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Estudis Filogenètics I Filogeogràfics De La Tribu Cardueae I El Gènere Euphorbia

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Estudis Filogenètics I Filogeogràfics De La Tribu Cardueae I El Gènere Euphorbia UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA FACULTAT DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORAT BIODIVERSITAT 2008-2013 INSTITUT BOTÀNIC DE BARCELONA (IBB-CSIC-ICUB) Estudis filogenètics i filogeogràfics de la tribu Cardueae i el gènere Euphorbia Laia Barres González Barcelona, 2013 UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA FACULTAT DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORAT BIODIVERSITAT 2008-2013 INSTITUT BOTÀNIC DE BARCELONA (IBB-CSIC-ICUB) Estudis filogenètics i filogeogràfics de la tribu Cardueae i el gènere Euphorbia Memòria presentada per Laia Barres González per a optar al títol de Doctora per la Universitat de Barcelona Amb el vist-i-plau de les directores de tesi: Dra. Roser Vilatersana Lluch Dra. Mercè Galbany Casals Institut Botànic de Barcelona Facultat de Biociències (IBB-CSIC-ICUB) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona I del tutor de tesi: Dr. Xavier Font Castells Laia Barres González Barcelona, 2013 Agraïments Els més sentits agraïments van cap a les meves directores, la Dra. Roser Vilatersana i la Dra. Mercè Galbany. Elles m’han guiat en aquest llarg camí, m’han animat en els moments més durs i m’han sabut escoltar i recolzar a l’hora de prendre decisions difícils. La veritat és que sense els seus esclats de riure aquesta tesis hauria estat molt menys divertida. En tot moment: al laboratori, davant de l’ordinador però sobretot durant les campanyes per les Canàries, Madeira i Catalunya han estat unes directores entusiastes i encoratjadores. Gràcies de tot cor! Vull agrair molt especialment el Dr. Julià Molero pel seu suport en l’estudi de les Euphorbia, ell m’ha transmès la seva insaciable curiositat científica, la seva passió vers el món de les lleterasses i el seu afany per trobar-les per les Espanyes i arreu. Junt amb les meves directores, han format el trio de rialles més reconegut de l’Institut Botànic de Barcelona. Agraeixo també el Dr. Alfonso Susanna i la Dra. Núria Garcia el compartir amb ells la discussió de nombroses investigacions, l’haver-me ofert la possibilitat de col·laborar amb ells en diferents articles; l’experiència ha estat molt enriquidora. También quiero agradecer a la Dra. Isabel Sanmartín y a la Dra. Cajsa Lisa Anderson, del Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, con quien durante 3 meses aprendí muchas de las cosas que he utilizado al largo de toda la tesis. La estancia en vuestro equipo me ha aportado muchos conociminetos sobre biogeografía y reloj molecular. La experiencia en Madrid no hubiera estado tan buena sin los compañeros de “la plaza de toros” del RJB. Andrea, Luís, Isabel, Edu, Almudena-LiFang: gracias por todos los momentos compartiendo cañas madrileñas! María, Patri y Megara, gracias por acogerme en vuestro hogar y por hacerme pasar tan buena experiencia en Madrid. Que risas más buenas compartimos entre piratas en la calle Santiago ;) I am very grateful to Dr. Andrew Hipp, who host me in the Morton Arboretum of Lisle, Illinois. There, I learned how to deal with AFLP and how to get through bad results. I really enjoyed the journal club sessions there. Also living inside the Arboretum was a great experience, having chickmunks and deers as neighbours. But the nicest experience was to share lab days with Marcial and Kyong-Sook, my experience in Chicago would have been very different without you! Thank you guys for sharing such great moments; like eating kimchi, visiting Oak Park with an emergency blanket or enjoying sports in the Arboretum. Also, I was very happy to meet Bethany, Alka and Carrie. Molt efusivament, vull donar les gràcies als companys de l’Institut Botànic de Barcelona, que sempre han estat disposats a resoldre dubtes, discutir resultats o compartir estones de xerrameca. Sara (la més bona de les tècniques de lab i encara millor amiga!), Javi (company des del inicis del màster fins al final), Andreas (el tirolés més català), Sergi (i el seu porquet), Almu, María, Dani, Isma, Kostya, Jordi, Núria (la millor compi de pis), Encarni, Eli, Sònia, Jaume, Teresa, Marisa, Juanjo, Juancho, Piotr, Cristina...I sobretot agrair els bons esmorzars amb el grupet de les 11h: Míriam, Tamara, Neus Nualart, Neus Ibañez, Noe, Diana, que bé m’ho he passat compartint pastissets, cafè i bones converses amb Barcelona de fons! També vull agrair el suport de la meva gent, que sempre ha estat allà quan els he necessitat, i també per fer festa i gaudir. Als meus companys de Nusos, per fer-ho tot molt fàcil alhora de compatibilitzar la feina al Museu amb la tesi, per motivar-me a ser creativa i per fer possible una ciència més accessible, didàctica i divertida. Sou la canya! Anna Mo, Triu, Erola i Anna Rita, les amigues de tota la vida, gràcies a totes per ser-hi, i per haver-me fet més fàcil aquest camí, espero que encara compartim molts més moments juntes! Mercè, Eva i Lula, del club de les manualitats. Gràcies pels viatges, pels sopars de nenes, per compartir juntes els diferents etapes de la tesis i per fer-me riure tant. Aviat totes doctores! Nenes, ja ho sabeu, sense vosaltres...Això seria una altra cosa ©. I sobretot a la meva família, especialment als meus avis -l’avolo, la meme i la iaia- que en aquesta última etapa han estat molt presents i que tant m’han estimat i cuidat... També als meus pares i el meu germà per fer-me estimar tant la natura, segur que sense ells no seria on sóc ara mateix! ÍNDEX 1. INTRODUCCIÓ ..................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 EL GÈNERE EUPHORBIA............................................................................................. 5 1.1.1. Marc sistemàtic ................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2. Estudis previs....................................................................................................... 9 1.1.3. El subgènere Esula ........................................................................................... 12 1.1.4.El grup Pachycladae .......................................................................................... 12 1.1.4.1. Marc sistemàtic .......................................................................................... 12 1.1.4.2 Biogeografia ................................................................................................. 16 1.2. LA TRIBU CARDUEAE ............................................................................................... 19 1.2.1. Marc sistemàtic ................................................................................................. 19 1.2.2. Estudis previs..................................................................................................... 22 1.2.3. Biogeografia ....................................................................................................... 23 1.3. LA SISTEMÀTICA MOLECULAR ............................................................................. 26 1.3.1. Mètodes de reconstrucció filogenètica ..................................................... 27 1.3.2. Mètodes de datació molecular ..................................................................... 29 1.3.3. Mètodes de reconstrucció biogeogràfica ................................................. 30 1.3.4. Mètodes de reconstrucció filogeogràfica ................................................. 31 1.4. JUSTIFICACIÓ DEL PRESENT TREBALL ............................................................. 33 2. OBJECTIUS .......................................................................................................................... 39 3. INFORME DE LES DIRECTORES DE LA TESI DOCTORAL REFERENT AL FACTOR D’IMPACTE I A LA CONTRIBUCIÓ DEL DOCTORAND A CADASCUN DELS ARTICLES PUBLICATS ......................................................................................................... 43 4. RESUM I DISCUSSIÓ DELS RESULTATS OBTINGUTS ............................................. 49 4.1. DEL GÈNERE EUPHORBIA ...................................................................................... 49 4.1.1. Filogènia molecular ......................................................................................... 49 4.1.2. Filogeografia ...................................................................................................... 53 4.2. DE LA TRIBU CARDUEAE ....................................................................................... 58 4.2.1. Filogènia molecular ......................................................................................... 58 4.2.2. Datació molecular i reconstrucció biogeogràfica ................................. 61 5. CONCLUSIONS FINALS .................................................................................................... 67 6. SUMMARY IN ENGLISH .................................................................................................. 75 7. BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................. 87 8. COMPENDI DE PUBLICACIONS .................................................................................. 103 8.1. Publicació 1: Molecular phylogeny of Euphorbia subgen. Esula sect. Aphyllis (Euphorbiaceae) inferred from nrDNA and cpDNA markers with biogeographic insights .................................................................................................... 105 8.2. Publicació 2: Phylogeography and character evolution of Euphorbia sect. Aphyllis subsect. Macaronesicae (Euphorbiaceae) ................................................ 123 8.3. Publicació 3: Reconstructing the evolution and biogeographic history of tribe Cardueae
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