artiality] made against Watkins, French & Lukens and it appears clearly to Trickett’s accounts for Stationary, 23 December 1779, p. 558. be strictly correct and in the special instant before us the only possible correct mode-and in the stile [sic] of an accomptant. See also the Defence in the double 1781 charges in Sweers’s accotts. which appears to amount exactly to the same thing, Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania as would have arisen in the opposed case – to wit a just ballance. The objection 28. 2 January 1781: “In favour of the Executives of the estate of William Trickett, to the expression in the charge P[artiality] pd. J Donaldson – on examination deceased, for the sum of eight shillings, State money, amount of their account for the expression ‘he’ [Sweers] is doubtful and appears has led the Auditor Genl. 2 quire of fools cap, half-bound, for the use of the council,” Minutes of the Supreme into an error in his report and state of the Accot. by charging Mr. Donaldson Council, Volume 12, pp. 588–589, and with the sum. But the charge refers to the Accot., Numbered, and the Accot. ; accessed 30 March 2017. N.B. This referred to, shews what the goods were that the money was paid and for which is a printed transcription of the record; I did not view original for verification. goods ‘he,’ Sweers, was to be accountable. Of Partiality.130 “Tricket[t]s accott.,

130. An annotation on the Library of Congress’s website for this entry explains, “‘Partiality’ was the fifth and last of the numbered, major charges made by Ezekiel Forman and John Gibson against Referred” to the commissioners and “When Reported on,” – is in PCC, item 62, fols. 557–558. Several the commissioners of the chambers of accounts. A substantial part of the testimony delivered here of the persons mentioned in the following section of testimony – John Arndt, Thomas Bradford, concerns the conduct of the commissioners in processing the accounts referred to them. A significant David C. Claypoole, John Dunlap, William Kennon, George Shaw, William Trickett, and Joseph document pertaining to this issue labelled “View of the Accounts Reported on by the Chamber of Watkins – are listed in this document with a brief description of their claims. Library of Congress, Accounts…from the 1st December 1779 to the 8th day of September 1780,” and recording “When American Memory. ; accessed 30 March 2017.

Morris, Robert, Diary Appendix 5. Trickett and Freemasonry. 29. 16 June 1781 entry: “Issued a Warrant on Mr Swanwick in favour of Mrs Trickett Seventeen minute-book entries from Philadelphia Freemason Lodges No. 4 and No. 2 for £16.11/. hard Money in payment of Books and Stationary for my Office.”131 mention Trickett by name. War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records. Record Group 93. Roll 288. Philadelphia Freemason Lodge No. 4 Minute Book Corrected, No. 119, 1770–1785. The Supply Records. Various Books of Samuel Hodgdon, Commissary General of Military Stores Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania. N.B. The page numbers were penciled in later. Department. Record of Money Received and Disbursements, October 1781– October 1788, Trickett’s Attendance Lodge No. 4 Minute Book Volume 96. NARA. 1. Tuesday 22 June 1779, 110: Philadelphia Freemason Lodge No. 4 Minute Book 30. 6 November 1781: “to Cash Paid Sarah Trickett for one acc[oun]t book qt. 3 Corrected, No. 119, 1770–1785. “William Trickett Petition’d, order’d to lye on the quires. [1 account book?] Amnt in specie Dollars 1 60/90,” p. 5: ; accessed 30 March 2017. minute book. 2. Tuesday 27 July 1779, 112: “Mass.rs James Pickering and William Trickett were/ also 131. Morris, Robert. Volume 1 of Papers of Robert Morris 1781–1784. Eds. Elmer James Ferguson and John Catanzariti, 154. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975; ; accessed 19 July 2017. N.B. This is a transcription of the record; I did not view 3. Tuesday 28 July 1779, 113: Emergency meeting, transactions, “James Pickering, and/ original for verification. William Trickett were Initiated and paid their dues./ Lodge Clos’d at 3oClock [sic]. 4. 24 August 1779, 113. 5. 17 September 1779, 114. 6. 28 September 1779, 114, pays dues: “Subscription viz.d W.m Trickett L 50..__..__.” 7. 23 November 1779, 117. 8. 25 November 1779, 118, Emergency meeting, transactions: “B.rs Trickett and Thompson Passe’d Fellow Crafts…. Lodge Clos’d at ½ past 10 ‘oClock.” N.B. Trickett is not listed as being in attendance. 9. Thursday, 11 December 1779, 118, at an emergency meeting: “Transactions B.rs Dade and Trickett were Rais’d to the Sublime degree of Master Masons.”132 10. Saturday, 12 August 1780, 132. Trickett’ last meeting at Lodge No. 4. He is listed as one of those present, “Trickett S.[enior] D.[eacon].” This was an emergency meeting.

132. “The word sublime is from the Latin Sublimis, meaning lofty, an allusion properly expressive of the teaching in the final symbolic ceremony of our ancient Craft. The Third Degree is called the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason, in reference to the exhalted lessons that it teaches of God and of a future life…. As an Entered Apprentice, the Mason was taught those elementary instructions which were to fit him for further advancement in his profession, just as the youth is supplied with that rudimentary education which is to prepare him for entering on the active duties of life; as a Fellow Craft, he is directed to continue his investigations in the science of the Institution, and to labor diligently in the tasks it prescribes, just as the man is required to enlarge his mind by the acquisition of new ideas, and to extend his usefulness to his fellow creatures; but, as a Master Mason, he is taught the last, the most important, and the most necessary of truths, that having been faithful to all his trusts, he is at last to die, and to receive the reward of his fidelity.” ; accessed 30 March 2017.

Trickett not present 22 August 1780, 132. Appendix 6. Transcription of John Lovell’s letter to Samuel Holten. [Danvers, Mass.] Autographed letter. Endorsed. 1 page, New York Public Library, Emmet No mention of Trickett’s, death 26 September 1780, 133. Collection EM 528, call number: Mss Col 927, Sept. 19, 1780. ; accessed 30 March 2017. Mention of Trickett after his death, Lodge No. 4 Minute Book 1. 24 July 1781, 148: “The Worshipfull Exhibited an acc[oun]t of our late Worthy Sepr. 19.th 1780. Brother Trickett’s against this Lodge, agreed that the Committee of the Lodge do meet and Liquidate that and also all other Acc[oun]ts against the Lodge.” About Dear Sir twenty-six meetings took place between this meeting and the last meeting Trickett Not being certain whether Danvers is Shelden’s present Residence I take the attended, and this is the first record of Trickett’s death in the minute books. Freedom to trouble you with the inclosed[.] I am not well enough to go out in the 2. 22 January 1782, 154: “Resolv’d that as soon as convenient, the Worshipfull together Rain but I do not apprehend that I have any of the prevalent maladies of this City with Br Alexander Boyle, do Settle and Liquidate the Widow Tricketts acc[oun]t fixed upon me–; a putrid Fever–; a Dysentery – or an unusual Remittent, something against our Lodge, and that the W[orshi]pfull do give an Order on the Treasurer for resembling the Fever – & Ague. We have no news; but, Poverty abundant. The Post Such Balance as Shall appear to be Justly due to her.” however cannot fail to give you some as Rodney is at New York, and french Ships have been seen on the Coast. President Reed’s Lady has been buried this morning. She and Mr. Brymnen[sp?] the great musician were taken off by the Dysentary. Mr. Trickett’s Attendance Lodge No. 2 Minute Book Hodge, who was in France connected with the famous Cutter, was returning with Philadelphia Freemason Lodge No. 2. Minute book, No. 107. 1772–1781, The Masonic 13 others from Sth. Carolina and died at Bohemia 40 miles off having survived all Library and Museum of Pennsylvania. N.B. The page numbers were penciled in later. This the others. Tricket[t] our Stationer and Monsr. Damon our Brussels news monger is the lodge where William Bradford served as the grand master when Trickett rose to the are gone also; in short, 30 died on the night that/ Damon did. –I hope you have ranks of Master Mason and where John Dunlap was an active member before the American better air and better Water than we; to say nothing of Wine as I am not in Capacity Revolution in the late 1760s. to draw any Comparisons about so strange a Liquor. We are in the Labyrinths of 1. Tuesday 10 August 1779, 94: “Visitors/Bro Trickett.” Vermont and are also driven to be contriving how to buy some Portion of that 2. 8 February 1780, 116. western World which the Big Knife pretends to give to us. r 3. 1 March 1780, 119. Give my Compliments to M . Gerry to whom I shall write by Col. Wigglesworth the Bearer of his Letter & order to me. 4. 11 April 5780 [1780], 122. Yours affectionately James Lovell 5. 23 June 5780 [1780], 126. Honble. Mr. Holten

N.B. NYPL only provides a digital image of the recto of the first page of the letter. There is a seal tear at the center fore edge, presumably evidence that the letter was once letterlocked, this is, it was folded and secured to become its own envelope. This particular letter falls into the letterlocking category referred to as “fold, tuck and adhere.” It appears to have been a self- closing envelope secured shut with an adhesive such as a starch wafer seal or sealing wax.133

133. Dambrogio, Jana and Daniel Starza Smith. “Dictionary of Letterlocking (DoLL),” 2016: ; accessed 30 March 2017.

Appendix 7. Trickett’s House and Shop Inventory Found in the Letters of Thirteen pieces 4 10 Administration 134 of ornamental Transcribed from image pages 3–10. China (Page 1: Declaration, printed document with signatures, not transcribed; page 1, verso: Filing A Mahogany 2 notations and some arithmetic, not transcribed.) Brackett Three China 2 Table 2. Inventory of the Goods and Effects of Mr William Trickett deceas’d Bowles taken September 9.th 1780. Eighteen China 18 (£ = pound, s = shilling, d = pence) Plates £ s d Three China 7 6 [page 2] dishes

[location] Three China 15 In the Parlour Mugs

A Looking 1 15 Eighteen Wine 9 Glass Glasses

A Mahongany 2 5 A Case of 7 6 din:g Table Bottles

A Mahogany 1 2 6 A sett of Cast- 2 5 Stand ers Silver tops

A Jappand Tea 3 [location] Table One pair of Stairs front 6 Windsor 2 5 Room Chairs A Looking 1 A pair of brass 3 10 Glass, broke

Fire dogs, y Shovel and A Mahog: 10 Tongs Chest, upon Chest of Two Pictures 3 drawers fram’d, & glaiz’d, Land & A Poplar Table 5 Sea Storms Nine Pic- 1 7 Five ditto of 1 tures fram’d Heads & glaiz’d, of heads Seven small 7 ditto Eight small 8 ditto

Five peices 1 5 ornamental 134. Register of Wills; Probate Place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, City of Philadelphia, China administration files; Pennsylvania, Wills and Probate Records, 1683–1993. Pennsylvania County, Two Tea Potts 1 2 6 District and Probate Courts. Record A0037 of 1780. The document lists a true Accounting of the Goods, Chattels and Credits taken September 9, 1780.” Email and phone communication, 10 Two rush bot- 5 February 2017. Ancestry.com, Reference Number: case no. 37, administration files, No 94–97, 1779– tom Chairs 1780, 10 pages: ; accessed 19 July 2017. Original is brittle paper with Carried forward £ 45 11 areas of textual loss.

[page 3] Sundry weav- 20 ing Apparel Brought forward £ [location] A pair of brass 1 2 6 ditto small fire dogs, Shov- Room ell & Thongs A Pine table 5 A pair of Win- 15 dow curtains A hair Trunk 5

A Mahogany 7 6 A portmanteau 5 plate Box A Sword & 7 6 Twenty three 9 5 Target Oz:s 2 dev:ts [?] Silver plate...a A draught 10 8 f. Oz Board

A large Chest 10 [location] Room over the The Beauties of 3 16 Kitchen Nature 6 Vols Sec.al A both Bed- 1 5 stead feather [location] Bed, & bolster One pair of Stairs back A Bedstead & 1 5 room sacking bottom

A Beadstead & 1 5 A sett of furni- 5 sacking bottom ture to ditto

Feather Bed 5 An Iron bound 5 bolster & Trunk Pillow A parcel of un- 1 10 A pair of 1 10 dress’d Quills Sheets & Cov- [location] erlid Two pair of A white Cotton 15 Stairs Room Counterpain A Beadstead 1 2 6 An Elbow Chair 10 & sackling bottom Five rush bot- 12 6 tom ditto A Feather Bed 4 10 and Bolster Nine small 9 Pictures fram’d A pair of 1 10 & glaiz’d Sheets and Coverlid One ditto, 1 Rev:d Mr Piggot Carried forward £ 109 14 6 fraim’d [page 4] A small Look- 5 Brought forward £ ing Glass

[Type paper/ [paper [binding [plain or [# of [Quires] [???] “ “ “ ditto “ 2 One 10 size; author’s or style] ruled] quires] guess at the binding “ Medium half d:o rul’d 2 One 5 column labels] size] Q:to

Broad folio fools- half rul’d 3 quires Three 18 “ “ ditto “ 4 One 9 cap bound “ demy whole Journ:l 3 One 12 “ “ whole “ 3 “ Six 1 16 bound do “ “ ditto plain 4 One 13 “ “ whole “ 4 “ One 8 o do “ “ half d: rul’d 3 One 10

to “ “ half do plain 4 Three 12 Fools Cap Q: ditto plain 1 1/2 Four 8

“ “ Russia rul’d 6 qre One 18 “ “ “ rul’d 2 Two 8 band: Journ:l Carried forward £ 160 9 3 “ “ whole do 5 quire One 15 [page 5] bound Brought forward £ “ “ ditto ” 4 “ One 12 A Feather Bed 5 10 “ “ Pott ditto rul’d 3 “ One 7 and Bolster “ “ “ half do: plain 3 “ Two 9 A Camp Table 7 6 “ “ “ whole “ 4 “ Three 18 Four Coverlids 3 d:o One Pair 15 “ “ “ ditto rul’d 4 “ Three 18 Blanket “ “ “ half do: “ 3 “ One 4 6 Three pair 2 5 “ “ “ whole “ 3 “ One 5 Sheets d:o Four Table 1 2 6 “ “ “ half do: “ 4 “ Three 18 Cloths

“ “ “ ditto plain 5 “ One 7 6 Three Napkins, 10 & three Towels “ “ “ whole rul’d 5 “ Two 16 d:o [location] In the Kitchen “ “ “ ditto “ 6 One 9 A Pair of Iron 10 “ “ “ ditto plain 3 One 4 6 fire dogs. Shov- el & tongs “ “ “ ditto Journ:l 5 Two 15 Two Brass 5 “ “ “ ditto Ledger 5 One 7 6 Candlesticks

“ “ “ half do: Journ:l 5 One 7 6 Four Iron ditto 4

“ “ Medium plain 3 One 15 Eight flat Irons 10 do: Three Iron 15 “ “ “ “ 2 One 10 Potts

“ “ “ whole “ 3 Three 2 5 Two brass 1 5 bound Kettles

A Copper Tea 7 6 Broad Folio fools- plain 2 “ Two 8 Kettle cap

Six Queens 10 “ 3 “ Four 1 4 Ware dishes rul’d 4 “ Four 1 12 Thirty ditto 7 6 Plates whole plain 4 quires Three 1 4 – bound A Gridiron 2 6 Carried forward £ 139 18 9 Two Jappan’d 15 Waiters much [page 6] worn Brought forward £ An Iron drip- 3 9 Fools Cap Q:to half rul’d 1 1/2 Quire Three 9 ping Pan & bound Chafing dish “ “ ditto plain 1 “ Six 12 Two Pine 10 Tables “ “ ditto rul’d 1 “ Two 14

to Sundry peices 10 Demy Q: half 2 “ One 7 6 of Tinware bound Ink powder Seventy 1 10 Five rush Bot- 12 6 two tom Chairs papers Two Towling 1 10 Plain message Twenty 12 (?) peices, one cards one broke packs Sundry Tubs & 10 Ornamental Six d:o 4 Pails

Sundry Crokery 10 Wafers Seven- 15 Ware ty-nine boxes [location] In the Front Ink Three Quarts 9 Shop * Plum leads Thirty three No 3 Long Folio Fools rul’d 2 quires Two 10 Pens Three 7 6 Cap Hundred

Ditto demy plain 4 “ One 15 Cards second Sixty 3 hand eight “ “ “ 3 “ One 4 6 packs

“ “ rul’d 2 “ One 4 “ New Fourteen d:o 18

n “ “ “ 4 “ One 5 Childrens Ten doz 10 Books & four “ Medium “ 2 “ One 10 No Spelling Books Three No 4 6 * Willman Spawn in his unpublished papers mentions the following through to the end. I have adjusted the text so that it is transcribed from the original. Spawn must have added up the paper and recorded Col:l Allens Nine 2 6 Narratives them as “ruled & plain paper about 17–0–0 Ruled & plain paper ½ bound & whole bound, about 71–0–0.” This paper is listed in the other rooms of the house other than the front and back shops. Memorable Nine 1 6 Accidents

Testaments Three 4 6 India Ink Six 12 Boxes Receipt books Twenty 2 Russia Two 18 Commonplace d:o One 4 leather Skins books Brass Files Four N:o 1 4 Return Books Ten 5 Glass Lamp One 9 Slate Books & Cases Seven 1 2 Demy Paper Three 13 10 ditto... without Thirteen 1 1 Reams d:o Post ditto Three 2 3 Tables of Ex- Twenty 2 Quires change four Fools Cap d:o One 1 2 American One 4 6 Ream Negotiator Paper in broken Quires 6 Pocket books in forrel Twenty 5 Fourteen quires Alphabets Two N:o 2 “ “ Leather Nine 3 Beam & Scales One pair 15 Coppy Books Five 1 10 Stillyards One 12 One Quire rul’d Six 2 Books Tin pens Sixty 7 6 three “ “ “ plain Two 1 6 N:o Ink Glasses Twenty 3 4 Cartridge Paper Five 5 Black Lead Twelve 12 9 Quires Pencils doz:n & Pounce One 2 6 Nine pound Slates Fifty 4 Virgin Wax Two 7 6 Pencils seven pounds. N:o Sealing Wax Half d:o 2 6 Checquer Nine- 1 7 Boards teen [location] In the Back Books of the Twenty 5 Shop World upside nine down Standing Press, One Boards & Pin Carried forward £ 176 2 9 Box of Letters & One 8 [page 7] finishing Tools Brought forward £ Brass Rollers Six 12 Militia sermons Eleven 11 Polishing Irons Three 3 N:o “ Teeth Two 4 Memoran:m Five 5 Books Iron Rule One 1 Marking Nine 9 Beating Ham- One 12 Brushes mer Quills Nine 9 Backing ditto One 1 Hundred Bodkins Two 1

Scraping Iron One 1 “ undress’d One 2 6 thou- Dividers Two pair 6 sand Carried forward £ 202 6 5 Glew Eight 6 [page 8] pounds Brought forward £ Old peices 16 Vellum Compasses One pair 1 Boat, compleat One 5 Knives Two N:o 1 with Oars &c. Shears small Two pair 6 Sundrys 1 10 ditto Squaring One 15 ------Plyers One 6 Specie £ 223 18 5 Cutting Presses Two N:o 9 Continental @ £ 13435 5 a Ploughs Two 5 60 Ex t ditto knives Eight 4 Rob. Aitken d:o pins Two 3 James Reynolds Leather Ten 1 skins Iron Stove One N:o 2 Mahogany Five 2 6 Rules Fools cap folio Books 4 quires Two 16 Tieing Up Eighteen 1 6 Boards pair Clasps Brass Four 4 doz:n Clasping tools One 5 sett. Beeswax Eleven 17 6 pounds Fools cap Paper Fifteen 15 quires demy Books, unfin- Six No 1 16 1 ish’d Folio Books, d:o Three 2 Fools cap d:o Four 8 Coffee Mill One 5 Marble Stone One 1 Rags Three 1 4 Cw:t Quills dress’d Five 3 hund:d

Appendix 8. Table 3. Birth and Death Dates for Many Individuals Appendix 9. Instructions about How to Make William Trickett’s Semi- Mentioned. Laced-Case Journal.135 Figs. 12a–b. In Trickett’s laced-case-style stationer’s binding, the cover and text block are created Individuals A Few Facts about Birth/ Birth city, state, Age** separately and connect to form a well-engineered, economical, and quick structure to Death country fabricate. The following is gleaned from the well-preserved details found on RJ Volume 3, Date* the binding that contains the infamous July 4th 1776 entry from the Continental Congress Abigail Adams FF, closest advisor and wife of 1744–1818 Quincy, Mass. 32 minutes.136 This binding is similar to Trickett’s ticketed RJ Volumes listed in Appendix 2, John Adams Binding Style 1, and allowed me to figure out Trickett’s binding techniques to create the John Adams FF, Lawyer, 2nd U.S. Pres 1735–1826 Braintree, Mass. 41 model. The instructions follow. Robert Aitken Binder, printer, Patriot 1734 –1802 Dalkeith, Scotland 42

Jane Aitken Daughter of Robert Aitken 1764 –1832 Paisley, Scotland 12 Text block Binds/Prints for CC For RJ volume 3, Trickett folded in half forty-four sheets of a Western, medium-weight, William Bradford, Jr CC Printer, General, FM 1719–1791 New York, N.Y. 21 handmade, antique-laid paper to create the eighty-eight leaves of the text block.137 The same two countermarks and watermarks appear throughout the text block.138 The bifolia were John Dunlap Printer, FM, 1st printer Decla- 1747–1812 County Tyrone, 29 ration of Independence Ireland gathered into six sections and sewn through the fold, all-along, onto four flat parchment Benjamin Franklin FF, Printer, 1st Postmaster 1706 –1790 Boston, Mass. 70 sewing supports each ⅝-in. (1.6-cm.) wide, to form the text block. The first and last sections consist of six quired bifolia.139 The remaining four sections are comprised of eight quired John Hancock FF, Pres of CC, 4th U.S. Pres 1737–1793 Braintree, Mass. 39 bifolia creating sixteen leaves in each section. Samuel Holten Mass. CC delegate, physician 1738 –1816 Danvers, Mass. 38 The sections were sewn with a medium-weight, natural-colored “s” twist thread, which Thomas Jefferson FF, Wrote Declaration of Inde- 1743–1826 Shadwell, Virginia 33 does not appear to have been waxed. At the centerfold of each section, there are two different pendence, 3rd U.S. Pres exit holes on either side of the parchment sewing support and do not appear to have been James Lovell Mass. CC delegate, educator 1734 –1814 Boston, Mass. 42

Robert Morris Senator, 2nd most powerful 1734–1806 Liverpool, England 42 135. See Item 1, Rough Journal, Volume 2 and Volume 3, 14 Mar 1776–24 July 24, 1776, Papers of the after George Washington Continental Congress, 1774–1789, Record Group 360, NARA. Charles Thomson FF, CC Secretary 1729–1824 Gorteade, Ireland 46 136. Trickett-bound Rough Journal Volume 3, 25 May–24 July 1776 contains the 4 July 1776 entry on William Trickett Binder for CC, FM 1738 –1780 London 38 pp. 94–97, indicating that Congress declared independence from Britain. Papers of the Continental Congress. Rough Journals, 1774–1789. Record Group 360. National Archives Building, Washington Sarah Stansbury Trickett Wife of Trickett, Joseph 1737–1809 London 39 Stansbury’s Sister D.C., Entry 4 July 1776: ; accessed 20 March 2017. Joseph Stansbury Trickett’s Brother-in-Law, 1742–1809 London 34 137. The text-block paper is closest in color, thickness, and texture to Beige (1), Medium (2), and Loyalist, Merchant Moderately Textured (1). Lunning, Elizabeth and Roy Perkinson. The Print Council of America Paper . N.p.: Print Council of America, 1996. George Washington FF, 1st US Pres & FM Pres 1732–1799 Westmoreland 44 Sample Book: A Practical Guide to the Description of Paper County, Virginia 138. The countermark, “LVG” and the heraldry used for the watermark appear to be from or copied William Woodhouse FM, Bookbinder, inventor 1740 –1795 Not known 35 after a Dutch mill known for their good quality paper. See Gravell Watermark #474. The countermark is similar to Gravell Countermark #475 because both the horizontal tip of the L and the backbone of CC: Continental Congress • FM: Freemason • FF: Founding Father the G are on the chain lines. “‘LVG’ were originally the initials of Lubertus Van Gerrevink, a famous * The old Julian Calendar and the New Gregorian Calendar. The new Calendar was adopted by Great Britain Dutch papermaker. The mark was used in the eighteenth century by mills all over western Europe and the colonies in 1752. To bring the calendar in line with the solar year, it added 11 days and began the new as a symbol of quality paper. Unless the ‘LVG’ marks are found on a sheet with a maker’s name or year in January rather than March. initials, there is essentially no chance of associating the ‘LVG’ itself with any particular maker or ** Age on 4 July 1776. mill.” Gravell, Thomas L. and George Miller. A Catalogue of Foreign Watermarks Found on Paper Used in America, 1700–1835. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1983, 138–139 and 232. 139. The first and last sections now are made up of ten free leaves each. The first two sections would have had twelve leaves before the text block was attached to the cover. The first two leaves were used as the pastedown stub and continuous pastedown page.

pre-punched, which may indicate that Trickett sewed quickly and possibly not on a frame.140 Original trimmed edges appear to be intact. There is no evidence of endbands or edge treatments. There are no blank flyleaves or blank leaves in the RJ Volume 3. Other volumes in this binding style are comprised of between six and twelve sections. Trickett consistently used five mechanisms to add strength across the hinge and joint areas where the cover connects to the text block – an area also prone to stress, strain, and subsequent breaks as the boards flex open and closed.

1. After the text block was sewn, Trickett adhered three extended-patch spine-lining strips of a cream-colored woven textile to the back of the text-block spine between the sewing supports. 2. After sewing, the portion of the parchment sewing support tails that extended on either side of the text block were cut into two long halves. The portion intended to lace through the parchment cover at the shoulder was given pointed tips and laced through slits in the parchment spine cover, while the other remained on the inside of the cover. Other RJ Volumes bound in this style have thicker, i.e., more pages, text blocks. For those bindings, Trickett cut the sewing support tails into three strips and laced two through the case at each sewing station. Figs. 12a–b. Blankbook modeled afterItem 1, Rough Journal Volume 3. Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration. Model created by the author, 2010. HxWxTh: 6¾ x 4⅜ x ⅝ in. (17.1 x 3. Once both portions of each split tail were reunited, they were pasted to the inside of 11.1 x 1.6 cm.) Above: Front cover shows the two folds made on the parchment spine cover. The slits the front and back boards, respectively, and lie next to each other across the hinge. cut directly through the folds allow the pointed tails to lace out and back into the cover, connecting The panels of the extended-patch linings were adhered to the inside of the boards, the text block to it. Below: Detail of the five mechanisms Trickett used to build strength across the front and back. hinge/joint area of the binding. The fourth and fifth mechanisms involve the end pages that were sewn with the text block. 4. The first and the last leaf of the text block, respectively, were trimmed to approximately one quarter their size, creating stubs that adhered over the sewing support tails and the extended spine linings already attached inside the front and back covers, respectively. 5. The second leaves in the first and last sections of the text block, respectively, were pasted out and adhered to the inside of each board to create the pastedown. Cover Parchment remnants were used to create spine cover – the area of the book that endures the highest levels of stress and strain from opening and closing the book. The boards were attached to the spine cover and trimmed to create squares. Leather or parchment remnants were adhered to the fore-edge corners of the boards to add extra protection. Solid-blue or nonpareil-marbled papers cover the front and back boards, and provide some color to these utilitarian blank journals. The marbled-paper turn-ins were extended around the ⅛-in. (3.2-mm.) thick boards

140. Several of the pages were dog-eared at one time and unfolded throughout all of the Continental Congress Rough, Transcript, and Secret Journals. Some of the dog-eared pages may have been folded by Trickett (the second and third sections in RJ Volume 3) to aid in finding the center section when sewing.

© 2017 Jana Dambrogio The Legacy Press • All rights reserved © 2017 Jana Dambrogio The Legacy Press • All rights reserved This pdf is accessible only from: https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/search-scholarly/. It was originally published in This pdf is accessible only from: https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/search-scholarly/. It was originally published in Vol. 4 of Suave Mechanicals: Essays in the History of Bookbinding, pp. 66–155. ISBN: 9781940965055 (HC) / 062 (SC). Vol. 4 of Suave Mechanicals: Essays in the History of Bookbinding, pp. 66–155. ISBN: 9781940965055 (HC) / 062 (SC). Send inquiries to: [email protected] • To purchase books, visit: www.thelegacypress.com. Send inquiries to: [email protected] • To purchase books, visit: www.thelegacypress.com. 142 • Suave Mechanicals : IV Dambrogio : Trickett’s Tickets • 143 and pasted to the inside. Their edges can be seen beneath the pastedown paper on the inside Text Block Steps covers, and the strengthening attachments can be seen as well, adhered across the hinge, i.e., 2. Fold the text-paper sheets in half and form the sections. The RJ Volume 3 text block pointed tails, cloth liners, etc. is made up of six sections; the first and last sections have six bifolia quired to create twelve leaves for each of the two sections, respectively. The middle four sections Why make a model? What is a simulacrum? have eight bifolia quired to create sixteen leaves for each of the four sections. Place A model of an original bound volume helps the conservator to understand how a book under weight or in a press overnight. functions and subsequently fails. A simulacrum is a model that replicates a specific artifact 3. Trim fore edges. (The original edges were trimmed; this is optional.) and mimics details unique to the original. It is also a location to record notes about the 4. Order the sections for sewing. original, e.g., watermarks, tears, detached papers, repairs. 6. Mark up the text-block spine to accommodate the 4 sewing support and 3 textile Tools/Equipment spine liners. The 3 spine liners will be positioned between the head edge and the 1. cutting surface, bone folder, knife, needle, ruler, weights first sewing station, the second and third stations, and the fourth and tail edge. 7. Sew the text block all along at the 4 sewing stations. Make sure the sewing supports Materials for cover tails, on each side of the text block, are long enough to lace into the spine cover. 1. Parchment for spine cover (should extend onto front and back boards one third of 8. Square up the text block and place under weight or in a laying press. Paste up the the width and height for turn-ins). spine and let dry. 2. Paper to line the flesh side of the parchment for spine cover. 9. Paste the 3 textile spine liners onto the text-block spine so that they extend on either 3. Leather remnants big enough to cover the four fore-edge board corners. side of the spine and let dry. 4. Binders boards: ⅛-in. (3.18-mm.) thick x 2; covers should be cut slightly larger than folded sheets of paper to allow for a ¼-in. square. Cover Preparation 10. Place the paper-lined parchment spine cover strip over the spine so that equal Materials for text block amounts are on either side of the text block. Massage the parchment along the spine 5. Paper for text block, antique laid, 44 sheets, grain long (for ease, this can be to create the shoulders on the spine cover and remove. Set the folds. Create a second comprised of either 8.5 x 11 or A4 sheets of paper folded in half to create bifolia). fold about 1/5 in. (5 mm.) from the first fold between it and the fore edge. Repeat on 6. Marbled paper for cover sides. the other side. Set those folds and set aside. 7. Sewing thread, medium weight, soft, not waxed. 11. Paste out the paper side of the parchment spine cover strip from the second (outer) 8. Cloth strips the width between sewing supports and 6-in. (15.25-cm.) long x 3 fold and the fore edge side, position the front and back boards onto the paste area, extended spine strips. and let dry. 9. Parchment strips ¼-in. (6.5-mm.) wide and 6-in. (15.25-cm.) long x 4 for sewing 12. Paste out and adhere the parchment turn-in areas onto the head and tail edges of supports. the boards. Place this cover around the text block to check for a good fit and even 10. Facsimile of Dunlap Broadside of the Declaration of Independence. Print out from squares of ¼ in. (6.4 mm.). Place the cover flat under weight or in a press, and let dry. National Archives Catalog, Dunlap Broadside: . half lengthwise so that one half comes to a point for lacing. 11. Red starch wafers x 4. (Use spring-roll wrapper and color with red permanent marker, 14. To make four sets of slits on each side of the parchment spine, place the text block or purchase from Brien Beidler at .) inside the cover, and flap it back and forth quickly to see where each support-tail 12. Have on hand 1) polyester-film sheets (Mylar, Melinex), 2) blotters, 3) non-woven point will pass through the cover on the shoulder fold (the first/inner folds on the polyester sheets (Hollytex, Reemay) to create moisture barriers between steps to parchment spine). Mark the slit in pencil and when all are complete, use a knife to attach cover to text block. make the slits. Repeat on the other side. Preliminary Step 15. Make the second set of slits directly on the second/outer fold only as wide as the 1. Line the flesh side of the parchment for the spine cover with paper using starch pointed tail that will pass through it. Make a second slit exactly at the point in the paste; dry under weight or in a press overnight. Lining the parchment with paper parchment where it meets the board and lace the pointed tail back into the inside of makes it more manageable and dimensionally stable. the cover. Do this for the four on one side and then pull them tight so the text block

fits snug into the cover. Repeat on the other side. Appendix 10. Trickett’s Genealogy Details. 16. Attach the non-pointed tails of the supports to the inside of the front cover with 1. According to London Metropolitan Archives, St Ann Blackfriars, baptismal entries, Wil- paste and let dry under weight. Repeat on the other side. liam and Elizabeth (Cotton) Trickett’s names were associated with the baptisms of the fol- 17. Attach the pointed support tails to the inside of the front cover with paste and dry lowing individuals, in addition to William. N.B., the misspelled names are incorrect tran- under weight. Repeat on the other side. scriptions: Mary Frickstts (b. 28 September 1729), Elizabeth (b. 19 March 1731); Philip (b. 11 18. Attach the textile spine-liner extensions to the inside of the front and back boards August 1734), Hinefield Trickett[s] (b. 1 June 1736), Jane (b. 18 September 1737), and John with paste. Let dry. (Optional for demonstration purposes: If you would like to (b. 25 December 1741). London Metropolitan Archives, St Ann Blackfriars: ; accessed 19 July 2017. tape and do not paste down the pastedown stub and pastedown paper. 19. Cut off three quarters of the first leaf of the first section, creating the stub. Paste 2. Banns. London Metropolitan Archives, London, England, Church of England Marriages the stub over the sewing supports on the board. Let dry under weight. Repeat at the and Banns, 1754–1921, Saint Mary, Islington, Register of marriages. The church register entry back section. No. 258., “William Trickett of the parish St. Sepulchre, London, Windsor, and Sarah Stans- 20. Trim the board fore edges, if needed, leaving a ¼-in. square. bury, of this Parish, Spinster, were married in this Church, by Liconed [sic], this Eleventh Day 21. Pare leather pieces for the board corners around all its edges, attach at each board of October in the Year of our Lord, One Thousand Seven Hundred and Sixty One by Mo corner with paste, and let dry. John Ditton, Curats. This marriage was solemnized, as above, between us Wm. Trickett/Sar- 22. Trim the marbled paper corners at the fore edge, attach to boards with paste, and let ah Stansbury in the presence of Sam Stansbury/Joseph Stansbury,” 80–81. www.ancestry.com, dry overnight. Reference Number: P83/MRY1, item 1195: ; accessed 23. Paste out the entire second page of the first section with paste and attach to the 19 July 2017. inside of the front cover over the stub, creating the front pastedown. Insert the 3. According to FamilySearch wikipage, Marriage, Allegations, Bonds and Licences in En- moisture barriers between the text block and the cover, close the book, and dry gland and Wales, “The bond, sworn ‘by two sufficient witnesses’, one of whom was usually the under weight overnight. Repeat on the other side. groom, his father or a friend, pledged to forfeit a large sum of money (ranging from £40 to 24. Print out the facsimile of the Dunlap Broadside of July 4th, 1776, fold it, and £200), if there was any consanguinity (a relationship within the prohibited degrees) between using red-starch wafers, adhere the top left edge of the broadside to the lower half the parties or any pre-contract to another person. The large sum of money to be forfeit was of page 94. See video to see how this is done: ; accessed 20 couple had these funds at their disposal.”: ; accessed March 2017. 19 July 2017. 4. “The second bondsman soon became a formality, any convenient person acting. Later the second bondsman was often completely fictitious, names like John Doe and Richard Row being used.”: ; accessed 19 July 2017. TheOxford En- glish Dictionary states that John Doe is “the name given to the fictitious lessee of the plaintiff, in the (now obsolete in the UK) mixed action of ejectment, the fictitious defendant being called Richard Roe.” TheOED further states and that “spinster” refers to an unmarried woman, typically an older woman beyond the usual age for marriage. 5. A printed version of Trickett’s polling register for his parish or rectory was referred to as a “Livery of London.” It lists the individuals in alphabetical order and has column titles, including Companies (the person’s profession), their Names and Places of Abode, which are followed by seven columns, each labeled with a capital letter: “H. L. G. B. T. P. W.” I was not able to locate a key for the abbreviations. Among the paint-stainers, salters, skinners, and vinters, “William Trickett, Snow Hill” is listed in the “T’s” with four other stationers. There

© 2017 Jana Dambrogio The Legacy Press • All rights reserved © 2017 Jana Dambrogio The Legacy Press • All rights reserved This pdf is accessible only from: https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/search-scholarly/. It was originally published in This pdf is accessible only from: https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/search-scholarly/. It was originally published in Vol. 4 of Suave Mechanicals: Essays in the History of Bookbinding, pp. 66–155. ISBN: 9781940965055 (HC) / 062 (SC). Vol. 4 of Suave Mechanicals: Essays in the History of Bookbinding, pp. 66–155. ISBN: 9781940965055 (HC) / 062 (SC). Send inquiries to: [email protected] • To purchase books, visit: www.thelegacypress.com. Send inquiries to: [email protected] • To purchase books, visit: www.thelegacypress.com. 146 • Suave Mechanicals : IV Dambrogio : Trickett’s Tickets • 147 are dashes for Trickett in columns G., B., P., and W. London Metropolitan Archives and Acknowledgments Guildhall Library, UK Poll Books and Electoral Registers, 1538–1893, The Poll of the Livery With infinite gratitude and appreciation to the following colleagues who helped with the of London for Four Citizens Taken at Guildhall March 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 1768. London: preparation of this research and subsequent publication: the late Willman Spawn, rare-book John Rivington, Printer, First Poll Year: 1768, 102. www.ancestry.com, Reference Number: and manuscript historian and conservator; the late Carol Spawn, rare-book librarian; Andrew no reference number given: ; accessed 19 July 2017. Spawn and family. At NARA, thanks to Yoonjoo Strumfels, Senior Conservator; Netisha N.B. Spawn indicated that Ellic Howe found Trickett listed in the 1763 Livery, but I have Currie, archivist; Jennifer Johnson, exhibit curator; Jennifer Seitz, Digital Imaging Specialist; not located this citation. Kenneth E. Harris, former archivist; David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States; Sam Anthony, special assistant to the Archivist of the United States; Jeffery T. Hartley, Chief 6. Dr. Gifford’s first name is not known. Librarian; and former colleagues in the Document Conservation Division including Jenn Herrmann, research chemist and conservation scientist; Sarah Raithel, former conservation intern, Gail Harriman, Senior Conservator, Mary Lynn Ritzenthaler, Kitty Nicholson, and the late Kathy Ludwig. Also my gratitude to all my colleagues at MIT Libraries; the American Academy in Rome; Janice Stagnitto Ellis, Senior Paper Conservator, Preservation Services, National Museum of American History; and the Guild of Book Workers. Thank you to Sheri Hill, Digital Imaging Specialist (NARA), for working with me to image the tooling on Trickett’s bindings and to the late Melvin (Mel) J. Wachowiak, Jr., Senior Conservator at the Smithsonian’s Museum Conservation Institute (MCI); E. Keats Webb, Digital Imaging Specialist (MCI) for the RTI imaging captures; Consuela (Chela) Metzger, Head, Conservation Center, UCLA Library; Eric Pumroy, Associate Chief Information Officer and Seymour Adelman Head of Special Collections, Bryn Mawr College; Charles B. Greifenstein, Associate Librarian and Curator of Manuscripts, American Philosophical Society; Houghton Library, Harvard University reading room staff; and the following staff members of the Boston Athenæum: Carolle R. Morini, Reference Librarian; Patricia M Boulos, Head of Digital Programs; special collections reading room staff; Dawn Walus, Chief Conservator; Evan Knight, Associate Conservator. Thanks to the following colleagues for proofreading: Stanley Ellis Cushing, Anne C. and David J. Bromer Curator of Rare Books and Manuscripts, Boston Athenæum; Dr. Glenys A. Waldman, Librarian, The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania; Jane Fitzgerald, NARA Archivist; Christopher M. Gray; Ayako Letizia, Conservation Associate, MIT Libraries; Tom Kinsella, Professor of Literature, Director of the South Jersey Culture and History Center, Stockton University; and John Overholt, Curator, The Donald and Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson / Early Modern Books and Manuscripts, Houghton Library, Harvard University; Sarah Manguso. Many thanks to Holly McIntyre DeWitt, former NARA employee, who brought the Trickett Freemason ticket to my attention and to Robert Milevski who brought the Winterthur ticket to my attention. Thank you to those who helped edit “Trickett’s Tickets” in its many manifestations over the last eight years: Pat Anderson, retired NARA archivist; Rene Wolcott, rare- book conservator; Emily Hishta Cohen, intern in the Wunsch Conservation Laboratory, MIT Libraries and graduate student, Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University; master editors and the ever patient Julia Miller and Cathy Baker;

Dr. Daniel Starza Smith, Lecturer in Early Modern English Literature (1500–1700), Bibliography Department of English, King’s College, London; and my family and friends. Adams Papers, Adams Family Correspondence, (June 1776 – March 1778). Vol. 2. Ed. Lyman H. Butterfield. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963. Permissions and Credits “Adams Papers Digital Edition.” The Massachusetts Historical Society: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Franks, Sir Sidney Colvin. Franks Bequest: Catalogue of British and American Book Aitken, Robert. Waste Book. Robert Aitken Papers, 1771–1802, Library Company of Plates Bequeathed to the Trustees of the British Museum by Sir Augustus Wollaston Philadelphia. Franks, British Museum. Volume 3. Comp. Edward Russell and James Gambier Howe. Beidler, Brien, starch wafers: ; accessed 30 March 2017. London: British Museum, 1904. Bennett, Stuart. Trade Bookbinding in the British Isles, 1660–1800. New Castle, Del.: Oak Fig. 2. Courtesy of Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. “Scale ca. 1:5,000. Oriented Knoll, 2004. with north toward the upper right. Shows name and location of important buildings Boatner, Mark M. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. New York: David McKay, 1966. and wharf facilities. Inset: A chart of Delaware Bay and River, from the original by British Association of Paper Historians. “Old English Paper Sizes.” ; accessed 9 June 2017. P5 1776 .E2 Vault Copy 3 hand col., American maps, v. 6, no. 16, Copy 3; Geography & British Museum, Research, “Collections Online”: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Reading Room (Madison, LMB01).” British Museum. Dept. of Prints and Drawings, Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, Sir Sidney Fig. 3. Courtesy Winterthur Library: Joseph Downs Collection of Manuscripts and Printed Colvin. Franks Bequest: Catalogue of British and American Book Plates Bequeathed to the Ephemera. Call Number: Col. 9, Accession number: 96x97. Trustees of the British Museum by Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks, British Museum. Volume Figs. 4, 7. Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration. Item 1. Rough Journal. 3. Comp. Edward Russell and James Gambier Howe. London: British Museum, 1904. Volume 2, March 14–May 24, 1776. Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Record Brown, H. Glenn and Maude O. Brown. A Directory of the Book-Arts and Book Trade in Group 360. Philadelphia to 1820, including Painters and Engravers. New York: New York Public Fig. 5. Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration. Ordinance Book 175 (1781- Library, 1950. 1788), Item 175, Copies of Ordinances of the Confederation Congress, 1781–1788; Papers of Bullock, Steven C. Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the Transformation of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Record Group 360. the American Social Order, 1730–1840. Chapel Hill & London: University of North Figs. 6, 9, 11b–e. Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration. 1. Entry 259. Carolina Press, 1996. Volume 923. Box 1. NC 120. Records of the State Loan Offices and of the Second Bank of Butterfield, Lyman H. “The Papers of the Adams Family: Some Account of Their History.” the United States Maryland Records. Accounts Current, 1780–1790. Records of the Bureau Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 3rd s., 71 (October 1953–May 1957): of Public Debt, 1775–1976. Record Group 53. 2. Records of the Bureau of Public Debt, 328–356. 1775–1976. Record Group 53. Catalogue of the Papers of the Continental Congress. Misc. Index. Appendix: Documenting Figs. 8a–b. Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration. Letterbook, Transcript History of the Constitution. Bulletin of the Bureau of Rolls and Library of the letters from Major Horatio Gates (1775–1781). Department of State. U.S. Department of State, No. 1. Washington D.C.: Department Figs. 10a–g. Courtesy Boston Athenæum. Washington Collection Wa. 7. of State. 1893. Fig. 11a. Author. Coldham, Peter Wilson. American Wills and Administrations in the Prerogative Courts of Figs. 12a–b. Photography by Emily Hista Cohen. Canterbury, 1610–1857. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1989. Cushing, Stanley E. The George Washington Library Collection. Boston: Boston Athenæum 1997. Dambrogio, Jana. “Made in the U.S.A.: Early American Bindings 1750–1860 at the National Archives.” Presented at the Book and Paper Group Session, the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Work’s 39th Annual Meeting, 31 May–3 June 2011, Philadelphia, Pa. Abstract. Book and Paper Group Annual 30 (2011): 35. Dambrogio, Jana and Daniel Starza Smith. Dictionary of Letterlocking (DoLL), 2016:

; accessed 30 March 2017. Howe, Ellic and John Child. The Society of London Bookbinders, 1780–1951. London: Sylvan Dambrogio, Jana. “Trickett’s Tickets: Continental Congress Bookbinder and his Blank Press, 1952. British trade-union history collection. Books Made in the USA, 1776–1780.” Public lecture given at the National Archives, Index – Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, Comps. Kenneth E. Harris and Washington, D.C., 12 April 2012: ; accessed 30 Steven D. Tilley. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, General March 2017 or : accessed 9 June 2017. Services Administration, 1976. Doerflinger, Thomas M. A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development Ingraham, Edward Duncan. A Sketch of the Events which Preceded the Capture of Washington, in Revolutionary Philadelphia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. by the British on the Twenty Fourth of August, 1814. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1849. Entry Records for the Bureau of the Public Debt, 1775–1976. Record Group 53. National Jacob, Margaret C. The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons, and Republicans. Archives at College Park, Md. London & Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1981. ExplorePAhistory.com. “London Coffee House Historical Marker.”: ; accessed 30 March 2017. 1776–1794. Contrib. William H. Egle. Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2006. FamilySearch, Marriage, Allegations, Bonds and Licences in England and Wales: ; accessed 30 March 2017. London Metropolitan Archives and Guildhall Library. The Poll of the Livery of London Founding Families: Digital Editions of the Papers of the Winthrops and the Adamses. for Four Citizens Taken at Guildhall March 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 1768. London: John Ed. C. James Taylor. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2017. Rivington, Printer, 1768. UK Poll Books and Electoral Registers, 1538–1893, 2012: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Southworth-Anthoensen Press, 1941. London Metropolitan Archives. All Hallows Staining, Composite Register: Baptisms 1710– French, Hannah D. “Caleb Buglass, Binder of the Proposed Book of Common Prayer, 1743, Marriages 1710–1743, Burials 1710–1728, P69/ALH6/A/002/MS17825, London, Philadelphia, 1786.” Winterthur Portfolio 6 (1970): 15–32. England, Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, 1538–1812. 2010: ; accessed 30 March 2017. III: Stauffer-Zerbe. Indexed by Robert & Catherine Barnes. Baltimore: Genealogical London Metropolitan Archives. Freedom admissions papers, 1681–1930. London, England: Publishing, 1982. London Metropolitan Archives. COL/CHD/FR/02. London, England, Freedom of the Gravell, Thomas L. and George Miller. A Catalogue of Foreign Watermarks Found on Paper City Admission Papers, 1681–1930. 2010. Original data: Freedom admissions papers, Used in America, 1700–1835. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1983. 1681–1930. London, England: London Metropolitan Archives. COL/CHD/FR/02. Griffin, Appleton P.C., William C. Lane, and Franklin O. Poole. A Catalogue of the ; accessed 30 March 2017. Washington Collection in the Boston Athenæum, Parts 1–4. Cambridge, Mass.: University London Metropolitan Archives. Saint Mary, Islington, Register of marriages, P83/MRY1, Press, 1897. London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754–1921. 2010: ; accessed 30 March 2017. London, England, Marriages and Banns, 1754–1921. Original data: Guildhall, St. London Metropolitan Archives. St Ann Blackfriars, Register of baptisms, Church of Sepulchre Holborn, Register of Marriages, 1754–1764. P69/SEP/A/01/Ms7222/1. 2010: England Parish Registers, 1538–1812, P69/ANN/A/001/MS04508. London England, ; accessed 30 March 2017. Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538–1812. 2010: ; accessed 30 Hart, James D and Philip W. Leininger. The Oxford Companion to American Literature. 6th March 2017. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. London Metropolitan Archives. Marriage Bonds and Allegations, London, England: London Hayes, Kevin. George Washington: A Life in Books. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Metropolitan Archives, MS10091E/74. London and Surrey, England, Marriage Bonds Howard Wines, Frederick. John Stansbury of Leominster. Springfield, Ill.: H.W. Rokker and Allegations, 1597–1921. 2011: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Printing House, 1895. Lovell, James. Letter to Samuel Holten [Danvers, Mass.] Autographed letter. Endorsed. 1 Howe, Ellic. “London Bookbinders: Masters and Men, 1780–1840.” Library s. 5–1, no. 1 page, New York Public Library, Emmet Collection EM 528, call number: Mss Col 927, (June 1946): 28–38. Sept. 19, 1780: ; accessed 30 March 2017.

Lunning, Elizabeth and Roy Perkinson. The Print Council of America Paper Sample Book: A Pennsylvania. Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Practical Guide to the Description of Paper. N.p.: Print Council of America, 1996. Volume 12, Ed. Samuel Hazard, 265–266. Harrisburg: Theo Fenn, 1853. McCullough, William. “Additions to Thomas’s History of Printing.” Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Gazette. Philadelphia: Samuel Keimer [1728]; Benjamin Franklin and Hugh American Antiquarian Society n.s., 31, pt. 1 (April 1921): 89–247. Meredith [1729–1800]. Metzger, Consuela. “Colonial Blankbooks in the Winterthur Library.” In Suave Mechanicals: Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser. Philadelphia: William Bradford [1765–1791]. Essays on the History of Bookbinding. Vol. 1. Ed. Julia Miller, 94–161. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Pennsylvania Ledger. Philadelphia: James Humphreys, Jr. [1777–1778]. The Legacy Press, 2013. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 19. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Milevski, Robert. “A Primer on Signed Bindings.” In Suave Mechanicals: Essays on the Pennsylvania, 1895. History of Bookbinding. Vol. 1. Ed. Julia Miller, 162–245. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The Legacy Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser. Philadelphia: John Dunlap [1773–1777]. Press, 2013. Philadelphia Freemason Lodge No. 2. Minutes Book, No. 107, 1772–1781. The Masonic Miller, Julia. Books Will Speak Plain: A Handbook for Identifying and Describing Historical Library and Museum of Pennsylvania. Bindings. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The Legacy Press, 2010. Philadelphia Freemason Lodge No. 4. Minute Book Corrected, No. 119, 1770–1785. The Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania. Volume 12. Ed. Samuel Hazard. Harrisburg: Theo Fenn, 1853. Phoenixmasonry Masonic Museum and Library, Glossary Index: ; assessed 20 March 2017. Volume 13. Ed. Samuel Hazard. Harrisburg: Theo Fenn, 1853. Public Advertiser. London. 17th–18th-Century Burney Collection Newspapers, British Montgomery, Thomas L. [Muster Rolls Relating to the Associators and Militia of the City of Library. Philadelphia. In Pennsylvania Archives. 6th series, v. 1. Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publishing, Register of Wills; Probate Place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, City of 1906. Philadelphia, administration files; Pennsylvania, Wills and Probate Records, 1683–1993. Montross, Lynn. The Reluctant Rebels: The Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Pennsylvania County, District and Probate Courts. Reference Number: case no. 37, New York: Harper, 1950. administration files, No 94–97, 1779–1780, 10 pages: ; Morris, Robert. Volume 1 of Papers of Robert Morris Robert Morris 1781–1784. Eds. Elmer accessed 19 July 2017. James Ferguson and John Catanzariti. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975. Revolutionary War Pension Claim Records (a.k.a. Records of the Veterans Administration). Mudge, Mark, Clara Schroer, et al. “Principles and Practices of Robust, Photography-Based 1775–1985. Record Group 15. National Archives Building, Washington, D.C. Digital Imaging Techniques for Museums.” In Proceedings of the 11th International Reynolds, James: ; 30 March 2017. Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (VAST), 2010, 1–27. Roberts, Matt T. and Don Etherington. Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A National Archives and Records Administration. “Founders online. Correspondence and Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1982. other Writings of Six Major Shapers of the United States: George Washington, Benjamin Sachse, Julius F. Freemasonry in Pennsylvania, 1727–1907, as Shown by the Records of Lodge No. Franklin, John Adams (and family), Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and James 2, F. and A. M. of Philadelphia, from the Year A. L. 5757. Vol. 2. Ann Arbor: University Madison”: ; accessed 30 March 2017. of Michigan, 1909. National Archives Catalog: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Spawn, Willman and Carol Spawn. “R. Aiken, Colonial Printer of America.” Reprint. Oxford Companion to the Book, Volume Two. Eds. Michael F. Suarez and H.R. Woudhuysen. Graphic Arts Review (January/February 1961): n.p. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. [Spawn, Willman.] “The Work of Robert Aiken.” Times Literary Supplement, Friday, 24 Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Record Group 360. National Archives Building, February 1961. Spawn, Willman and Carol Spawn. “The Aitken Shop. Identification of Washington D.C.: ; accessed 30 an 18th Century Bindery and Its Tools.” Based on a paper given to the Bibliographical March 2017. Society of America, held 14 July 1963 at the Newberry Library. Separate from the Pennsylvania. Wills and Probate Records, Philadelphia. Register of Wills; Probate Place: Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 57 (fourth quarter, 1963): 422–437. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, City of Philadelphia, administration files; Spawn, Willman and Carol Spawn. “Francis Skinner, Bookbinder of Newport: An Eighteenth Pennsylvania, Wills and Probate Records, 1683–1993. Pennsylvania County, District Century Crafts-man Identified by His Tools.” Winterthur Portfolio 2 (1965): 47–61. and Probate Courts, 2015: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Spawn, Willman. “Identifying Eighteenth Century American Bookbinders.” Guild of Book

Workers Journal 17, nos. 1, 2, 3. (1978–1979): 25–37. Webb, E. Keats and Melvin Wachowiak. “Imaging Studio Technical Note: Flexible Solutions Spawn, Willman. “The Evolution of American Binding Styles in the Eighteenth Century.” for Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI).” Smithsonian Museum Conservation In Bookbinding in America 1680–1910. From the Collection of Frederick E. Maser. Bryn Institute, August 2011, 1–4; ; accessed 30 March 2017. Spawn, Willman. The Evolution of American Binding Styles in the Eighteenth Century in Wines, Frederick Howard. The Descendants of John Stansbury of Leominster. Springfield, Ill.: Bookbinding in America 1680–1910. Bryn Mawr, Penn.: Bryn Mawr College, 1983. H.W. Rokker, 1895. Spawn, Willman and Thomas E. Kinsella. Ticketed Bookbindings from Nineteenth-Century Wines, Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library Blog: ; accessed 30 March 2017. College Library, 1999. Wolf, Edwin. The Book Culture of a Colonial American City: Philadelphia Books, Bookmen, Spawn, Wilman and Thomas E. Kinsella. American Signed Bindings through 1876. New and Booksellers. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Castle, Del. and Bryn Mawr, Penn.: Oak Knoll Press & Bryn Mawr College Library, 2007. Spawn, Willman. “Trickett, William. d. 1780.” Unpublished, 2009, 1–6. Spawn, Willman. Bookbinding in Colonial America before 1800. Video-recorded public lecture at the NARA, 16 April 2009: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Spawn, Willman, Willman Spawn Papers, Call no. Ms Coll 170 (uncatalogued collection), American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Accessioned 2015. “Spy Letters of the American Revolution.” Online exhibit from the Collections of the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Thomas, Isaiah. The History of Printing in America, with a Biography of Printers in Two Volumes. 2nd ed. 1874. New York: Burt Franklin, 1964. “Trickett, William.” In A Biographical Database of Members of the London Book Trade 1701– 1800. Ed. Michael L. Turner. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K.: Avero Publications, 1998; ; accessed 30 March 2017. For further information contact Turner, Bodleian Library, Oxford. US History.org. “11b. Loyalists, Fence-sitters, and Patriots”: ; accessed 30 March 2017. War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records, 1709–1915. Record Group 93. National Archives, Washington, D.C. Washington, George. George Washington Papers, Series 3, Subseries 3B, Varick Transcripts, 1775– 1785: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Washington, George. George Washington Papers, Series 5, Financial Papers: Revolutionary War Receipts, June 1775–December 1783. 06-/12-1783, 1775: ; accessed 30 March 2017. Washington, George. George Washington’s Military Manuals, compiled by Virginia Steele Wood: ; accessed 30 March 2017.