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Analysis of Language Landscape in Minority Areas Based on Domain Correlation

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Analysis of Language Landscape in Minority Areas Based on Domain Correlation 2020 3rd International Conference on Arts, Linguistics, Literature and Humanities (ICALLH 2020) Analysis of Language Landscape in Minority Areas Based on Domain Correlation Lingyan Niu Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China Keywords: Ethnic minorities, Language landscape, Tourist attractions, Multilingual Abstract: As a carrier and medium for displaying information, language signs are visible in today's real world. Language is a sign of national identity. The emergence of minority languages in the language landscape can directly help members of the ethnic group to construct positive national identity. The study of public language signs in urban areas has become the research interest of many scholars all over the world, and gradually developed into the study of language landscape in a certain area now. Chuxiong Yi ancient town is a scenic spot located in minority areas. Based on the domain correlation analysis of its language landscape, this paper explores the characteristics of multilingual language use in tourist attractions in minority areas in order to promote the development of tourism in minority areas. 1. Introduction The concept of language landscape was formally put forward in 1997 and was introduced into China as a professional term in the past ten years. However, Chinese scholars began to study the relevant contents of language landscape as early as the end of 1970s. The purpose of language landscape research is to examine “the visibility and salience of language on public and commercial signs in a certain territory or region” [1]. Since the concept was put forward, the motivation and mechanism behind various signs and their language choices have been widely concerned by scholars. Language landscape has rapidly grown into a hot topic in sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. Linguists believe that the languages on various signs in a certain geographical area together form the language landscape of this specific area or city group. These signs include shop signs, billboards, public transportation signs, place names, street names and public signs of government agencies, etc. [2]. On the basis of a brief analysis of the origin and function of foreign language landscape research, Xu Honggang and others emphatically introduced the common themes in language landscape research and the enlightenment for us to carry out research in this field [3]. Therefore, based on the language landscape theory put forward by predecessors, this paper attempts to take Chuxiong Yi ancient town as an example to explore the multilingual language landscape features of tourist attractions in minority areas based on domain correlation. 2. A Survey of Language Landscape Research 2.1 Debate on the Concept of Language Landscape The concept of “language landscape” was first put forward and used by Canadian scholars Rodrigue Landry and Richard Y. Bourhis. they believe that the languages on public facilities such as road signs, billboards, street names, place names, shop signs and public signs of government buildings together constitute the language landscape of a region or city group [4]. Language landscape has two major functions, namely, information function and symbolic function. The information function embodies the direct practical function of the language landscape and plays a role in communication and information transmission. According to this theory, a large part of the ethnic identity among members of ethnic minority groups comes from the linguistic style within the group, that is to say, among the members of these groups, they are more inclined to speak the language of their own group than other languages [5]. The study of city cases reflects the Copyright © (2020) Francis Academic Press, UK 38 DOI: 10.25236/icallh.2020.008 characteristics of different city language landscapes. This is the most widely quoted definition in the study of language landscape. It indicates that language landscape is a macro and overall concept by way of enumeration. All kinds of language signs appearing in public space are its constituent elements. Readers can obtain some implicit information through the symbolic function of the language landscape, such as the cultural status and social identity of the language group corresponding to the language. In recent years, language landscape has attracted much attention and has become a new research field in sociolinguistics. 2.2 Particularity of Research Objects and Methods Language landscape research takes language signs as the main object of investigation to reveal the way and process of discourse construction among language planning agencies, language users and sign readers. Through the code orientation of ethnic languages and Chinese in minority areas, the function, status and language policy behind the language landscape are reflected. Language landscape can show a region's social and cultural context, and it can provide information on a region's language characteristics, language social status, language diversity, etc. In a sense, the spoken language is also a symbol of identity, which makes it easier to distinguish different ethnic groups. Moreover, their enthusiasm for learning mainstream languages is not high and their motivation for learning is insufficient. They hope to use languages with their own characteristics to clarify their national identity. For example, Yang Jinlong put forward the contents and problems of the toponymic language standard, and pointed out the six principles of the toponymic language standard: motivation principle, distinction principle, identity principle, standardization principle, simplicity principle and habitual principle [6]. Generally speaking, language signs are always displayed in a position within public sight for people to read, refer to or pay attention to. For countless kinds of language signs around, people are not aware of the language behaviors and symbolic meanings contained in them except for extracting some relevant information occasionally, which is the core of language landscape research. 3. Research Design 3.1 Case Introduction Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture is one of the autonomous prefectures under the jurisdiction of Yunnan Province. It is located in the middle of Yunnan Province, with Kunming City in the East, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in the west, Pu'er City and Yuxi City in the south, Panzhihua City in Sichuan Province in the north. Naxi people account for about 57.5% of the total population (the main data of the sixth national census in 2010). Chuxiong City is the state capital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It is an important connecting point and logistics hub for Kunming, the capital of the province, to 8 states and cities in western Yunnan, and to enter Southeast Asia and South Asia. Chuxiong is not only an important connection point between Kunming, the capital of Yunnan, and Dali, Lijiang, Shangri-La and Tengchong gold tourist routes in western Yunnan and northwest Yunnan, but also the north gate of Yunnan into Sichuan. Yi ancient town is located in the north of Longchuan River and the northwest of Chuxiong City. It is a national AAAA tourist attraction with an annual traffic of 7 million people. The ancient town inherits the essence of national culture and is the intersection, blend and collision between tradition and modernity, Yi culture and other national cultures [7]. 3.2 Data Collection This research uses observation, photo collection and interview to collect data. First of all, through observation, researchers identified three streets with relatively more multilingual signs as research sites. The main method of data collection is taking pictures, and the popularity of digital cameras makes data collection easier and easier. In addition, this paper also designed a questionnaire to assist the investigation. The questionnaire includes two parts: ethnic identity and language attitude. The ethnic identity part is revised and compiled according to Phinney's ethnic 39 identity measurement scale. In this study, 6 people were randomly selected as the interviewees, including 2 tourists, 2 shopkeepers and 2 locals. Since there is no international consensus on the classification standard of language signs in language landscape research, the classification standard of this research mainly refers to the method adopted by Cenoz & Gorter(2009), that is, each independent unit or institution (not every symbol) constitutes a complete analysis unit. Through the analysis of the phonetic features and grammatical structure features of plaque language, the cultural psychology of people pursuing fashion or restoring ancient ways is studied. 4. Research Results and Analysis 4.1 Code Selection of Signs and National Perception Code selection refers to the selection and determination of codes in a multilingual society on the one hand, and the selection of codes by individuals in social communication on the other hand [8]. This paper mainly examines the number and specific types of codes used for private signs. It is found that the multilingual language landscape in Chuxiong Yi ancient town has the following characteristics. Judging from the number of languages on the sign, there are mainly four languages, three languages and two languages. Since the two types of signs respectively reflect the official language standards and the specific use of the public, studying the similarities and differences between the two can help us understand the extent to which there is a gap between language practice and language policy in a society
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