AN ANALYSIS OF DELUSION ON THE LEADING CHARACTER PORTRAYED IN BETH REVIS’ NOVEL A WORLD WITHOUT YOU

A THESIS

BY RUNI ADILLAH REG. NO : 170721002

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

2 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

3 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, RUNI ADILLAH DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT

OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUB-

LISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART

FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED

ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED

WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS

THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE

AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : 7th May 2019

i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : RUNI ADILLAH

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF DELUSION ON THE

LEADING CHARACTER PORTRAYED IN

BETH REVIS’ A WORLD WITHOUT YOU

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR RE-

PRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DE-

PARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNI-

VERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE

LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : 7th May 2019

ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillahirrohmanirrohim, Alhamdulillahirobbil‘alamin. First of all, I want to thanks to Allah SWT the almighty, the creator who has give me his bless- ing and mercy in my entire life. And I thank you to Allah SWT for all of the great situation and any things that I can completed my thesis which is entitled “AN ANALYSIS OF DELUSION ON THE LEADING CHARACTER PORTRAYED IN BETH REVIS’ A WORLD WITHOUT YOU” and obtain the bachelor‘s degree of English Literature from English Department. Faculty of Cultural Studies Universi- ty of Sumatera Utara; and Shalawat and Salam to the Prophet Muhammad SAW, along with his family and his companion, peace be upon him. Similarly, my spe- cial gratitude belongs to:

1. I would like to thanks to my beloved big family especially for my parents for their support, care and great love to me for finishing this thesis. I do not know how to pay back your effort to me. For my mother, Thanks for understanding me in every situation, I hope you can see me as your great- est daughter in the future. And for my father, big thanks to you who al- ways be my fighter to make his daughter happy and make all his daughter needs be happen, so I would like to present this thesis to them.

2. Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum. And Riko Andika Pohan S. S., M. Hum. as my great supervisors for their kindness, knowledge, support, and encouragement to write and finish this thesis decisively.

3. The Head and the Secretary of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. and all the lecturers and the staff of English Department for the facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this faculty. And the last and not least, bang Kirno who gave the best effort to help my document and stuff.

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4. I want to thank to my friends from EXTENSION ENGLISH LITERA- TURE 2017 who fill my day with the great moments and support me to finish this thesis.

5. I want to thank to KARDASHIAN FAMILY (Bunda Yana, Jul Kim, Din- ski) who fullfill and help me for every needs on the way of SEMPRO till SIDANG these past two years.

I do hope my thesis would be the benefit for the future researcher, scholar even reader. Even though, this thesis is out of perfect but at least it is useful to develop it. I highly appreciate most.

Medan, 7th May 2019

Runi Adillah

iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled An Analysis of Delusion on The Leading Character Portrayed in Beth Revis' Novel A World without You. This thesis discusses about the types and the cause of delusion portrayed in the leading character. To analyze this thesis, theory from Leeser and O’Donohue is used. The method of this thesis uses descriptive qualitative method and uses library research as the way in collecting data by reading and selecting quotation from A World without You. Delusion arises when someone starts to believe the wrong thing and claims that it is true, even when the evidence breaks that belief. Bo, the leading character, dived into his grandiose delusion as a timetraveler when he was fifteen years old. Delusions of control is experienced by Bo when he does not want his mind to be controlled by his friend whom he believes can control mind. The somatic delusion experienced by Bo is a sensation like pain in his body when he calls up the timestream to go to the past to save his girlfriend. The cause of each types of delusion is environmental cause triggered by stress.

Keywords: Delusion, Literature, Leading Character

v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Tesis ini berjudul An Analysis of Delusion on The Leading Character Portrayed in Beth Revis’ Novel A World without You. Skripsi ini membahas tentang penggambaran tokoh utama yang mengalami gangguan psikologis yaitu delusi. Untuk menganalisa skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan teori dari Leeser dan O’Donohue. Analisis skripsi ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif sebagai cara untuk menganalisis data yang diambil dari novel Beth Revis berjudul A World without You dan menggunakan riset perpustakaan sebagai cara dalam mengumpulkan data dengan membaca dan memilih kutipan dari A World without You. Delusi muncul ketika seseorang mulai mempercayai hal yang salah dan meyakini bahwa itu benar, bahkan ketika bukti-bukti mematahkan kepercayaan tersebut. Bo menyelam bersama waham kebesarannya sebagai seorang penjelajah waktu ketika berumur lima belas tahun. Delusi control yang dialami Bo ketika dia tidak ingin pikirannya dikontrol oleh temannya Ryan, yang ia percaya Ryan dapat mengontrol pikiran orang lain. Delusi somatik yang dialami Bo adalah sensasi seperti sakit ditubuhnya ketika dia memanggil aliran waktu untuk pergi ke masa lalu menyelamatkan kekasihnya. Penyebab dari tipe-tipe delusi tersebut adalah lingkungan yang dipicu oleh stres.

Kata Kunci: Delusi, Sastra, Karakter utama

vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION...... iv

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION...... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT...... vi

ABSTRACT...... viii

ABSTRAK...... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS...... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study...... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study...... 4

1.3 Objective of the Study...... 5

1.4 Scope of the Study...... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study...... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Psychology and Literature...... 7

2.2 Characterization...... 9

2.3 Psychological Disorder...... 11

2.4 Delusion...... 11

2.5 Cause of Delusion...... 11

2.6 Review of Related Studies...... 15

vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design...... 17

3.2 Data & Data Source...... 20

3.3 Data Collection Technique...... 20

3.3 Data Analysis...... 20

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Types of Delusion...... 22

4.1.1 Grandiose Delusion...... 22

4.1.2 Delusion of Control...... 35

4.1.3 Somatic Delusion...... 41

4.2 Environmental Cause of Delusion...... 47

4.2.1 Grandiose Delusion...... 48

4.2.2 Delusion of Control...... 50

4.2.3 Somatic Delusion...... 52

4.2 Finding...... 54

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion...... 55

5.2 Suggestion...... 56

viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

APPENDICES i. Author Biography ii. Summary of the Novel

ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Nowadays, many novels talk about psychology especially psychological disorder. One of those novels is A World without You. A World without You is a novel by Beth Revis, a New York Times bestselling author. A World without You presents a story of a seventeen-year-old boy suffering a psychological disorder called delusion. The boy named Bo who has always had delusions that he can travel through time. When he was ten, Bo claimed to have witnessed the Titanic hit an iceberg, and at fifteen, he found himself on a Civil War battlefield, horrified by the bodies surrounding him. So when his worried parents send him to a school for troubled youth, Bo assumes he knows the truth: that he’s actually attending

Berkshire Academy, a school for kids who, like Bo, have “superpowers.” At

Berkshire, Bo falls in love with Sofía, a quiet girl with a tragic past and the superpower of invisibility. But even the strength of their love isn’t enough to help

Sofía escape her deep depression. After she commits suicide, Bo convinced that she’s not actually dead. He believes that Sofia is stuck somewhere in time and it is because his lack of power make him left her somewhere in the past. Sofia's disappearance made him feel guilty and swept away in his delusion. He tried to prove that Sofia had not died because of his mistake but he failed because Sofia whom he saw and what happened to her only existed in his mind (the world he made himself). The delusion that he is experiencing make the reality unacceptable

1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA for him because he believes what in his mind also known as his world. He believes the world that he create is truer than the reality itself. That is the depiction when someone having a delusional disorder. He keeps believing what in his mind which is unbelievable. As the time-traveler he cannot prove the superpower he had to other people. The proof of his delusion will be seen from the people surrounding him; the doctor, friends, sister, and parents. The worst part of this delusional disorder leads him to almost burn himself while there is a fire the Berkshire Academy. Making other people worried because he almost threw his life away.

The writer finds that delusion is a belief that is held firmly but inaccurate- ly, which continues to exist even though the evidence shows that it has no basis in reality. Delusion is a type of psychological disorder in which the sufferer cannot distinguish reality and imagination, so he believes and behaves according to what he thinks. There are several types of delusion according to Leeser and O’Donohue

(687-694: 1999); Delusion of control, Grandiose delusion, Somatic delusion, Ni- hilistic delusion, Delusional jealousy, Delusion of guilt or sin (or delusion of self- accusation), Delusion of mind being read, Erotomania, and Persecutory delusions.

In general, people with delusional disorders can socialize and function normally, regardless of their imaginary subject. However, in some cases people with delusional disorders may become so busy with their delusions that their lives are interrupted. Just like Bo, he used to be a normal student, socialize normally in a normal school. But one day, the delusion that he experienced in the history class make him looks weird. He screams while he felt the story that his teacher told him

2 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA in the class. He believes the story is true when the truth is the story just a myth, it can be true or it can be not. Then, his parents brought him to Berkshire Academy for a student with exceptional needs.

Psychological disorder as a psychological aspect can be found in a literary works, especially novel. In analyzing psychological disorder in a novel, the writer took Wellek and Warren’s idea. They declare that there are two ways to analyze literary work; they are intrinsic and extrinsic approach. In this thesis, analyzes will be made on delusion portrayal of the leading character in A World without You. So in this thesis, the writer focuses on the leading character as intrinsic analyzes be- cause the leading character will be used to know about the portrayal. For extrinsic, the writer will analyze about delusion as a psychological disorder experienced by the leading character using theory from Leeser & O’Donohue (1999).

Psychology was born to learn the human psyche, it is human that becomes the object of the study of psychology. Literature is born from society, the author lives in the middle of society and the author also creates a literary work that in- cludes figures in it. Psychology of literature is a literary studies that sees literary work as a psychological activity. The author uses an idea, sense and creation in the work. Projection by own experience or the experience other people around the author, will be projected into the imaginary of literary work.

Literary work cannot be separated from the problem of creation involving various kinds of psychological problems, it is necessary to understand it by using psychological theory. Jatman in (Kinayati, 1985:165) states that literary work and

3 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA psychology does have a close relationship, indirectly and functionally. Indirectly, both literary and psychology have the same object, which is human’s life. Func- tionally psychology and literature study the mental of the people. The difference is in psychology, the symptoms is real, whereas in the literature it is imaginative.

Basically, Literature is a personal expression of feeling including experience, idea, motivation, confidence in the concrete description by using language. According to Taylor (1981:1) says that literature like other arts, is essentially an imaginative act, that is, an act of the writer‘s imagination in selecting, ordering, and interpreting life experience. It means that literature is an interpretation of human’s mind that uses language as its medium. It has a large scope and fantastic. In literature, there are three branches of literature such as drama, poetry, and prose. Prose can also be divided into novel, short story, etc.

Thus, the relationship between psychology and literature is to analyze the characters through literary works such as drama or novel psychologically, because sometimes the author incorporates psychological theories that he/she knows into the works and the characters he creates consciously or not. As the author of A

World without You novel, Beth Revis uses some theories about psychological disorder especially delusion. It is portrayed in the novel through the leading character, Bo.

1.2 Problems of the Study

1. What are the types of delusion found in the leading character of Beth Revis’ A

World without You?

4 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. What is the cause of delusion found in the leading character of Beth Revis’ A

World without You?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To find out the types of delusion found in the leading character of Beth Revis’

A World without You.

2. To find out the cause of delusion found in the leading character of Beth Revis’

A World without You.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In this thesis, the limitation will be made in order to make the analysis focused on the topic of the discussion. The analysis is focused on the types of delusion, those are: grandiose delusion, delusion of control, and somatic delusion which is portrayed on the leading character in A World without You novel by Beth

Revis. The leading character will be analyzed and the quotations that relate to the topics will be put out from the novel.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study can expand the reader’s knowledge and this thesis can be one of the sources of information for students. It can be useful for the readers so that they can get some important information about mental illness, especially delusion.

By reading this novel the writer and the readers can understand about delusion portrayed in Beth Revis’ A World without You. The writer hope the reader can get

5 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a very basic understanding of what delusion is and how distressing it is to somebody that’s experiencing it from this thesis. I hope the finding of this study can make the readers want to continue and find desire to reading other literary works.

6 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Psychology and Literature

Literature is a personal expression of feeling including experience, idea, motivation, confidence in the concrete description by using language. Taylor

(1981:1) says that literature like other arts, is essentially an imaginative act, that is, an act of the writer‘s imagination in selecting, ordering and interpreting life experience. It means that we can understand life through literature.

Psychology of literature is an analyzed text by considering the relevance and role of psychological studies. Psychology also plays an important role in analysing a literary work by focusing on the point of the psychology of literature both the elements of the author, the characters, and readers, by focusing on the figures and an inner conflict contained in literature that is going to be analysed.

So, in general, it can be concluded that the relationship between literature and psychology is very close that they blend and lead to the birth of a new study called

"Psychology of Literature". According to Endraswara (2003: 97) said that psychology literature is a study that looked at the literature as a mental activity. In a broad sense that literature cannot be separated from life depicting various series of human behaviour.

Psychology of literature is not intended to solve psychological problems.

But through the definition above, the goal of the psychology of literature is to un- derstand psychological aspects contained in a literary work. Psychology was born

7 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to learn the human psyche, it is human that becomes the object of the study of psychology. Literature is born from society, the author lives in the middle of soci- ety and the author also creates a literary work that includes figures in it. Psychol- ogy of literature is a literary studies that sees literary work as a mental activity.

The author uses an idea, sense and creation in the work. Projection by own expe- rience or the experience other people around the author, will be projected into the imaginary of literary work.

Jatman in (Kinayati, 1985:165) states that literary work and psychology does have a close relationship, indirectly and functionally. Indirectly, both literary and psychology have the same object, which is human’s life. Functionally psychology and literature study the mental of the people. The difference is in psychology, the symptoms is real, whereas in the literature it is imaginative.

According to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren (1995: 90) the psychology approach of literature is related to the author, the creativity process, literary works, and readers. Nevertheless, the psychological approach is essentially related to the three main symptoms, the authors, literary works, and the reader, with the consideration that the psychological approach is closer to author and literary works. If the researcher’s attention is dominantly directed to the author, so the model of the research is expressive approach, but if the research’s attention is focused on the literary works, so the model of the research is closer to the objective approach. The psychological research literature, began to show its brilliance in the study of literature. This was due to dissatisfaction of the previous

8 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA research; the research of sociology of literature or any other literature that gave less attention to the psychological aspect.

The term of Psychology derived from two words, psyche which means soul, and logos that refers to science. Terminologically, psychology is a science that directs attention to the human where the object of research focuses on the psyche and human’s behavior. According to Hilgard in (Prihastuti, 2002: 18)

"Psychology may be defined as the science that studies the behavior of man". The definition clearly shows that the psychology learns about the human’s behavior.

Bourne Jr. said in (Siswantoro, 2005: 26) "Psychology is the study of behavior sciencitific principles". It explains that psychology is the scientific study of the fundamentals of behavior. So if we look in concrete terms, human’s behaviour is very diverse, but it has a unique pattern if it is observed carefully. Study of psychology learns psychological of someone. There are some people in this world that experience some kind of mental disorder. It does not mean that they are insane because not all mental disorders fall into insanity. All of it depends on the causes, symptoms, and effects.

2.2 Characterization

Jones in Nurgiyantoro (1996: 165), characterization is delineate a clear picture of someone displayed in a story. Suharianto (1980: 31) adds that the portrayal of the characters can be seen from the state of birth and in the form of; his view of life, his attitude, his beliefs, his customs and others.

9 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA According to Roberts (1985:131) says in fiction, a character may be defined as a verbal representation of human being. So, a character is the representation of a person in a narrative or dramatic work of art (such as a novel, play, or film).

In his book Aspects of The Novel, E. M. Forster defined two basic types of characters, their qualities, functions, and importance for the development of the novel: flat characters and round characters. Flat characters are two-dimensional in that they are relatively uncomplicated and do not change throughout the course of a work. By contrast, round characters are complex and undergo development, sometimes sufficiently to surprise the reader.

The leading character, often called the protagonist, is the central character who engages the reader’s interest and empathy. The antagonist is the character, force, or collection of forces that stands directly opposed to the protagonist and gives rise to the conflict of the story. A static character does not change throughout the work, and the reader’s knowledge of that character does not grow, whereas a dynamic character undergoes some kind of change because of the action in the plot. A flat character embodies one or two qualities, ideas, or traits that can be readily described in a brief summary. They are not psychologically complex characters and therefore are readily accessible to readers. Some flat characters are recognized as stock characters; they embody stereotypes such as the "dumb blonde" or the "mean stepfather." They become types rather than individuals. Round characters are more complex than flat or stock characters, and often display the inconsistencies and internal conflicts found

10 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA in most real people. They are more fully developed, and therefore are harder to summarize.

2.3. Psychological Disorder

“Psychological Disorder or abnormal behavior is caused by illness or impartment to the nervous system; some are the result of unfavorable social environments / erroneous learning experiences.” (Atkinson et al., 1996: 245).

Disorder or abnormal behavior that can be associated with illness or impartment is that would be case if the individual with the disorder were extremely upset, or if the disorder were negatively affecting the person’s ability to function.

2.4 Delusion

According to Leeser and O’Donohue (687-694: 1999), a delusion is a belief that is clearly false and that indicates an abnormality in the affected person's content of thought. The false belief is not accounted for by the person's cultural or religious background or his or her level of intelligence. The key feature of a delusion is the degree to which the person is convinced that the belief is true. A person with a delusion will hold firmly to the belief regardless of evidence to the contrary. Delusions can be difficult to distinguish from overvalued ideas, which are unreasonable ideas that a person holds, but the affected person has at least some level of doubt as to its truthfulness. A person with a delusion is absolutely convinced that the delusion is real.

11 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Delusions are categorized as either bizarre or non-bizarre and as either mood-congruent or mood-incongruent. A bizarre delusion is a delusion that is very strange and completely implausible for the person's culture; an example of a bizarre delusion would be that aliens have removed the affected person's brain . A non-bizarre delusion is one whose content is definitely mistaken, but is at least possible; an example may be that the affected person mistakenly believes that he or she is under constant police surveillance. A mood-congruent delusion is any delusion whose content is consistent with either a depressive or manic state; for example, a depressed person may believe that the world is ending, or a person in a manic state (a state in which the person feels compelled to take on new projects, has a lot of energy, and needs little sleep) believes that he or she has special talents or abilities, or is a famous person. A mood-incongruent delusion is any delusion whose content is not consistent with either a depressed or manic state or is mood-neutral. An example is a depressed person who believes that thoughts are being inserted into his or her mind from some outside force, person, or group of people, and these thoughts are not recognized as the person's own thoughts (called

"thought insertion").

There are several types of delusion, they are:

a) Delusion of control: This is a false belief that another person, group of

people, or external force controls one's thoughts, feelings, impulses, or

behavior.

12 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA b) Grandiose delusion: An individual exaggerates his or her sense of self-

importance and is convinced that he or she has special powers, talents, or

abilities. c) Somatic delusion: A delusion whose content pertains to bodily

functioning, bodily sensations, or physical appearance. d) Nihilistic delusion: A delusion whose theme centers on the nonexistence

of self or parts of self, others, or the world. A person with this type of

delusion may have the false belief that the world is ending. e) Delusional jealousy (or delusion of infidelity): A person with this delusion

falsely believes that his or her spouse or lover is having an affair. f) Delusion of guilt or sin (or delusion of self-accusation): This is a false

feeling of remorse or guilt of delusional intensity. g) Delusion of mind being read: The false belief that other people can know

one's thoughts. This is different from thought broadcasting in that the

person does not believe that his or her thoughts are heard aloud. h) Delusion of reference: The person falsely believes that insignificant

remarks, events, or objects in one's environment have personal meaning or

significance. i) Erotomania: A delusion in which one believes that another person, usually

someone of higher status, is in love with him or her. j) Persecutory delusions: These are the most common type of delusions and

involve the theme of being followed, harassed, cheated, poisoned or

13 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA drugged, conspired against, spied on, attacked, or obstructed in the pursuit

of goals.

k) Religious delusion: Any delusion with a religious or spiritual content.

According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Delusions are false beliefs based on incorrect inference about external reality that persist despite the evidence to the contrary; these beliefs are not ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture. Delusions can be characterized as persecutory (i.e., belief that one is going to be harmed by an individual, organization or group), referential (i.e., belief that gestures, comments, or environmental cues are directed at oneself), grandiose (i.e., belief that the individual has super power, wealth, or fame), erotomanic (i.e., a false belief that another individual is in love with him/her), nihilistic (i.e., a conviction that a major catastrophe will occur), or somatic (i.e., beliefs focused on bodily function or sensation). Because cognitive organization and reality resting are otherwise intact in delusional disorder, it has been described in the literature as "partial psychosis."

2.5 Causes of Delusion

The cause of delusional disorder is not yet known. Researchers are, however, looking at the role of various genetic, biological, and environmental factors. It can be one of those factors, they are:

14 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  Genetic. The fact that delusional disorder is more common in people who

have family members with delusional disorder or schizophrenia suggests

there might be a genetic factor involved. It is believed that, as with other

mental disorders, a tendency to develop delusional disorder might be

passed on from parents to their children.

 Biological. Researchers are studying how abnormalities of certain areas of

the brain might be involved in the development of delusional disorders. An

imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain, called neurotransmitters, also

has been linked to the formation of delusional symptoms.

Neurotransmitters are substances that help nerve cells in the brain send

messages to each other. An imbalance in these chemicals can interfere

with the transmission of messages, leading to symptoms.

 Environmental. Evidence suggests that delusional disorder can be

triggered by stress. People who tend to be isolated, appear to be more

vulnerable to developing delusional disorder.

2.6 Review of Related Studies

1. Wijayanti, Novi. 2006. An Analysis of Psychosis reflected in Guy De

Maupassant’s Short Story. Thesis. Semarang: FBS UNNES.

This thesis helps the writer to write her thesis about the psychological disorder. The content is brilliant and helpful in understanding a psychological disorder. The writing structure also presentable. The difference between Novi’s thesis and the writer thesis is that the object and the author is different. While

15 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Novi’s thesis is from short story by French author, the writer thesis is from novel by American author. The problem also different because Novi’s thesis talks about the reflection based on Guy De Maupassant’s mental that suffering psychosis through the short story but the writer of this thesis in here, she talks about the reflection through the leading character that suffering delusion.

2. Priscilla, Febby. 2015. A Psychoanalysis of the Schizophrenic Character

in A Beautiful Mind Movie. Thesis. Medan: FIB USU.

This thesis helps the writer to be more focused on doing this research.

Furthermore, this thesis discusses about psychological disorder called schizophrenia. Different from the writer’s thesis, she also discusses psychological disorder but it is delusion.

16 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

It is better to know the research design and what the meaning of research is briefly defined. According to Ary et al. (1985: 21), research may be defined as the application of the scientific approach to the study of a problem.

Problem is something which has to be solved. Thus, research is required to look for the answer relate with problem which want to be solved. In a research, the researcher must have design to make easy in analyzing the data. A research design is a plan or strategy for conducting the research. It is required to get dependable and useful information. To know the design that should be taken, the researcher has to look at the problem of the research. As stated in problems of the research, this research is conducted to find out the delusion on the leading character portrayed in A World without You novel by Beth Revis. Thus, in this study, the researcher uses descriptive research. Ary et al. (1985: 322) explained “Descriptive research method is used in educational research. The aim of descriptive research method is used to obtain information about existing conditions and have been widely used in educational research. The aim of descriptive research is to describe

“what exist” with respect to variables or condition in a situation. Descriptive- qualitative method is a method to reveal the facts, circumstances, phenomena, and variables that occurred while running the research and presenting what it is.

Interpret qualitative descriptive study and said that the data is concerned with the

17 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA current situation, attitudes and opinions that occur in society, the relationship between the variables, the difference between fact, the effect of the condition, and others. In qualitative research “problem” and “title” brought by researchers still tentative and holistic, so that qualitative researchers would not specify the problem was simply based on study variables, but the overall social situation under study that includes place, actors, and activity that interact in synergy.

18 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

An Analysis of Delusion on the

Leading Character Portrayed in

Beth Revis’ A World without

1. What are the types of delusion found in Beth Revis’ A World without You? 2. What is the cause of delusion found in Beth Revis’ A World without You?

According to Leeser and O’Donohue (687-694: 1999), a delusion is a belief that is clearly false and that indicates an abnormality in the affected person's content of thought.

Taking quotation and analyzing the data using descriptive qualitative method

Conclusion

19 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.2 Data & Data Source

Source of data is a novel entitled A World without You, written by Beth

Revis. This novel was published by Razorbill Publisher, which tell about the life of the leading character named Bo. The writer only focuses on the data that indi- cates delusion that experienced by the leading character. The other data source are the books in the library, the journal in internet, the thesis that used as a reference by the researcher to support the subject of the research.

3.3 Data Collection Technique

Firstly, the writer read the novel A World without You and tried to recog- nize what the story about. Secondly, the writer marks the important things from the leading character in the novel. Thirdly, to support the analysis, the writer takes the data from some books which are focused on delusion. Finally, the writer se- lected some quotations which related to delusion through the leading character.

3.3 Data Analysis

In analyzing the writer uses descriptive approach. There are some steps of descriptive analytical method. First, data is identified from dialogues or state- ments which lead to the certain types of delusion. Then, the writer will get some quotations about that from novel A World without You. Second, those quotations will be analyzed to give interpretation about the types of delusion through the leading character of the novel. The interpretation will be supported by quotations

20 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA from some other books about delusion, encyclopedias, and some documents from the internet. Finally, conclusion will be inferred from the analysis.

21 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 The Types of Delusion

There are three types of delusion found in A World without You novel, they are:

4.1.1 Grandiose Delusion

Someone with grandiose delusion exaggerates his or her sense of self- importance and is convinced that he or she has special powers. Just like Bo, he believes he has a superpower that he can do time-traveling. Bo thinks that with his power he can travel through time as a time-traveler. He can easily go to somewhere in the past but he can just wonder that he goes to the present. Bo used to exaggerate his power. And to lose control is the weakness of Bo’s “power”.

Lose control here means when Bo gets angry if someone is underestimating him or sometimes it happens unconsciously. So, when someone likes something, he or she will be used to think about it but not overthink it. But it is different from Bo.

He likes past or history but he uses to lose in his mind or overthink about things that maybe not happening at all.

“… I have these powers that no one else has. I can control time— well, control is a strong word. I can sometimes, sort of control time. And sometimes it controls me, throwing me around history until I snap back to where I’m supposed to be.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 11)

22 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “—I see the past. I’m used to pulling myself physically through time, but this is different: I stay where I am, watching as the past plays out in my mind like a movie.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 25)

In Bo’s fake belief, he thinks that he only sees the past. It means that Bo travels to past without his physical appearance. He never truly goes to the past like a real time traveller. Time travel is the concept of moving a material or entity to several different points of space and time, either in the past or in the future. But

Bo is not moving to several different points of space and time but he stays where he is. He just watches the past playing out in his mind like a movie.

Furthermore, Bo even thinks that he enters a special school for kids who have superpower like him but it turns out to be a school for kids with exceptional needs. It is known from Phoebe’s perspective about what Berkshire Academy pictured. So, Bo is literally entering some kind of a fancy asylum.

“I’d always pictured the Berkshire Academy like the asylums in horror movies: concrete walls, straightjackets, cold white tile everywhere. But this place is brick and . . . nice. The garden is perfectly landscaped, not a single leaf out of place. Pebbled paths meander through the plants, and I can hear the ocean over the sounds of people mingling. Ivy climbs up the wall, drooping elegantly over the bricks. Berkshire is like a rich old person’s home.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 17)

The definition of the fancy asylum here is that from the description from Phoebe. Usually, asylum is like a horror thing with its concrete wall, straightjacket, and white tile. But, the Berkshire has a different view as an asylum,

23 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA it turns to be a nice place and looks like an ex old rich people home. It is comfortable to live with its garden that perfectly treated.

On the other hand, Bo knows that he is actually attending a school for kid with exceptional needs like Bo. He realize that he is living in a mansion on an island and also called as a boarding school. The boarding school so that he does not need to go home.

“On paper, I guess my life is pretty sweet, living in a mansion on an island. But just like Pear Island is this twisted version of what an island should be, so is the giant brick building complete with pointy spires. It’s not a Bruce Wayne palace; it’s a boarding school. The Berkshire Academy for Children with Exceptional Needs.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 8)

Boarding school is a school by living in a dormitory. Bo likes boarding school so he does not have to go home to meet his father. Bo cannot relate with his father because they have a different perspective about future. His dad wants

Bo to have a good future (of course every parents want that), so his dad asks him to go to school with a little bit force. Bo’s dad also somehow treats Bo as a

“dynamite” kid that might be explode every time. His dad whose afraid of Bo, he puts any effort to keep eyes on Bo, but somehow the way it done kind of hurting

Bo’s feeling. It makes Bo feels uncomfortable at home.

““I’m taking the door down.” Dad’s white-knuckled hand has a tight grip on the drill.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 52)

24 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The doctor of Berk, dr. Franklin inform Bo’s parents about that Bo suffers, the lost that kind of depressing Bo from thinking every possibilities of saving his dead girlfriend Sofia. So, Dr. Franklin asks the parents to keep an eye on Bo. Sadly, Bo’s father is too over it like taking Bo’s bedroom door down.

“I stare at the gaping hole in my wall and wonder what Dad’s going to do with the door. I wonder why he took the door. Dr. Franklin definitely wouldn’t tell him to do that. Something’s not right.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 55)

When Bo’s bedroom door is taken by his dad, he is wondering why his dad is doing so. Bo wonders why his dad does not believe him or something. He knows that something is not right. He knows that Dr. Franklin does not ask him to do so. But his dad is so worried about Bo that might do something stupid because of his dead girlfriend. His dad just does not know how to treat Bo right.

In the Sofia’s memorial service, Bo and his dad meet and still not talk to each other. His dad looks Bo as someone who is always wrong. It makes Bo not really close to his dad.

“There’s a reason why I’m at boarding school and he’s back at home— we’re both happier when there are miles between us, and his presence does nothing but highlight just how sucky today is going to be.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 9)

Bo and his father are never good at communication. His dad also does not like Bo appearance because it is a ripped jeans and not inappropriate for a circumstances like memorial service. His dad thinks that it makes Bo as a

25 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA prominent one. Bo believes that his father and he is happier when they are apart.

That is why Bo is placed in Berkshire Academy, as a boarding school it allows the student only come home on the weekend. So, the student will stay in the dormitory on the weekdays.

Before entering a special school like Berkshire Academy, Bo attends a normal school with his sister Phoebe. According to Phoebe, she can guarantee that

Bo is never really be a great student like kid with superpower and he never do such thing to proud of this normal school. He is bad at all the lessons but not history. It is parallel to the fact that Bo likes past. It is known from Phoebe as the student and also witnesses in that normal school.

“Before Bo came to the Berkshire Academy for Children with Exceptional Needs, he and I attended the same high school, and I can guarantee that none of our teachers would have called him a “great kid.” Usually late and always inattentive, he barely passed any class other than history.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 16)

Bo and Phoebe attends the same high school and it is a normal school.

In the school Bo is not a treated as a great kid or something because is that school, he has no achievements. He barely passes any class other than history. History class has something in Bo’s heart. Especially the subject, it makes Bo feels that he has super power because of it.

The reason why Bo never fails in history class because he likes history rather than the other subject. This class never fails Bo. But it is also a boomerang for Bo because it makes Bo exaggerates his thought about history. He makes

26 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA himself believe that he can somehow be thrown back to the past. And it concludes him that he can do things like time-travelling which is impossible. According to the fact that time travel is not an easy thing to do. We need a time machine to go to the time that we want. And most of all, time travel is a widely-recognized concept in philosophy and fiction. Fiction broadly refers to any narrative that is derived from the imagination—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. So, there is no fact to proof that someone can do time-traveling.

One day, when Bo’s teacher is giving a lecture about the Civil War. She is describing the Battle of Shiloh, one of the bloodiest battle ever, and she tells a story about a little pond near the battlefield that turned red with all the blood from the wounded. She even explains that the story is just a myth that it probably never really happened. But Bo believes that he is there after he blinks his eyes, he is there in the Battle. He can feel and see the view of the bloody battle.

“I was fifteen the first time I lost control of my power. I was sitting in history class, and my teacher was giving a lecture about the Civil War. She was describing the Battle of Shiloh, one of the bloodiest battles ever, and she told a story about a little pond near the battlefield that turned red with all the blood from the wounded. She explained to us that the story was a myth, that it probably never really happened, but then I blinked. And I was there.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 11-12)

The moment he thinks that he is losing control of his power, he feels like he has been thrown back to the past. Even the teacher says that the story is just a myth but Bo believes that. Bo believes that the whole story about the Battle of Shiloh is real. Because he exaggerates his thinking of having a power like the

27 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA time-traveling. The truth is when his mind is traveling to the war, the body of Bo is still in the class. He is still in a history class with the other students and just having a daydreaming. But he cannot over it and believes it as a superpower.

“…I started screaming and screaming and screaming, and then I blinked again. And I was back in class. Obviously I freaked everyone the hell out. The whole class was staring at me. I was gone so quick no one even noticed, so as far as they knew, I was yelling for no reason. They didn’t know that I could still smell the blood and the gunpowder and the death that hung in the air.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 12)

It is proven to reality when Bo loses control after believing the whole story about the battle of Shiloh. He blinks and thinks that he is there. He thinks that he goes back to the past where the battle happens. He cannot accept the thought but turns out, he starts screaming and freaks the other student in the class.

He is also yelling for no reason. It is disturbing everyone in the class. So, it can conclude that he some kind of doing things out of control. It makes him look crazy in front of the people who are not the same as Bo, having superpower.

“So of course one of the first places I tried to go after I got my powers was to the ship. I had gone with the intention of warning people about the icebergs…” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 75-76)

The first time Bo discovers his power at high school, he claims that he is there in the Titanic. He intends to warn all the people in the Titanic before the ships hit the icebergs. But all of these things is just not real. How Bo warns all of the people at the Titanic if he is alone to warn them, to make the people at ship

28 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA trust about his saying. And once again, it happens just in his mind. When Bo is ten, he plays pretend with his sister as they are on the ship. He feels that he has been there while it was sinking. Because the atmosphere seems real to Bo.

Bo actually feels that all about the play with Phoebe as they were in the

Titanic is funny and he thinks that Phoebe enjoyed it. But the truth is that Bo is turning violent to Phoebe he pushes her so hard till she falls and her hand injured.

Bo does not even realize that Phoebe is screaming for help. He thinks that Phoebe is screamed out as she is king of the world. He leaves bad marks on Phoebe’s heart like some kind of trauma because Phoebe does not know what is actually happening to Bo. Phoebe still do not know that Bo is experiencing a thing like delusion.

“It was fun, until the time I broke my arm after landing funny. I laid there on the ground, crying and screaming for help, but Bo just stood over me with a dead look in his eyes as the tire swing rocked back and forth, empty. He didn’t show any emotion at all. It was like he wasn’t even there.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 97)

According to Phoebe, when Bo and she are playing pretend as they are in the Titanic, they feel the fun. They are happy. But thing happens, Phoebe falls on the ground and screams for help. Bo is there but he does not show any emotion when Phoebe falls. She falls so hard after Bo spins her too hard and breaks her arms. That moment, Bo does not show any emotion, he freezes and it is like he is not even there. His gaze loses into the void. After that, Phoebe realizes that something is wrong with Bo.

29 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA When Bo is studying at Berkshire Academy, he must be incorporated with the other students and be friends. Unlike the other school, Berk only puts a few students in the class. In Bo’s class, there are only five of them; Bo, Sofia,

Harold, Ryan, and Gwen. Bo believes that they are having a superpower too. They gets along with each other and share the same interest.

“And I came here. Here, where Gwen can wrap fire around her hands like a glove, where Harold whispers to ghosts and they whisper back, where Ryan can move things with his mind and influence people’s thoughts. We all have powers here, except for some of the staff and a few of the tutors. Even Dr. Franklin is one of us.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 12)

Bo believes that everyone in Berk have superpower even Dr. Franklin has it too. Bo thinks that he is surrounded by people with superpower; Gwen have a superpower like wrapping the fire around her hand like a glove, Harold have a superpower like talking to ghost and he said that the ghost talks back to him, and

Ryan have the most hideous superpower like move things and influence people thought also controlling everything from his mind, isn’t it scary? That might be what Bo is thinking about Ryan.

“That’s something I learned from Sofía. Being invisible is easy.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 10)

Sofia can be invisible sometimes, it makes Bo think that Sofia has a superpower like invisibility when the truth she is not. She is still in the class with

30 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA him. It is proven from the video he found from the computer in Dr. Franklin’s office.

“… The way she faded into invisibility, a transparent blush creeping across her skin. When I open my eyes, though, Sofía’s still on the screen, her long hair hiding her still very visible face.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 60)

Bo starts to realize that he is not in line with reality when the officials from the government come to investigate Sofia’s death. The evidence that Bo finds the truth that none of these powers he and his friends had is real. He even starts to think himself crazy. Firstly first, he finds that Sofia with her power invisibility is actually not a power at all. Sofia is still seen by the camera and Bo can stare at her visible face on the screen. There are more evidence of the reality that does not relate to Bo’s thinking when he finds out the video from Dr.

Franklin’s archive of every group session.

“Not that I understood it then. I was so busy looking at her that I never really saw her. At the time, I had just thought Sofía was shy. But now, through my laptop screen, I can see something else, something beyond the surface, something wrong.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 61)

In Bo’s fake belief, all parts of the group are talking about their power.

Bo thinks that Sofia has invisibility power. But in the laptop screen, He finds something is wrong. Bo is so busy looking at Sofia in the class till he realizes he never really see her. In the video, he finds it as an evidence of the reality he cannot bear.

31 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “I unpause the video. Everything I see on-screen—where we’re sitting, what we’re wearing, our facial expressions—it’s all just as I remember it. But asthe video plays, it’s all slightly . . . different. The Doc is talking about Van Gogh and the others, but he’s not talking about their powers. I hear the word depressed, I hear bipolar.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 61)

Bo rewinds every video that he found in the computer. From the first time the session is talking about history of powered people and it makes him started to accept himself and also believe that his powers mattered. But when Bo is unpausing the video and slightly reminds everything of this session, he finds it different to what in his mind. He finds that the doctor is talking about the history of famous people but they are not powered. In the video, he only hears words like depressed or words like bipolar. Those are the words that recognize as a mental health problems. He still does not relate with all of the things he has found.

“That’s Gwen’s power. Pyrokinesis. The ability to make and control fire.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 11)

He thinks that Gwen is having a power like pyrokinesis. In fact, pyrokinesis is the purported psychic ability allowing a person to create and control fire with the mind. There is no conclusive evidence that pyrokinesis is a real phenomenon. Alleged cases are hoaxes, the result of trickery. The video shows that it is not a pyrokinesis, and it turns out that she is just having a trauma after hurting his dad with fire. Gwen tells everything about her experience with fire not that she has a power like she can control fire and make her hands gloved with fire.

32 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Bo keeps playing the video and still cannot believe it. It doesn’t parallel with his mind. None of these. Then, the video starts to play the Gwen’s part.

Gwen have a power to make a fire gloves to her hand or it called pyrokinesis.

“But in the video, Gwen’s story is different. “I got the lighter from Dad’s dresser,” she says. “I was fascinated with flicking it on and off, on and off . . . I didn’t mean to set the mail on fire. I didn’t mean for Dad to touch it and get burned.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 62)

Bo is confused why the video does not show the same as he is thinking about Gwen. Bo cannot accept it because he found his story and Gwen’s story is different. The story that he creates on his mind is true since their first met but he is just exaggerate it to be something he wanted to believe himself and he does not care about everyone who thinks it strange or whatever.

“I want you to have this,” I tell him, handing him the iron key. Harold looks at me in surprise, but he accepts it. “Keep it with you all the time,” I say. “You are definitely going to need it in the future.” He keeps his head down, staring at it.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 149)

When Berkshire is on fire because Ryan started the fire and Bo is trying to safe his friend Harold that locked up by Ryan in the library, Bo is lost in his delusion. Bo thinks that Harold is with him in that moment and he is handing

Harold the iron key. Harold looks surprised and accepts it. Bo seems like entrusting something so important to Harold. He even said that Harold should

33 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA keep the key all the time because it might be important in the future. Harold just keeps his head down and stares at the key that he does not know what for.

“I saved him. I went back in time. I gave him the key. I saved him. My power is real.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 150)

Bo thinks that his power is real and already saves Harold who locked up in the library when Berkshire is on fire because Ryan started the fire by burning

Sofia’s bed. He thought that he saved Harold because he gave Harold an important key that he thought it is for the library. It is obviously happened in his delusion.

“Does he really not remember using the key I gave him? Or is he pretending not to know because he still doubts the Doctor, as I do? I look at his hand. No key.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 150)

In Bo’s mind, he thinks that he already gives the key that he thinks it may be useful for Harold. Harold who locks up in the library did not even notice about the key that Bo gave for him. He is out from the room because of the old door that the lock is easy to get burnt and broken, not because of the key that Bo gives to Harold.

“… grandiose delusion diagnosis and what that might mean for his parents. Sister indicated that some proclivity for violence existed prior to diagnosis and treatment. The tendency for violence has diminished with medication and therapy, replaced by more personal

34 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA delusions that lead to withdrawal rather than demonstrative frustration.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 133)

Through all the things that happen to Bo and according to the Doctor’s notes in Bo’s file, Bo is experiencing a grandiose delusion. Bo who ever does something violent toward his sister Phoebe is getting better from doing something violent. Because he once plays with his sister as they are at the Titanic. They are playing in the swing and Bo is swinging it too hard. His sister Phoebe falls apart and breaks her arm. But Bo does not notice anything, his face is flat. Phoebe cannot believe that and she kind of dislike Bo. In that moment, she still does not know that there is something wrong with Bo. Then, the notes says that Bo is experiencing a delusion that leads him to pull out from others rather than showing a demonstrative frustration.

4.1.2 Delusion of Control

Bo, in his delusion of control, believes that there is someone who creates the other reality and controls people’s mind to thinks that his girlfriend

Sofia is dead. The other reality that Bo called “fake reality” is actually the truth.

He is lost in his delusion of believing someone still alive who is no longer exist.

The “fake reality” that Bo believes is created by someone is actually his own friend, Ryan. Bo believes that his friend Ryan can control people’s mind and create issues to everyone. He believes that Ryan is controlling people at Berk to think that his girlfriend Sofia is dead. It is actually another excuse of Bo to believe that Sofia is not dead beside his believe that he leaves her somewhere in the past.

35 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

“Out of all of us, Ryan has more power and control…” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 9)

Bo believes that Ryan has more power and control than the other people at Berk. Ryan can do things like telepathy and telekinesis which is not true because in fact there is no convincing evidence that telepathy exists and telekinesis is still stuck between fiction and fact. Then, from the therapy section’s class the writer can conclude that Ryan used to manipulate things that he said.

Ryan is not read or influence people’s mind with his good acting. He once tells a story about his life that so sad and turns out the people surrounding him feels sorry about it. But then he laughs and said that it just a joke. He is a narcissistic person to think that everyone can believe him, it is also a diagnosed by the doctor at Berk.

“You. You. You can control minds. You’re controlling all of us. You’ve made it look like we’re all crazy, that the Berk isn’t for people with powers.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 134)

Still in the Doctor’s office, Bo has argued with Ryan that Bo thinks he is the one who controls all the people’s mind at Berk. He points finger to Ryan with emphasizing the words ‘you’. He says it three times because he still cannot believe what Ryan does to all of the people at Berk. Bo thinks what Ryan is saying is not true. But Ryan still tries to make Bo realize that Berkshire Academy is a school for kid with ‘special’ needs not kid with superpower but Bo does not believe that. Ryan cannot stand what Bo is saying and he said that Bo is nuts, he is

36 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA crazy. Bo’s thinking makes Ryan unhappy, he even asks Bo to look around. To see that the doctor’s room is room of a doctor with a psychiatry license. But the thing is when Bo is angry, his mind somehow throws back to the past. He even has a delusion that the diagnosis folders melt into a dossiers and detailing Bo and friends’ powers. So, Bo concludes what Ryan is saying is all fake and behinds all the illusion at Berk. Bo cannot believe Ryan anymore. Because he does not want to be controlled by him.

“Ryan can move things with his mind and influence people’s thoughts.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 12)

Ryan has two powers according to what Bo believes it is. First, Ryan can move things with his mind and second, he can influence people’s thought or those can be called as telepathy. In his delusion, the doctor diagnoses that Ryan can move things with his mind which called “telekinesis” power when in reality is that Ryan throw something with his hand not with his mind. And Ryan can also read people’s mind which called “telepathy” by Bo. When the truth is Ryan just manipulate things and act to make people influenced by him.

Not long after Sofia’s memorial services, some people from government come to investigate Berkshire Academy for Sofia’s suicidal case. Those people are called the officials.

“But Ryan . . . he never forgot. Not because he could protect himself from the officials, but because he was the one creating the false reality.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 131)

37 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA According to Bo’s mind or the delusion that he is experienced, his friend Ryan is the one who creates false reality, so all of the people at Berk including the officials’ mind is controlled by Ryan which all of the people will think Sofia is dead when the truth, she is. But Bo still cannot accept the truth. He believes that Sofia is just disappear. He thinks that with his power he still can save

Sofia and bring her back to the reality that Bo thought is fake. He thinks that it is fake because the reality he cannot get along to is the real reality that he cannot accept. Bo wants to save Sofia so bad till everyone at Berk especially Ryan starts to think that Bo is crazy. He is crazy because he holds on to the false believe that he created himself.

“Ryan is a telepath. He could change the videos. He’s been pushing the boundaries of his powers since he got here. He knows exactly how to mess with someone’s mind.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 131)

In Bo’s delusion, he believes that Ryan has power like telepathy. He thinks that Ryan is a telepath, so he can change the video with his mind. The video from Dr. Franklin’s computer is actually a footage in investigating Sofia’s suicidal case. The video is about all of the activities in Bo’s class. The plan is that

Bo and Ryan want to make the footage gone but it ended up that Bo changes his mind about collaborating with Ryan in getting rid the footage. Bo realizes that he cannot collaborate with Ryan because Ryan said to Bo that Sofia is dead and Bo cannot safe her. Ryan says that Bo is crazy to safe a dead people. And it is unacceptable to Bo and turns out he believes in another conclusion that Ryan is

38 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA manipulating everyone’s mind especially at Berk. Because, Bo thinks that Ryan knows exactly how to mess with someone’s mind.

When school are closed and there is just both of them Bo and Ryan, they have a plan for looking things that may cause Ryan expelled from Berk and move out to the other worst place or school. They are looking for permanent records, the Doctor’s notes, and anything. But Bo has another plan. He is looking for the fact that may corner Ryan.

“…I have to know what reality is—outside of the illusion Ryan has created. I don’t want to live a lie . . . but I also don’t want to live in a world without her.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 132)

In Bo’s delusion, Reality is created by Ryan’s illusion. He does not want to be controlled by Ryan so he looks for the reality that he wanted himself.

He believes that the real reality is a lie because Sofia that he knows is still alive and she is just disappear. He always creates so much excuse for believing Sofia’s death. He does not want to accept the reality but blaming other people like Ryan is lying and said that Ryan controls everyone’s mind so that everyone will think that

Sofia is dead.

“I do look around. I see the Doctor’s license in psychiatry, and then I blink and see his doctorate in history. I see the diagnosis folders. And then they melt into dossiers detailing our individual powers. It’s all fake. It’s all an illusion. A brilliant, terrifying illusion.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 134)

39 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA When Bo and Ryan are in Dr. Fraklin’s room looking for the evidence of Sofia’s suicidal case, Bo looks around and realizes that he sees the doctor’s license is psychiatry. But then he blinks and turns out that the room is decorate in history. Even the diagnosis folders melt into dossiers detailing of Bo and friends’ individual power. Bo uses to experience delusion and see the different side of something when he blinks. He will see the things differently and often “strange”.

It makes him looks delusional when talking with other people that have a different thought from him. In Bo’s fake belief, what everyone thinks is not true and what he thinks is more relatable to be believed in.

“You floated that folder over to me using your telepathy!” Ryan picks up the folder and drops it back on the desk. “I tossed it to you using my hands,” he says. “Man, you are crazy. Like, really crazy. Damn.”” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 134)

When Bo is talking about power with Ryan, Ryan gets it unbelievable because Bo still believes that they are a special kid with power not a special kid with exceptional needs. Ryan still in line with reality but according to a diagnosis by the doctor, Ryan is a narcissist and has an anger issues. But Bo believes that

Ryan’s ability is still a telepathy. He believes that Ryan just floated a folder to Bo with his telepathy power. Then, Ryan explained to Bo that the folder is not floated. He picks up the folder and drops it back on the table. Using his hand of course. Then, Ryan says that he tosses the folder using his hand not his mind but sadly he is directly said that Bo is crazy. But Bo thinks otherwise, he makes an assumption. He is making another excuse for Sofia’s death. It leads him back to

40 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the Sofia’s case because he still in his delusion. He believes that Ryan who is behind all of the illusion, he creates it so that all the people at Berk including the officials is controlled by him. All the people at Berk and the officials believes in what Ryan said because Ryan can control people’s mind.

“The illusory world Ryan created—the one where he made me think I was crazy, that Berkshire Academy was for kids with special needs instead of kids with special powers, that Sofía was dead—has broken away. The fact that Harold is still alive proves that.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 150)

Bo thinks that the reality is an illusory world that Ryan created. The illusory world where Ryan made Bo is a crazy person that Berkshire Academy is for kids with special needs instead of kids with special powers. He still thought that Sofia is not dead but Ryan make her as though she is dead to all of the people at Berk. Bo compares to the fact that Harold still alive not because of his key with

Sofia’s death that he does not want to accept. He keeps creating another excuse for believing Sofia’s death. The Bo’s thought about being controlled by Ryan leads him to a false believe of being in another reality that he thought Ryan is behind it all. When the truth, he is in the real reality. A real reality that Berkshire is on fire because of Ryan. Ryan who starts the fire in Sofia’s room.

4.1.3 Somatic Delusion

Somatic delusion is a delusion whose content pertains to bodily sensations. Usually the false belief is that the body is somehow pain, itch, or changed. Bo is not only experiencing grandiose and delusion of control but also

41 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA somatic delusion. Whenever he started to reach his dead girlfriend by calling up the timestream to go back to the past, his mind is actually not in line with reality.

That time, he feels something inside his body that so strange like content pertains to bodily sensations like pain. He somehow feels the pain inside his body or somehow there is a sensation on his skin.

“And my tongue. How weird is that? Thinking about the day Sofía got stuck in the past makes my tongue hurt. On the back of my tongue, near my throat, it just aches. It feels like that sort of burning dread rising in your throat when you know you need to cry but you just can’t.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 12)

When a person is actually experiencing a somatic delusion, it is not just only one part of the body like the heart that Bo felt before but also another part of the body like the tongue. So, it is said by Bo that when he is thinking about the day Sofia got stuck in the past because of him, he felt something happen to his body. He felt that his tongue hurts, his heart thumps, and wants to throw up just thinking about Sofia stuck in the past that he thinks because of him.

“My heart thumps, and I feel like I might throw up. I bend over, my hands on my knees, trying to catch my breath.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 13)

Bo thinks that his power that causes Sofia disappearance. He feels that his heart that so normal before turns to feel something like thumps and he feels that he might throw up something inside his body. He feels it when there is nothing he eats before and he is literally doing nothing. He just thinks about how

42 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to safe Sofia and felt her heart thumps and wants to throw up. The writer guesses that Bo’s powers have been more and more erratic since his girlfriend Sofía disappeared, so it may be the reason he felt the sensation in his heart and want to throw up. Bo has tried to get back so many times. He gather himself, breathing in the crisp morning air. He may not have meant to snap back to that time, but it doesn’t mean he can’t use his power. Bo still believe he can when the truth he never can.

“I strain to get closer, and sharp pains shoot across my skin like electric bursts.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 20)

Bo tries to reach the time stream looking out for Sofia. He starts to close his eyes feels the time stream even he cannot reach Sofia because Sofia’s string is disappearing into the void. He is still trying to get closer to Sofia and the next he feels that the sharp pains shoot across his skin. This is how he experience the pain which is his skin pertains to bodily sensation. There is no pain actually, because all of that happened just in his mind. He just feel the sensation towards his body.

“As soon as I’m in my room, I grab my notebook off my desk and flip it to the pages I’ve been using to record my efforts to save my girlfriend.” “I close my eyes, calling up the timestream.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 20)

Bo still in his room so how he can do the time travel. It is impossible to do a time-travelling with only “closing the eyes” and without a time-machine according to encyclopaedia. And honestly, there is still no proof about time travel

43 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA itself. So, Bo is actually just thinking that he is going back to the past with just closing his eyes to call up the timestream and not “really” going back to the past.

“A weird, painful lump rises in my throat … ” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 26)

Whenever the memory (mostly about Sofia) blinks out of Bo’s mind in a flash, it makes Bo feeling something weird inside his body. The weird feeling like a painful lump rises into his throat. It is hurt but he needs to control the pain just to reach Sofia. Because if Bo give up, he will lose Sofia and hard to reach her again. The feeling in this part is also thrown back when Bo first fall in love with

Sofia. Seeing Sofia invisible, for the first time, reminded all the reasons why he fell in love with her in the first place. Sofia doesn’t want anyone to notice her but it makes Bo more curious about her. It also makes Bo notice her even more.

“A lump rises in my throat as I look closely at the weave, at the way Sofía’s string knots up with mine, just before it shoots off into the black hole of 1692.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 37)

Bo is getting angry because whenever he tries to get to Sofia, he failed.

He uses his power, the time-traveling, to save Sofia. But whenever he tries to call up the timestream by closing his eyes, he feels a sensation inside his body especially his throat. He feels that there is a lump rises in his throat which he is not eating before so he will not throwing up something.

44 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA On Sunday, the last day of the weekend, Bo who usually went home but he did not this week because his parents know that he need some time. Bo just loses his girlfriend. But the truth he uses his free time just to keep reaching his dead girlfriend back. He still cannot cope with the reality that his girlfriend is already dead.

“Bile rises in my throat. I shove Dr. Franklin away so hard that he collides with the desk. The camera shakes unevenly on its mount. I want to scream at him not to give up on me. I know I can still save her. But the word he used—dead—it rattles me.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 40)

Whenever Bo is angry, he used to feel something want to throw out from his body. He hates when people insist that Sofia is dead (the truth Sofia is dead). He thinks that he can save her. It is his duty to safe her because he left her in the past. He is mad because he thinks the doctor knows that Sofia is not dead but the doctor keeps saying she is. Bo cannot accept the doctor’s statement about he cannot bring back Sofia because Sofia is gone forever not temporary. She is already dead.

“They’re from the government,” Gwen says. “That can’t be good.” “My stomach drops. They’ll see our powers.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 43)

There are some people from the government who wants to investigate

Sofia’s death. Bo’s squad calls them the officials. Bo exaggerates his feeling towards these officials. Bo feels the sensation inside his body. He feels that his

45 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA stomach drops. He is afraid that the officials will know about Berkshire that is a special school for kids with superpower. So he thinks that all of the people at Berk should hide their power when the officials are at Berk.

“My fingers itch to pull up the timestream, but I can’t, not with the government officials here now..” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 44)

There will always be a sensation inside his body when Bo wants to call up the timestream to see Sofia. This time, Bo feels his finger itch just because he intends to meet Sofia. He reminds himself about the Salem Witch Trial in 1692 in

Massachusetts where it is close to Berk. But Bo is afraid that he cannot use his power this time. The officials is at Berk and they are investigating Berk for

Sofia’s death. Bo thinks he must hide his power so that the official cannot see it.

“None of this happened, I think to myself. Not like this. But my hands are shaking, and I taste bile in the back of my throat. My head is fuzzy, and there’s a ringing in my ears, and I can’t think. There’s nothing to think about. You saw it. The proof is right here, in front of you. It’s you who’s crazy—” “No, I’m not! I’m not. The words echo inside my skull, over and over and over. I’m not, I’m not, I’m not.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 62)

After Bo finishes seeking the truth and he still does not accept it. He still thinks to himself that nothing happens like what he is experiencing now. His body reacts to what his thinking. The sensation of unacceptable truth like he can taste his bile in the back of his throat, his head spinning, there is a ringing in his ears, and he cannot even think clearly. Bo keeps reminding what Ryan has said to him that he is crazy because he does not accept the truth from Ryan’s saying. Bo

46 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA thinks that Ryan is manipulating him and Bo thinks he is the one who is in control of all those people at Berkshire that has been controlled by Ryan to think that

Sofia is dead. Bo is mad because Ryan keeps saying that he is crazy. Bo insists that he is not and keeps saying to himself that he is not crazy but Ryan. Ryan is crazy to say things like that to Bo in Bo’s fake belief.

“My stomach aches at how easily Ryan mentions Sofía’s death…” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 83)

The next morning, the officials are in Dr. Franklin’s office with the door closed. Even though it’s time for Bo’s squad session to start, they are stuck in the hallway, waiting for the doctor. Ryan who cannot be patient to wait for entering the class says something that hurts Bo’s feeling, of course it is about Sofia’s death. Bo cannot accept what Ryan is saying because he believes that Ryan knows the truth that Sofia is not dead but he manipulated to everyone at Berk and controlled their minds for thinking that Sofia is dead. Thinking about it makes Bo feels something inside his stomach because it is unacceptable for Bo. He even feels his stomach ache. Bo keeps experiencing something inside his body whenever someone says that Sofia is dead. He still does not want to believe the truth because all that he knows, there is no world without Sofia. He cannot live the world without her.

4.2 Environmental Cause of Delusion

The cause of delusional disorder is not yet known. Researchers are, however, looking at the role of environmental factors. Evidence suggests that

47 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA delusional disorder can be triggered by stress. People who tend to be isolated, appear to be more vulnerable to developing delusional disorder. The cause of each types of delusion is the same, environmental cause. But the portrayed of each type of delusion is different, they are:

1. Grandiose Delusion

Bo knows that he is actually attending a school for kid with exceptional needs like Bo. He realize that he is living in a mansion on an island and also called as a boarding school. The boarding school so that he does not need to go home.

“On paper, I guess my life is pretty sweet, living in a mansion on an island. But just like Pear Island is this twisted version of what an island should be, so is the giant brick building complete with pointy spires. It’s not a Bruce Wayne palace; it’s a boarding school. The Berkshire Academy for Children with Exceptional Needs.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 8)

Boarding school is a school by living in a dormitory. Bo likes boarding school so he does not have to go home to meet his father. Bo cannot communicate properly with his father because they have a different perspective about future.

His dad wants Bo to have a good future (of course every parents want that), so his dad asks him to go to school with a little bit force. Bo’s dad also somehow treats

Bo as a “dynamite” kid that might be explode every time. His dad whose afraid of

Bo, he puts any effort to keep eyes on Bo, but somehow the way it done kind of hurting Bo’s feeling. It makes Bo feels uncomfortable at home.

48 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

““I’m taking the door down.” Dad’s white-knuckled hand has a tight grip on the drill.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 52)

The doctor of Berk, dr. Franklin inform Bo’s parents about that Bo suffers, the lost that kind of depressing Bo from thinking every possibilities of saving his dead girlfriend Sofia. So, Dr. Franklin asks the parents to keep an eye on Bo. Sadly, Bo’s father is too over it like taking Bo’s bedroom door down.

“I stare at the gaping hole in my wall and wonder what Dad’s going to do with the door. I wonder why he took the door. Dr. Franklin definitely wouldn’t tell him to do that. Something’s not right.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 55)

When Bo’s bedroom door is taken by his dad, he is wondering why his dad is doing so. Bo wonders why his dad does not believe him or something. He knows that something is not right. He knows that Dr. Franklin does not ask him to do so. But his dad is so worried about Bo that might do something stupid because of his dead girlfriend. His dad just does not know how to treat Bo right.

In the Sofia’s memorial service, Bo and his dad meet and still not talk to each other. His dad looks Bo as someone who is always wrong. It makes Bo not really close to his dad.

“There’s a reason why I’m at boarding school and he’s back at home— we’re both happier when there are miles between us, and his presence does nothing but highlight just how sucky today is going to be.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 9)

49 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Bo and his father are never good at communication. His dad also does not like Bo appearance because it is a ripped jeans and not inappropriate for a circumstances like memorial service. His dad thinks that it makes Bo as a prominent one. Bo believes that his father and he is happier when they are apart.

That is why Bo is placed in Berkshire Academy, as a boarding school it allows the student only come home on the weekend. So, the student will stay in the dormitory on the weekdays.

2. Delusion of Control

“…I have to know what reality is—outside of the illusion Ryan has created. I don’t want to live a lie . . . but I also don’t want to live in a world without her.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 132)

In Bo’s delusion, Reality is created by Ryan’s illusion. He does not want to be controlled by Ryan so he looks for the reality that he wanted himself.

He believes that the real reality is a lie because Sofia that he knows is still alive and she is just disappear. He always creates so much excuse for believing Sofia’s death. He does not want to accept the reality but blaming other people like Ryan is lying and said that Ryan controls everyone’s mind so that everyone will think that

Sofia is dead.

50 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Not long after Sofia’s memorial services, some people from government come to investigate Berkshire Academy for Sofia’s suicidal case. Those people are called the officials.

“But Ryan . . . he never forgot. Not because he could protect himself from the officials, but because he was the one creating the false reality.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 131)

According to Bo’s mind or the delusion that he is experienced, his friend Ryan is the one who creates false reality, so all of the people at Berk including the officials’ mind is controlled by Ryan which all of the people will think Sofia is dead when the truth, she is. But Bo still cannot accept the truth. He believes that Sofia is just disappear. He thinks that with his power he still can save

Sofia and bring her back to the reality that Bo thought is fake. He thinks that it is fake because the reality he cannot get along to is the real reality that he cannot accept. Bo wants to save Sofia so bad till everyone at Berk especially Ryan starts to think that Bo is crazy. He is crazy because he holds on to the false believe that he created himself.

“Ryan is a telepath. He could change the videos. He’s been pushing the boundaries of his powers since he got here. He knows exactly how to mess with someone’s mind.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 131)

In Bo’s delusion, he believes that Ryan has power like telepathy. He thinks that Ryan is a telepath, so he can change the video with his mind. The video from Dr. Franklin’s computer is actually a footage in investigating Sofia’s

51 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA suicidal case. The video is about all of the activities in Bo’s class. The plan is that

Bo and Ryan want to make the footage gone but it ended up that Bo changes his mind about collaborating with Ryan in getting rid the footage. Bo realizes that he cannot collaborate with Ryan because Ryan said to Bo that Sofia is dead and Bo cannot safe her. Ryan says that Bo is crazy to safe a dead people. And it is unacceptable to Bo and turns out he believes in another conclusion that Ryan is manipulating everyone’s mind especially at Berk. Because, Bo thinks that Ryan knows exactly how to mess with someone’s mind.

3. Somatic Delusion

“As soon as I’m in my room, I grab my notebook off my desk and flip it to the pages I’ve been using to record my efforts to save my girlfriend.” “I close my eyes, calling up the timestream.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 20)

Bo still in his room so how he can do the time travel. It is impossible to do a time-travelling with only “closing the eyes” and without a time-machine according to encyclopaedia. And honestly, there is still no proof about time travel itself. So, Bo is actually just thinking that he is going back to the past with just closing his eyes to call up the timestream and not “really” going back to the past.

He often do timetravel by calling up the timestream. And that is when the sensation towards his body appears.

“A weird, painful lump rises in my throat … ” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 26)

52 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Whenever he calls up the time stream, it makes Bo feeling something weird inside his body. The weird feeling like a painful lump rises into his throat. It is hurt but he needs to control the pain just to reach Sofia. Because if Bo give up, he will lose Sofia and hard to reach her again. The feeling in this part is also thrown back when Bo first fall in love with Sofia. Seeing Sofia invisible, for the first time, reminded all the reasons why he fell in love with her in the first place.

Sofia doesn’t want anyone to notice her but it makes Bo more curious about her. It also makes Bo notice her even more.

“A lump rises in my throat as I look closely at the weave, at the way Sofía’s string knots up with mine, just before it shoots off into the black hole of 1692.” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 37)

Whenever he tries to call up the timestream by closing his eyes, he feels a sensation inside his body especially his throat. So, Bo is getting angry because he tries to get to Sofia, he failed. He uses his power, the time-traveling, to save

Sofia. He feels that there is a lump rises in his throat which he is not eating before so he will not throwing up something.

“My fingers itch to pull up the timestream, but I can’t, not with the government officials here now..” (A World without You; Beth Revis: 44)

53 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There will always be a sensation inside his body when Bo wants to call up the timestream to see Sofia. This time, Bo feels his finger itch just because he intends to meet Sofia. He reminds himself about the Salem Witch Trial in 1692 in

Massachusetts where it is close to Berk. But Bo is afraid that he cannot use his power this time. The officials is at Berk and they are investigating Berk for

Sofia’s death. Bo thinks he must hide his power so that the official cannot see it.

4.3 Finding

There are three types of delusion that Bo experiencing; grandiose delusion, delusion of control, and somatic delusion. First, Grandiose delusion is a false belief of having a superpower. Bo believes he has a superpower like time- traveling. He believes that he travelled to the past but the past appears just like a movie that plays out in his mind. Second, delusion of control is a false belief that hold firmly by Bo who believes he is being controlled by his friend, Ryan. He believes that Ryan can control people’s mind and it makes Bo thinks that Ryan is controlling people at Berk to think that Sofia is dead when the truth, Sofia is dead because of suicide. Third, somatic delusion is a false belief that happened to Bo when he tries to save Sofia by pulling up the timestream and it makes him feeling some kind of sensation like something want to throw out from his body, his tongue aches, and sometimes his stomach hurt.

54 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

The false belief that Bo is experiencing is called delusion and it derives him into three types of delusion; grandiose delusion, somatic delusion, and delusion of control. First, his delusional way of thinking of having superpower called grandiose delusion because he thinks that he can travel through time and he claims when he was ten, he witnesses that the titanic hit an iceberg and when he was fifteen, he believes his power that brings him to the civil war battle field.

Second, Bo’s fake belief of feeling the sensation towards his body like feeling hurt or aching when he calling up the timestream to save Sofia in the past is called somatic delusion. Third, Bo’s fake belief of being controlled by his friend Ryan whom Bo believes can control people’s mind and makes people at Berk thought that Sofia is dead when the truth is Sofia died of suicide.

The cause of each types of delusion that Bo is experiencing is the same, which is environmental cause. But the portrayed of each type of delusion is different. The portrayed of grandiose delusion is caused by the not-good relationship with his dad, delusion of control that is caused by unacceptable truth about the death of Bo’s girlfriend so it makes Bo believes that his friend Ryan creates another reality and controls people at Berk to think his girlfriend is dead,

Somatic delusion is caused by the timestream that Bo tries to call to go to the past, so that he can meet his girlfriend whom he believes he left in the past.

55 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5.2 Suggestion

Delusion can be avoided by having good communication and connection in the family. Instead of taking him/her to a special school and makes him/her feeling isolated in his/her own home whenever his/her at home, Guiding and acceptance with patience of family to take care the delusional person is needed to make him/her to get well and inspired him/her to get well sooner.

Hopefully through this thesis, readers can grasp and can understand more about the delusion experienced by the leading character in this novel since it might also happen in the real life. So, hopefully readers can be more sensible with those things which surround them after reading this thesis.

56 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Book Sources:

American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edition, text revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Atkinson, Rita L., Richard C. Atkinson, and Ernest R. Hilgard. 2003. Introduction to Psychology. Wadsworth: Thomson Learning.

Eagleton, T. 2008. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

Garret, B. 2003. Brain and Behaviour. Wadsworth: Thompson Learning.

Hornby, A. S., and A. P. Cowie. 1989. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kaplan, Harold I., M.D., and Benjamin, J. Sadock, M.D. 2002. Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychiatry. 8th edition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Kartono, K. 2002. Patologi Sosial 3: gangguan-gangguan kejiwaan. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.

Leeser, Jaimie, and William O'Donohue. 1999. "What is a Delusion? Epistemological Dimensions." Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

Maramis, W. F. 2005. Catatan Ilmu Kedokteran Jiwa. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press.

Paris, Bernard J. 1974. A Psychological Approach to Fiction. Bloomington and London: The Macmilan Press ltd.

Pilowsky, D., and William Chambers. 1986. Hallucinations in Children. American Psychiatric Press.

Ratna, K.N. 2004, Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Denpasar: Pustaka Pelajar.

Revis, Beth. 2016. A World without You. Razorbill Publisher.

Taylor, Richard. 1981. Understanding the Elaments of Literature. London: The Macmillan Press ltd.

57 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Internet Sources: Desember 2010. Delusional Disorder. Retrieved From https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9599-delusional-disorder (May 2019)

November 2016. A World without You. Retrieved from https://www.goodreads.com (November 2018)

October 2008. Delusional Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com (December 2018)

June 2017. Grandiose Delusion. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com (December 2018)

March 2019. Time Travel. Retrieved from https://www.idntimes.com (April 2019)

58 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES i. Author Biography

Beth Revis was born in October 3rd 1981 and raised in the foothills of the

Appalachian Mountains in North Carolina. Beth's favourite author of all time is

Clive Staples Lewis or CS Lewis. After graduating from North Carolina State

University with a BA in English Education with a minor in history and a MA in

English Literature with a concentration in fantasy, Beth became a teacher herself.

She filled her classes with Greek gods, samurai, and ancient monsters, but continued writing between grading essays and making lesson plans.

Beyond writing, Beth loves to travel. Her favourite foreign city is London, she did her study abroad at the University of London, but Malta will always hold a special place in her heart as it was the first foreign nation she visited. Before she dies, Beth wants to see Jerusalem, the Great Wall of China, and the Pyramids of

Giza.

Beth Revis is a New York Times bestselling author with books available in more than 20 languages. Her works include young adult science fiction and fantasy titles, as well as nonfiction books on writing and publishing. A native of

North Carolina, Beth is currently working on a new novel for teens. She lives in rural North Carolina with her boys: one husband, one son, and two massive dogs.

Revis' first published novel was Across the Universe,[3] which debuted on the New York Times Bestseller List for Children's Chapter Books at #7 in

January 2011. There have been two sequels to the book: A Million Suns (January

2012) and Shades of Earth (January 2013), as well as a standalone novel set in the

59 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA same universe, The Body Electric (2014). She has also written short stories in the same universe that appear in After, edited by Ellen Datlow and Terri Windling, and Shards and Ashes, edited by Melissa Marr and Kelley Armstrong.

In 2015, Revis published a series of books on writing and publishing, called the Paper Hearts series. The series began as a collection of informational essays and comments in response to questions aspiring writers had, which she had originally posted on Wattpad. When it gained immense popularity, Revis rewrote the collection into three separate books: Volume 1: Some Writing Advice,

Volume 2: Some Publishing Advice, and Volume 3: Some Marketing Advice. In

July, 2016 Revis's second standalone novel, A World Without You, was published by Razorbill. Her work has also been featured in various young adult anthologies and compilations.

ii. Summary of The Novel

Seventeen-year-old Bo has always had delusions that he can travel through time. When he was ten, Bo claimed to have witnessed the Titanic hit an iceberg, and at fifteen, he found himself on a Civil War battlefield, horrified by the bodies surrounding him. So when his concerned parents send him to a school for troubled youth, Bo assumes he knows the truth: that he's actually attending Berkshire

Academy, a school for kids who, like Bo, have "superpowers."

At Berkshire, Bo falls in love with Sofia, a quiet girl with a tragic past and the superpower of invisibility. Sofia helps Bo open up in a way he never has be- fore. In turn, Bo provides comfort to Sofia, who lost her mother and two sisters at

60 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a very young age. But even the strength of their love isn't enough to help Sofia escape her deep depression. After she commits suicide, Bo is convinced that she's not actually dead. He believes that she's stuck somewhere in time - that he some- how left her in the past, and now it's his job to save her. Bo cannot imagine a world without his girlfriend Sofia. Fortunately, he doesn’t have to. Even though he accidentally got her stuck in the past, he’s attending an elite school for kids with powers that should help him gain better control of his time traveling abilities and save her. Although the appearance of some nosy government officials at the secret school may cause some problems.

Phoebe can all too easily imagine a world without her brother Bo. Without him, her mother wouldn’t retreat into herself with worry. Her father wouldn’t lock himself away and pretend like Bo doesn’t have a problem. And she would have a chance to be a normal girl, not the sister to a boy whose paranoid delusions make him think that he has super powers and can travel through time. As Phoebe learns to speak her heart in a family that uses silence to ignore its problems, Bo must face the fact that if his super powers aren’t real, neither are his chances to save

Sofia. Bo struggling to process his grief as he fights his way through his delu- sions. As Bo becomes more and more determined to save Sofia, he has to decide whether to face his demons head-on, or succumb to his thought that will let him be with the girl he loves.

61 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA