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American Journ al of and Applications 2013; 1(3): 80-90 Published online November 20, 2013 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpa) doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.15

Interpretation of the power like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and (PK) through the consciousness model

Dhananjay Pal

Pharmacy College, Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha-Delhi Road, Chuchura, Dist.-Hooghly, West Bengal, INDIA, PIN-712 102 Email address: [email protected], [email protected] To cite this article: Dhananjay Pal. Interpretation of the Paranormal Power Like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) through the Consciousness Model. American Journal of Physics and Applications. Vol. 1, No. 3, 2013, pp. 80-90. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20130103.15

Abstract: A single field emerged at the origin of the universe, already containing within itself the blueprint of the physical universe. The primordial single field triggered the onset of the universe. Most physicists believe that a single super-force dominated the first instants of creation. Scientists have arrived at a simple but decisive conclusion that consciousness is very much a part of the universe, like other objects. Our consciousness model involving thought-carrying particle (TCP), thought retaining particle (TRP) and thought force (TF) signifies the existence of universal consciousness that exists along with the universe. This universal consciousness is a functional state of the universal (UM). This UM is evolved at the Big Bang from void. The UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought force (TF). Thought force (TF) is an expression of universal consciousness. The Thought force (TF) being the primordial quantum field functions as the original super-force. TF being the original super-force functions as the origin of all the fundamental fields. TCP is the carrier of thought force (TF) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of all the fields. The ε quantized (T ) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness created by ε ε the same T . The same T is the energy responsible for generating thought force (TF). TF being an expression of the universal consciousness is applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any biological system (having thinking ability). The TF exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo .We showed the existence of thought force in microcosm [TF (micro)] and thought force in macrocosm [TF (macro)]. This TF (micro) is theoretically found to be stronger than the strong nuclear force. TF (macro) is theoretically found to be weaker even than the gravitational force. These TCP, TRP, TF (micro), TF (macro), and the thought force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo play significant roles in understanding Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK). Keywords: Void, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), Universal Mind (UM), Thought Force (TF), ε Though-Carrying Particle (TCP), Thought Retaining Particle (TRP), Quantized Energy ( T ) of TCP

Goswami who have addressed the inclusion of 1. Introduction consciousness in their work. Consciousness is to be taken In Eastern philosophical traditions, consciousness is into account. intrinsic to the universe, whereas in most Western views, 1.1. In contrast to the usual linear sequence of matter, consciousness is extrinsic, emerging from complex body, life, brain, mind, consciousness, here the proposed computation. How can these views be reconciled? cyclic sequence is first universal consciousness (a It is most relevant and important to indicate the names of functional state of the universal mind), and then matter, various eminent physicists like Erwin Schrödinger, Eugene body, life, brain, and regeneration of mind and Wigner, , John Wheeler, Roger Penrose, consciousness. The of life with mind and Henry P Stapp, Freeman J. Dyson, Paul Davies, David consciousness is possible purely due to the inherent Bohm, Basil Hiley, Fritjof Capra, Fred Alan Wolf and Amit existence of universal consciousness which exists along American Journal of Physics and Applications 2013; 1(3): 80-90 81

with the universe. The human nervous system is evolved to consciousness exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo . provide an appropriate material structure to individualize Physicists determined that underlying quantum fields the universal consciousness, a characteristic of reality, give birth to elementary particles. Pal [5] expressed that the pervading all manifestations. thought force (T F) is the primordial quantum field. Thought Consciousness model of Pal et al [1-3] involving TCP, TRP force (T F) being the primordial quantum field functions as and thought force (T F) signifies the existence of universal the primary unified field. Thought force (T F) being the consciousness that exists along with the universe. Pal et al primordial quantum field gives birth to TRP that appears to [3] showed that this universal consciousness is a functional be the origin of all the matter particles. TCP is the carrier of state of Universal Mind (UM). Pal et al [3] explained that thought force (T F) that, in turn, appears to be the origin of the UM is evolved at the Big Bang from the eternal Void. all the fields. TCP thus appears to be the origin of all the This Void, in turn, is the source of infinite energy. And this field particles. UM is a finer matter. The individual mind being a In a purpose to involve both the non-living and living constituent of the UM is also a finer matter. The systems of the world, Pal [5] has shown the existences of constituents of the UM and individual mind are the same. these TCP, TRP and thought force (T F) in vitro and thought The ultimate constituents of matter and mind are the same force (T F) in vivo. Anyone can call this TCP by any other as both mind and matter are aspects of one fundamental name, but as the highly developed living system will have reality, which is called UM. The brain is the mediating link to be evolved in the universe in the long run and as the or interface between the individual mind and body. thought of highly developed living system appears to be a Pal et al [3] explained that the constituents of the UM are kind of force to be called the thought force (T F) in vivo , we the ultimate constituents of matter itself as everything in considered it is wise to call it as TCP. Further, as the this universe is a manifestation of this UM. Pal et al [3] universe exists along with the universal consciousness that, ε expressed that the UM is constituted by these TCP and TRP in turn, is created by the quantized energy ( T ) of TCP, in the inherent presence of thought force (T F). Pal et al [1, 3] we had to use the term TCP. further explained that the ultimate constituents of matter and Pal (5) expressed that the non-living system of the world mind are these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of is governed by the thought force (T F) in vitro and this thought force (T F) in vitro and thought force (T F) in vivo . Thought force (T F) in vitro gives rise to T F (micro), SNF, Physicists determined that underlying quantum fields EMF, WNF, GF and T F (macro) where T F (micro) = give birth to elementary particles. Bhaumik [4] mentioned Thought force in microcosm, SNF = Strong nuclear force, that Frank Wilczek pointed out, “In quantum field theory, EMF = Electromagnetic force, WNF= Weak nuclear force, the primary elements of reality are not individual particles, GF = Gravitational force and TF (macro) = Thought force in but underlying fields. Thus, for example, all electrons are macrocosm. It is to be noted here that T F (micro) is a but excitations of an underlying field, naturally called stronger force than the SNF and T F (macro) is a weaker electric field”. The same holds true for all the fundamental force even than the GF. particles of which matter is made. Pal (5) also expressed that the living system of the world The existence of matter depends on the existence of is governed by the thought force (T F) in vivo and this force and vice versa. TCP cannot exist without TRP and Thought force (T F) in vivo is a type of force that represents vice versa. Many physicists believe that unifying all the the biological ‘thought’ which is the action of mind. This forces, including , into a single theory would require ‘thought’ being a type of force controls the ‘thought a phenomenon called super-symmetry. With super- processes’ involving the firing of neurons through the symmetry, every fermion would have a boson twin, and quantum mechanical activities of these TCP and TRP in the vice-versa. The thought force (T F) is carried by the TCP in presence of consciousness. Consciousness in living the presence of its super-symmetrical partner TRP. TCP that organisms is a process which involves the quantum behaves like boson should accompany its super- mechanical activities of these TCP and TRP, the ultimate symmetrical partner TRP that functions like fermion in the constituents of any matter as well as any mind in the generalized simpler way. It is to be noted that these TCP inherent presence of thought force (T F) in vitro and the and TRP function like wavicle: wave–particle duality. thought force (T F) in vivo as indicated by Pal et al [3]. ε This consciousness, in turn, is the quantized energy ( T ) 2. Thought Force of TCP. The thought force (T F) in vivo is demonstrated in numerous in which thought has an effect on a Pal et al [1, 3] and Pal [5] explained the existence of physical process (often known as ). This thought force (T F). Thought force (T F), an expression of the biological ‘thought’ is a type of force that can cause universal consciousness, is the primordial quantum field movement. Controlling movement through thought alone is that, in turn, functions as the primary unified field. This T F observed in several experiments conducted by many being an expression of the universal consciousness is scientists as indicated by Pal (5). These experiments thus applicable to any inanimate object as well as to any signify the existence of thought force (T F) in vivo . biological system (having thinking ability). Thus the Pal [5] explained the existence of TF (micro) (= Thought TF being an expression of the universal force in microcosm). This TF (micro) is the strongest 82 Dhananjay Pal: Interpretation of the Paranormal Power like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) through the Consciousness Model interaction (a new class of ‘extra strong’ interaction). It is is much weaker even than the gravity. stronger than SNF (Strong Nuclear Force). 2.1. Pal et al [3] developed three different equations Pal [5] has also shown the existence of T F (macro) (= expressing the quantized energy ( ε ) of TCP. The value of ε T Thought force in macrocosm). It is the “weakest force” which T in one of the three equations is shown below: ε −16 ≡ −4 ≡ ≅ ≡ T = .4 384x10 erg 73.2 x10 eV 73.2 K CMBR temperature .2 725K .

This conversion of erg ≡ eV ≡ K is given by Weisskopf [6] as follows:

−4 1erg≅ 0.6241807 x 10 12 eV and 10 eV ≅ 1K

ε 2.2. Pal et al [3] expressed that the CMBR temperature is due to T , the quantized energy of TCP where

− − ε = .4 384x10 16 erg ≡ 73.2 x10 4 eV ≡ 73.2 K ≅ CMBR temperature ≡ .2 725K . T As per Pal et al [3], it is interesting to note that all of the three different equations ultimately give rise to the same Life = f (Consciousness) = f ( ε ) (1) T result that is equivalent to the CMBR temperature. A sort of relationship is thus observed between the ε and the CMBR ε = = −16 T where T quantized energy of the TCP 4.384x 10 erg . temperature. This is thus signifying a probable − role of TCP on the maintenance of CMBR temperature. ε = hν = hc / λ = .4 384x10 16 erg (2) Further, this coincidence is also signifying the existence of T T T these TCP in the presence of TRP. TCP cannot exist without where TRP and vice versa. The presence of TCP, TRP and −16 Thought force (T F) in the universe is thus indicated and ε = = T quantized energy of the TCP 4.384x 10 erg , expressed mathematically. At present we are unable to explain when and how these TCP and TRP decoupled from ν = frequency of the TCP the primordial cosmic soup. T 9 ε = ε /h= 66.1210 x Hz . = 66.12 GHz , Pal et al [1, 3] showed that the quantized energy (T ) of T

TCP is responsible to cause the universal −27 consciousness as well as the cosmic microwave h = Planck’s quantum constant = 6.63x 10 erg .sec, background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal consciousness c = free-space velocity of light = 310x10 cm /sec, created by the same ε . Ultimately this ε represents T T λ = wave-length of the TCP= 0.4537 cm . universal consciousness. The existence of CMBR T temperature indicates the existence of the TCP in the presence 3.1. What Is Consciousness of TRP. The existence of TCP ensures the existence of the thought force (T F). Further, this TF being an expression of Psychologists, neuroscientists, philosophers, and other ε the quantized energy ( T ) of TCP exerts its functions professionals continue to engage in an ongoing debate as to both in vitro and in vivo. what consciousness means. In reality, we may never know. Is it a product of the biological and classical physical 3. What Is Life interactions of the human brain; or is it something more fundamental, perhaps electromagnetic, or the result of Life is a state of flux that is being maintained by a quantum physics principles that we don't yet fully typical form of energy which is nothing but the understand? Could it be something even more profound consciousness itself. Pal et al [3] and Pal [7] showed that than that -- something beyond the scope of and ε physics, any kind of physics, for us to understand? the quantized energy (T ) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the According to the ancient Vedanta, consciousness is not cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The an emergent property of matter that comes into existence individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal only through the functioning of the human nervous system. ε Instead, consciousness is a characteristic of reality, consciousness created by the same T . Pal et al [1, 3] and Pal [7] explained that life may be defined as a state of pervading all manifestations. This unbounded field of functional manifestation of consciousness that, in turn, is ’s universal consciousness is not limited to an ε ε individual consciousness. From this viewpoint, the role of the quantized energy ( T ) of TCP. This T represents universal consciousness. the human nervous system is to provide an appropriate Thus, material structure to individualize the universal consciousness. It appears that inanimate matter itself cannot American Journal of Physics and Applications 2013; 1(3): 80-90 83

generate consciousness without the inherent existence of inanimate, i.e., devoid of active consciousness. As anything universal consciousness. inanimate does neither have the power to activate the TCP Pal et al [2] explained, “Consciousness is the realization and TRP nor have the capability to catalyze the activity of of existence, and there are as many states of consciousness TCP and TRP, so it cannot generate consciousness. On the as there are states of existence. Every living being has a contrary, anything animate has the ‘self-organized’ power consciousness of its own depending on complexity of the to generate, activate and catalyze the activity of TCP and brain and the activity of the viable numbers of TCP in the TRP in order to generate and maintain consciousness along presence of TRP; and the state of its consciousness changes with the vital living force. Prigogine et al [8] explained every moment of time. Consciousness is the perception of “Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems”. the relation it bears to things and as this relation changes, Consciousness in living organisms is a process which consciousness changes its character. Consciousness itself involves the quantum mechanical activities of these TCP does not change; it only moves up and down on the ‘scale and TRP, the ultimate constituents of any matter as well as of the realization’ of existence through the ‘sub-conscious’, any mind in the inherent presence of thought force (T F) in ‘conscious’ and ‘super-conscious’ states”. There is another vitro and the thought force (T F) in vivo as indicated by term called unconscious state. The most usual unconscious Pal et al [1, 3]. And these TCP and TRP govern the state is sleep. A deeper form of unconsciousness is called a activities of neurons (not the other way round). Neurons are coma. simply the equipments used to generate consciousness and awareness. The consciousness itself is functioning as an 3.2. Possible Relation of Consciousness with Mind: inter-linking agent between the animate and inanimate Possible Relation of Animate with Inanimate through the quantum mechanical activities of these TCP Through Consciousness and TRP indicated by [3]. Modern scientists have not even been able to arrive at a consensus on what should be a definition of the totality of 4. Existence of Universal Consciousness consciousness. The brain is intricately linked to the process of consciousness and consciousness is thought to be a Pal et al [3] and Pal [7] showed the existence of universal consciousness and explained that the quantized phenomenon of the mind. ε It appears that energy (T ) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the cosmic Consciousness = f (mind) (3) microwave background radiation temperature. The individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal Consciousness is the functional state of mind. Presence consciousness created by the same ε .Many physicists agree of consciousness signifies the presence of mind and vice T versa. with the idea that consciousness is non-local, fundamental in the universe and consciousness is very much a part of the universe, It is apparent that ε like other objects. It is to be noted that T , the quantized Animate ≠ Inanimate (4) energy of TCP represents universal consciousness.

Three critical factors which distinguish life from non- Nelson [9], Director of Global Consciousness Project, living are consciousness, metabolism and reproduction. has observed through the experimentation that coherent In a gross presentation, we can express from the equation consciousness creates order in the world; and subtle (4): interactions link us with each other and the . When human consciousness becomes coherent and synchronized, Animate – Consciousness = Inanimate (5) the behavior of random systems may change. Quantum event based random number generators (RNGs) produce Scientists would have to define and characterize completely unpredictable sequences of zeroes and ones. consciousness properly. We should have the proper But when a great event synchronizes the feelings of knowledge about the exact characteristics of consciousness millions of people, our network of RNGs becomes subtly in order to address many present day scientific enigmas. structured. The probability is less than one in a billion that 3.3. Consciousness may be Defined as the ‘Self-Organized’ the effect is due to chance. The evidence suggests an Capability of any Living being to Activate TCP and emerging noosphere, or the unifying field of consciousness TRP described by sages in all cultures. This evidence signifies and proves the existence of universal consciousness. Pal et al [3] expressed that consciousness may be defined as The existence of universal consciousness is explained by the ‘self-organized’ capability of any living being to Radin [10] through experimentation as it is expressed in his activate TCP and TRP, the ultimate constituents of mind book The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of and matter and to exert its functions. What can generate, Phenomena. Further, Consciousness, not matter, is maintain and activate TCP and TRP is called animate the ground of all existence, declares University of Oregon having ‘active consciousness’ and what cannot is called physicist Goswami through his published (1993) book, 84 Dhananjay Pal: Interpretation of the Paranormal Power like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) through the Consciousness Model

"The Self-Aware Universe: How Consciousness Creates the universe exists along with the universal consciousness. This Material World". universal consciousness is a functional state of the As per Penrose [11], consciousness is a part of the universe. Universal Mind. Pal et al [1, 3] explained that any matter as Van De Bogart [12] explained, “Since consciousness is a well as any individual mind is constituted by these TCP and part of the universe it then follows that all consciousness, TRP in the inherent presence of Thought force (T F) in vitro and the universe, are of the same matrix of energy fields”. and Thought force (T F) in vivo. Pal et al [3] and Pal [7] explained that the universe exists Modern Scientists are not yet able to understand how the along with the universal consciousness. This universal brain works to make the mind. They know that brain has consciousness exists throughout the universe in the form of got neurons that communicate across synapses by releasing universe wide web (uww) covering fields, particles, a neurotransmitter, and that generates electrical impulses, space-time continuum, dark matter, dark energy, void and and the receiving neuron then talks to its neighbor neurons all its known and unknown parameters along with all its the same way. If the mind depends on the brain, then all inhabitants (with or without consciousness). The quantized aspects of the mind are going to depend on these simple ε energy ( T ) of TCP represents universal consciousness. electrical, chemical processes. According to this concept, This universal consciousness is to be taken into account, the existence of the UM requires the existence of the but usually ignored. universal brain to form the UM. The concept of universal brain is not logically acceptable. Thus the concept that the mind depends on the brain becomes questionable if the 5. What is the Exact Definition of Mind? existence of the UM is valid. What is Mind? 5.1. It appears that scientists would have to decide in a purpose to conclude clearly whether mind is a ‘state’ We observe a great controversy concerning the exact (created by the activities of the brain with other parts of the definition of mind. There are two apparently opposite views: nervous system as it is indicated by the functional view of one is the substantial view and the other is the functional mind) or ‘a finer matter’ (as it is indicated by the Indian view. Upanishads and Vedanta). In the substantial view, the mind is a type of substance. Mind is a finer matter having an autonomous existence. Mind is a single entity, perhaps having its base in the brain 6. Special Characteristics of mind and but distinct from it. In its most extreme form as in the Consciousness Indian Upanishads and Vedanta, the mind is not only a finer matter but also it is an entity wholly separate from the body, 1 The basic mystery of the mind is how does it emerge in fact a manifestation of the , which will survive the from pure matter? How do those units that are made body's death in the form of the spiritual body or mental of tiny particles, give rise to the unique and essentially body [called Linga Sharira or Sukshma Sharira in Sanskrit] private, experience called consciousness? Do the as expressed by Vivekananda [13] who indicated that this particles that constitute our brain determine what we mental body bears all the mental impressions. This mental think and do? Do these tiny particles ultimately body is also called ‘’. govern the thinking ability of the bioelectrical system? In the functional view, the mind is closely related to the Or, are we free to have our own will? Is functions of the brain and can have no autonomous consciousness just froth sitting on top of the brain’s existence beyond the brain, nor can they survive its death. electronics? How consciousness is being operated? In this view, mind is a ‘state’ created by the activities of the Why should a bunch of have thinking ability? brain with other parts of the nervous system as it is Gross answers to all these inquiries are possible if we indicated by cognitive neuro-scientists and Artificial accept these TCP and TRP as the ultimate constituents (AI) scientists. According to them ‘ are of mind and matter in the inherent presence of simply what brains do’. In this functional view, mind is a thought force (T F) in vivo and thought force (T F) subjective manifestation of consciousness: the human in vitro as indicated by Pal et al [3]. It is to be noted brain's ability to be aware of its own existence. The concept that the thought force (T F) being a primordial quantum of the mind is therefore a means by which the conscious field exerts its functions both in vitro and in vivo. brain understands its own operations. 2 Modern Scientists are not yet able to understand how The modern cognitive neuroscientists generally accept the brain works to make the mind. They know that the fact that the "mind" is not an isolated entity and the brain has got neurons that communicate across mind is a state created by the activities of brain with other synapses by releasing a neurotransmitter, and that parts of the nervous system (CNS, PNS along with ANS). generates electrical impulses, and the receiving neuron Although the mind is generally accepted to be an abstract then talks to its neighbors the same way. If the mind having no spatial location or public observability, yet it is a depends on the brain, then all aspects of the mind are type of fine matter according to the ancient Indian going to depend on these simple electrical, chemical Upanishads and Vedanta. The Vedanta indicates that the processes. According to this concept, the existence of American Journal of Physics and Applications 2013; 1(3): 80-90 85

the UM requires the existence of the universal brain to ‘conscious’ and ‘super-conscious’ states as indicated form the UM. The concept of universal brain is not by Pal et al [2]. logically acceptable. Thus the concept that the mind 7 Consciousness may be defined as the ‘self-organized’ depends on the brain becomes questionable if the capability of any living being to activate TCP and TRP, existence of the UM is valid. the ultimate constituents of mind and matter and to exert 3 We are what our minds make us. The mind is a very its functions. What can generate, maintain and activate powerful controller of the body. The mind controls TCP and TRP is called animate having ‘active everything as indicated by Pal et al [1, 3] and Pal [7]. consciousness’ and what cannot is called inanimate, i.e., Mind is conditioned from the time we are young. It devoid of active consciousness. gives our abilities, our perceptions, our character and 8 Continuity of consciousness is found through the the way we think. From science to religion, from experimental observations of Parnia[14], Lommel [15], politics to economics, everything is controlled by the Fenwick [16] and Beauregard & O'Leary [17 & 18] human mind. We perceive, we believe and we react. and demonstrate the existence of consciousness during Things that matter are what we think they are. The the cessation of brain activity and thus support the quest for truth is bafflingly elusive, after all what is existence of universal consciousness as well as the ‘truth’? We have come to the realization that if I substantial view of mind as indicated by the Indian believe it is true, it indeed is true for me, regardless of Upanishads and Vedanta. how incredible you may think it is. Experiments do 9 Everything in this universe is interlinked and not matter, arguments do not matter, reality does not intertwined through the existence of the quantum matter, in fact, matter does not matter---it is all in the mechanical activities of these TCP in the inherent mind. As a joker succinctly put it, “It is a case of mind presence of TRP. Pal et al [1, 3] showed that the ε over matter—I do not mind and you do not matter”. quantized energy (T ) of TCP is responsible to 4 Consciousness model of Pal et al [1-3] involving TCP, TRP cause the universal consciousness as well as the and thought force (T F) signifies the existence of universal cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. consciousness that exists along with the universe. Pal The individual consciousness owes its origin to the et al [3] showed that this universal consciousness is a universal consciousness created by the same ε . ε T functional state of Universal Mind (UM). Pal et al [3] Ultimately this T represents universal consciousness. explained that the UM is evolved at the Big Bang This universal consciousness functions as a universe from the eternal Void. This Void, in turn, is the source wide web (uww) covering the universe as a whole of infinite energy. And this UM is a finer matter. The with all its parameters (including void) and inhabitants individual mind being a constituent of the UM is also (with or without consciousness). In this picture, uww a finer matter. The constituents of the UM and of consciousness, quantum concepts like wave particle individual mind are the same. The ultimate dualism, position momentum , nonlocality constituents of matter and mind are the same as both and concept of unified field become somewhat mind and matter are aspects of one fundamental understandable as all the entities of this universe are reality, which is called UM. The brain is the mediating interlinked and intertwined. In this picture, the link or interface between the individual mind and universal consciousness replaces ether of yesteryears body. Pal et al [3] explained that the constituents of and contains the whole of the universe in its fold. The the UM are the ultimate constituents of matter itself as ‘spooky action-at-a-distance’ may thus be built in everything in this universe is a manifestation of this nature through the existence of these TCP and TRP in UM. Pal et al [3] expressed that the UM is constituted the presence of thought force (T F). by these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of 10 In a purpose to conclude clearly, it appears, that thought force (T F). Pal et al [1, 3] further explained that scientists would have to decide whether mind is a the ultimate constituents of matter and mind are these ‘state’ (created by the activities of the brain with other TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of thought parts of the nervous system as it is indicated by (T F) in vitro and thought force (T F) in vivo . functional view of mind) or ‘a finer matter’ (as it is 5 Current scientific views regarding the origin of indicated by the Indian Upanishads and Vedanta). consciousness vary widely and range from an ‘epiphenomenon’ arising from neuronal networks, to neuronal quantum processes, to a separate 7. Psi () and the Related undiscovered scientific entity. Terminologies 6 Consciousness is the functional state of mind. Presence of consciousness signifies the presence of Psi is a term from parapsychology derived from the mind and vice versa. It is to be understood that Greek, ψ psi, 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet; from the consciousness is the realization of existence and Greek ψυχή psyche, "mind, soul". consciousness moves up and down on the ‘scale of the realization’ of existence through the ‘sub-conscious’, 86 Dhananjay Pal: Interpretation of the Paranormal Power like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) through the Consciousness Model

Types of Parapsychology Psychokinesis is the umbrella term for various related specialty abilities, which may include: The phenomena in question fall into two broad groups: 1 Telekinesis: movement of matter at the micro or 1 Extra-sensory perception (also known as anomalous macro (visible objects, life forms, etc.) levels. One can ) move, lift, agitate, vibrate, spin, bend, break, or can 2 Anomalous operation cause impact through telekinesis). Extra-sensory perception includes , 2 Speed up or slow down the naturally occurring , clairaudience, clairalience, clairgustance and vibrations of atoms in matter to alter temperature . indicated by Kakalios [22], possibly to the point of Anomalous operation includes psychokinesis (in the past ignition if combustible (also known as referred to as telekinesis), out-of-body experiences (OBE), when speeding up vibrations, and cryokinesis when near-death experiences (NDE), and slowing them down) indicated by Genzmer et al [23]. . 3 Self (rising in the air unsupported, flying) The general term "psi phenomena" (or the somewhat indicated by Time-Life Books [24]. older term, "psychic phenomena") cover all of these 4 Influencing events (sports, gambling, election, psychic phenomena. prolongation of life, etc.) indicated by Time-Life Parapsychology is the scientific study of paranormal Books [24]. psychic phenomena, including ESP (Extra-Sensory 5 Biological healing indicated by Hathaway [25]. Perception). Parapsychologists generally regard such tests 6 (disappearing and reappearing as the ganzfeld as providing compelling elsewhere) indicated by Mish [26]. evidence for the existence of ESP. The consensus of the 7 Phasing through matter indicated by Time-Life Books Parapsychological Association is that certain types of [24]. psychic phenomena such as psychokinesis, telepathy, and 8 Electro-psychokinesis, the ability to control any and are well established. all electrical, electronic, or electro-mechanical devices such as computers, elevators, FAX machines, etc. 8. (ESP) 9 Transmutation of matter indicated by Time-Life Books [24] and Colman [27]. Extrasensory perception (ESP) involves reception of 10 Metamorphosis Shape-shifting indicated by information not gained through the recognized physical Cavendish and Innes [28]. senses but sensed with the mind. The term was adopted by 11 Energy shield (force field) indicated by Mass Media psychologists to denote psychic abilities such as telepathy, Funk [29]. clairaudience, and clairvoyance, and their trans-temporal 12 Control of magnetism indicated by Time-Life Books operation as precognition or retrocognition. ESP is also [24]. sometimes casually referred to as a sixth sense, gut instinct 13 Control of photons (light waves/particles) indicated by or hunch. The term implies acquisition of information by Bersani and Martelli [30]. means external to the basic limiting assumptions of science, 14 14. Thoughtform projection or telepathic projection (a such as that organisms can only receive information from physically perceived person, animal, creature, object, the past to the present. ghostly entity, etc., created in the mind and projected The rejects ESP due to the absence into three-dimensional space and observable by of an evidence base, the lack of a theory which would others). explain ESP, and the lack of experimental techniques which 15 indicated by McCoy [31] (Nensha in can provide reliably positive results as indicated by Radin Simplified Chinese, sence inception), better known to [19], and Carroll [20]. English speakers as thoughtography or projected thermography or nengraphy, is the ability to psychically "burn" images from one's mind onto 9. Psychokinesis and Telekinesis surfaces, or even into the minds of others. The term psychokinesis (literally "mind-movement"), Both Telekinesis and Psychokinesis concepts have been also referred to as telekinesis (Greek, literally "distant- described by other terms, such as “remote influencing”, movement") with respect to strictly describing movement “distant influencing” “remote mental influence”, “distant of matter, sometimes abbreviated as PK and TK mental influence”, “directed conscious intention”, respectively. They are used to refer to the direct influence “anomalous perturbation”, and “mind over matter”. of mind on a physical system that cannot be entirely As research entered the modern era, it became clear that accounted for by the mediation of any known physical many different, but related, abilities could be attributed to energy (i.e. moving objects with the mind). Examples of the wider description of psychokinesis and these, along with telekinesis, are now regarded as the specialties of PK. psychokinesis could include distorting or moving an object, and influencing the output of a random number generator “Telekinesis is a form of PK” indicated by Davis [32]. indicated by Jeffers [21]. Psychokinesis is the general term that can be used to American Journal of Physics and Applications 2013; 1(3): 80-90 87

describe a variety of complex mental force phenomena select the true target, using perceptions experienced during (including object movement) and telekinesis is used to refer the Ganzfeld state as clues to what the mentally "sent" only to the movement of objects, however tiny (a grain of image might have been. salt, or air molecules to create wind) indicated by Guiley Some parapsychologists have claimed that the aggregate [33] or large (an automobile, building, or bridge). results of ganzfeld experiments indicate that, on average, Micro-PK (also micro-TK) is a very small effect, such as the target image is selected by the receiver more often than the manipulation of molecules, atoms, subatomic particles would be expected by chance alone; these claims have been etc. indicated by Broughton [34] that can only be observed summarized by parapsychologist Radin [36] in his book with scientific equipment. The words are abbreviations for The Conscious Universe . micro-psychokinesis indicated by Guiley [33] and micro- telekinesis. Macro-PK (also macro-TK) is a large-scale effect that can be seen with the unaided eye. The adjective 12. TCP and TRP in the Inherent phrases "microscopic-scale," "macroscopic- scale," "small- Presence of Thought Force (TF) in scale," and "large-scale" may also be used; for example, "a Vitro and the Thought Force (TF) in small-scale PK effect." Vivo Play Significant Roles in Paranormal Phenomena Like Extra 10. Direct Mental Interactions with Sensory Perception (ESP) and Living Systems (DMILS) Psychokinesis (PK) Formerly called bio-PK, "direct mental interactions with living systems" (DMILS) studies the effects of one person's Our consciousness model involving TCP and TRP in the intentions on a distant person's psychophysiological state. inherent presence of thought force (T F) in vitro and the One type of DMILS experiment looks at the commonly thought force (T F) in vivo provides significant guidelines reported "feeling of being stared at." The "starer" and the to explain paranormal phenomena like Extra Sensory "staree" are isolated in different locations, and the starer is Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK). periodically asked to simply gaze at the staree via closed Pal et al [3] explained that everything in this universe is circuit video links. Meanwhile, the staree's nervous system interlinked and intertwined through the existence of the activity is automatically and continuously monitored. quantum mechanical activities of these TCP inε the inherent T Parapsychologists have interpreted the cumulative data presence of TRP. The quantized energy ( ) of TCP on this and similar DMILS experiments to suggest that one represents universal consciousness. This consciousness person's attention directed towards a remote, isolated functions as a universe wide web (uww) covering the person can significantly activate or calm that person's universe as a whole with all its parameters (including void) nervous system. In a meta-analysis of these experiments and inhabitants (with or without consciousness). In this published in the British Journal of in 2004, picture, uww of consciousness, quantum concepts like researchers found that there was a small but significant wave particle dualism, position momentum uncertainty, nonlocality and concept of unified field become somewhat understandable as all the entities of this universe are 11. Ganzfeld (German for "Whole interlinked and intertwined. In this picture, the universal Field") consciousness replaces ether of yesteryears and contains the whole of the universe in its fold. The ‘spooky action-at- The Ganzfeld (German for "whole field") is a technique a-distance’ may thus be built in nature through the used to test individuals for telepathy. The technique—a existence of these TCP and TRP in the presence of thought form of moderate sensory deprivation—was developed to force (TF) in vitro and thought force (TF) in vivo. quickly quiet mental "noise" by providing mild, Pal et al [3] also expressed that these TCP and TRP are unpatterned stimuli to the visual and auditory senses. the ultimate constituents of matter and mind in the inherent In the typical , a "sender" and a presence of thought force (T F) in vitro and thought force "receiver" are isolated indicated by Hyman Ray [35]. The (T F) in vivo . Thus these TCP and TRP being the ultimate receiver is put into the Ganzfeld state indicated by Radin constituents of mind as well as matter play the most [36] or Ganzfeld effect and the sender is shown a video clip significant roles not only in the telepathy and or still picture and asked to mentally send that image to the ‘psychokinesis’ (PK) but also in the exercise of other receiver. The receiver, while in the Ganzfeld, is asked to paranormal power. Many modern scientists think that a continuously speak aloud all mental processes, including time will come when they would be able to develop the images, thoughts, and feelings. At the end of the sending desired computer with intelligence having consciousness period, typically about 20 to 40 minutes in length, the which would interact as intelligently as any human on any receiver is taken out of the Ganzfeld state and shown four subject. The key to this new direction lies in the research of images or videos, one of which is the true target and three biological, mental and spiritual phenomena such as psychic of which are non-target decoys. The receiver attempts to phenomena ("Psi") and other psychic powers that have 88 Dhananjay Pal: Interpretation of the Paranormal Power like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and Psychokinesis (PK) through the Consciousness Model been overlooked by modern scientists. including the inverse square law, the second law of thermodynamics and the conservation of momentum indicated by Gardner [37] and Gilovich [38]. Hence 13. TCP and TRP Play the Significant scientists have demanded a high standard of evidence for Roles in the So-Called ‘Non- PK, in line with ’s dictum "Extraordinary Locality’ Problem in Quantum claims require extraordinary proof" as mentioned by Sutherland [39]. Parapsychologists respond that "laws of Mechanics nature" are simply summaries of existing scientific Everything in this universe is interlinked and intertwined knowledge and do get revised from time to time during the through the existence of the quantum mechanical activities course of scientific progress. If the existence of psi of these TCP in the presence of TRP. phenomenon were ever proven, explaining how they work The entire Universe or the particles in it are ‘connected’ might require revising or extending the known laws of through the existence of the quantum mechanical activities physics. of these TCP in the presence of TRP. Pal et al [3] showed Sagan [40] suggested that there are three claims in the ε field of parapsychology which have at least some that the quantized energy (T ) of TCP is responsible to cause the universal consciousness as well as the experimental support and "deserve serious study", as they cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. The "might be true": individual consciousness owes its origin to the universal (1) that by thought alone humans can affect random ε number generators in computers; consciousness created by the same T . This universal consciousness functions as a universe wide web (uww) (2) that people under mild sensory deprivation can covering the universe as a whole with all its parameters receive thoughts or images "projected" at them; (including void) and inhabitants (with or without (3) that young children sometimes report the details of consciousness). In this picture, uww of consciousness, a previous life, which upon checking turn out to be quantum concepts like wave particle dualism, position accurate and which they could not have known momentum uncertainty, nonlocality and concept of unified about in any other way than reincarnation. field become somewhat understandable as all the entities of Nobel physicist Josephson [41] is one of the more well- this universe are interlinked and intertwined. In this picture, known scientists who say that parapsychological the universal consciousness replaces ether of yesteryears phenomena may be real. Josephson [41] proposed that and contains the whole of the universe in its fold. explanations for both psychokinesis and telepathy might be The ‘spooky action-at-a-distance’ is thus built in nature found in quantum physics. Venkatasubramanian et al [42] through the existence of the quantum mechanical activities investigated paranormal phenomena to show the functional of these TCP in the inherent presence of TRP. The spooky brain imaging of telepathy. Neuroscientist and skeptic non-local correlations-at-a-distance might evidence a Holy Persinger [43] has found evidence suggestive of telepathy at work through the existence of the quantum based upon quantum entanglement. mechanical activities of these TCP and TRP in the inherent The biological nonlocality is possible through the application and utilization of quantum mechanical activities presence of Thought force (T F) in vitro and Thought force of these TCP and TRP in the inherent presence of Thought (T F) in vivo . It is possible that the quantum enigma can be tackled by force (T F) in vitro and Thought force (T F) in vivo along accepting the existence of the quantum mechanical with the postulated TF (micro) and TF (macro) as expressed activities of these TCP and TRP that are the ultimate by Pal [5]. constituents of any matter as well as the individual mind. Pal [5] expressed that the thought force (T F) being the The functional state of mind generates consciousness. This primordial quantum field functions as the original single consciousness is acting as an inter-linking agent between primary unified field that is not only the origin of all the the animate and inanimate. four fundamental fields along with both the T F (micro) and TF (macro) but also the origin of thought force (T F) in vivo. Pal [5] expressed that the thought force (T F) in vivo is 14. Discussions and Conclusion demonstrated in numerous experiments in which thought has an effect on a physical process (often known as mind 14.1. Discussions over matter). This biological ‘thought’ is a type of force All the psychic abilities along with other paranormal that can cause movement. Controlling movements through phenomena like Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) and thought alone is observed in several experiments as Psychokinesis (PK), if true, are to be explained properly by indicated by Pal [5]. These experimental observations thus the valid scientific theory. Some critics claim that the signify the existence of thought force (T F) in vivo . existence of psi phenomena would violate "the known laws The scientific community rejects due to of physics". the absence of an evidence base and the lack of a theory If PK were to exist as claimed by some experimenters, it which would explain remote viewing. Some critics in the would violate some well-established laws of physics, scientific community reject not only remote viewing but American Journal of Physics and Applications 2013; 1(3): 80-90 89

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