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Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Seamus Hughes, Bennett Clifford FEBRUARY 2018
Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Seamus Hughes, Bennett Clifford FEBRUARY 2018 THE TRAVELERS American Jihadists in Syria and Iraq BY Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, Seamus Hughes, Bennett Cliford Program on Extremism February 2018 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2018 by Program on Extremism Program on Extremism 2000 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20006 www.extremism.gwu.edu Contents Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................v A Note from the Director .........................................................................................vii Foreword ......................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary .......................................................................................................1 Introduction: American Jihadist Travelers ..........................................................5 Foreign Fighters and Travelers to Transnational Conflicts: Incentives, Motivations, and Destinations ............................................................. 5 American Jihadist Travelers: 1980-2011 ..................................................................... 6 How Do American Jihadist -
Geopolitics, Oil Law Reform, and Commodity Market Expectations
OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEW VOLUME 63 WINTER 2011 NUMBER 2 GEOPOLITICS, OIL LAW REFORM, AND COMMODITY MARKET EXPECTATIONS ROBERT BEJESKY * Table of Contents I. Introduction .................................... ........... 193 II. Geopolitics and Market Equilibrium . .............. 197 III. Historical U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East ................ 202 IV. Enter OPEC ..................................... ......... 210 V. Oil Industry Reform Planning for Iraq . ............... 215 VI. Occupation Announcements and Economics . ........... 228 VII. Iraq’s 2007 Oil and Gas Bill . .............. 237 VIII. Oil Price Surges . ............ 249 IX. Strategic Interests in Afghanistan . ................ 265 X. Conclusion ...................................... ......... 273 I. Introduction The 1973 oil supply shock elevated OPEC to world attention and ensconced it in the general consciousness as a confederacy that is potentially * M.A. Political Science (Michigan), M.A. Applied Economics (Michigan), LL.M. International Law (Georgetown). The author has taught international law courses for Cooley Law School and the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan, American Government and Constitutional Law courses for Alma College, and business law courses at Central Michigan University and the University of Miami. 193 194 OKLAHOMA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 63:193 antithetical to global energy needs. From 1986 until mid-1999, prices generally fluctuated within a $10 to $20 per barrel band, but alarms sounded when market prices started hovering above $30. 1 In July 2001, Senator Arlen Specter addressed the Senate regarding the need to confront OPEC and urged President Bush to file an International Court of Justice case against the organization, on the basis that perceived antitrust violations were a breach of “general principles of law.” 2 Prices dipped initially, but began a precipitous rise in mid-March 2002. -
Notes on a Terrorism Trial •Fi Preventive Prosecution, Â
Notes on a Terrorism Trial – Preventive Prosecution, “Material Support” and The Role of The Judge after United States v. Mehanna George D. Brown* Abstract The terrorism trial of Tarek Mehanna, primarily for charges of providing “material support” to terrorism, presented elements of a preventive prosecution as well as the problem of applying Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (HLP) to terrorism‐related speech. This Article examines both aspects of the case, with emphasis on the central role of the trial judge. As criminal activity becomes more amorphous, the jury looks to the judge for guidance. His rulings on potentially prejudicial evidence which may show just how much of a “terrorist” the defendant is are the key aspect of this guidance. If the defendant is found guilty, the sentence imposed by the judge can have a profound impact on future preventive prosecutions. Particularly important is the judge’s handling of the Sentencing Guidelines’ “Terrorism Enhancement.” As for speech issues, there is enough ambiguity in HLP to let lower courts formulate and apply its test differently. HLP emphasizes co‐ordination with a foreign terrorist organization before speech can be criminalized. There is now movement toward a concept of one‐way coordination that can turn speech prosecutions into a form of general prevention of potential terrorists. All of these issues were central to Mehanna. The Article’s analysis of how the trial court handled them is meant to increase understanding of them, and to highlight the central role of the judge. I. Introduction -
Iraq Index Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq
Iraq Index Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq http://www.brookings.edu/iraqindex July 28, 2011 Foreign Policy at Brookings Tracks Security and Reconstruction in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan Afghanistan Index » http://www.brookings.edu/afghanistanindex Iraq Index » http://www.brookings.edu/iraqindex Pakistan Index » http://www.brookings.edu/pakistanindex Michael E. O’Hanlon Ian Livingston For more information please contact Ian Livingston at [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Tracking the Aftermath of the Surge Page Estimated Number of Iraqi Civilian Fatalities by Month, May 2003-Present…….…...…………………………..…….....….. UPDATED 7.28.11….……3 Enemy-Initiated Attacks Against the Coalition and Its Partners, by Week..…………..… …...……...……………………………………....…………….....4 Iraqi Military and Police Killed Monthly…………..……………………………….....… . UPDATED 7.28.11....………….……………….....………...……4 Targeted Violence against Government of Iraq Officials……………………………… NEW 6.30.11……………………………………….……………….5 Estimated Number of Al Qaeda Members in Iraq…………………………………………………… NEW 6.30.11………………………….……………....5 Number of Roadside and Car Bombs in Kirkuk, 2007-2010……………………………………….……………………………………………………………5 Multiple Fatality Bombings in Iraq………………………………………...…………....…...………..….……..……………………………………..……..…..5 Number and Current Status of Sons of Iraq (SOI’s) in Iraq…………… UPDATED 6.30.11…………………………..………...…………………………..6 Authors’ Political Benchmark Assessment……………………………................................……………… UPDATED 7.28.11………………….…………...6 Security Indicators -
The Al Qaeda Network a New Framework for Defining the Enemy
THE AL QAEDA NETWORK A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR DEFINING THE ENEMY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN SEPTEMBER 2013 THE AL QAEDA NETWORK A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR DEFINING THE ENEMY KATHERINE ZIMMERMAN SEPTEMBER 2013 A REPORT BY AEI’S CRITICAL THREATS PROJECT ABOUT US About the Author Katherine Zimmerman is a senior analyst and the al Qaeda and Associated Movements Team Lead for the Ameri- can Enterprise Institute’s Critical Threats Project. Her work has focused on al Qaeda’s affiliates in the Gulf of Aden region and associated movements in western and northern Africa. She specializes in the Yemen-based group, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, and al Qaeda’s affiliate in Somalia, al Shabaab. Zimmerman has testified in front of Congress and briefed Members and congressional staff, as well as members of the defense community. She has written analyses of U.S. national security interests related to the threat from the al Qaeda network for the Weekly Standard, National Review Online, and the Huffington Post, among others. Acknowledgments The ideas presented in this paper have been developed and refined over the course of many conversations with the research teams at the Institute for the Study of War and the American Enterprise Institute’s Critical Threats Project. The valuable insights and understandings of regional groups provided by these teams directly contributed to the final product, and I am very grateful to them for sharing their expertise with me. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Kimberly Kagan and Jessica Lewis for dedicating their time to helping refine my intellectual under- standing of networks and to Danielle Pletka, whose full support and effort helped shape the final product. -
Mehanna Government Brief
Case: 12-1461 Document: 00116514022 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/08/2013 Entry ID: 5724362 NO. 12-1461 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT __________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE V. TAREK MEHANNA, APPELLANT __________ ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS __________ BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES __________ CARMEN M. ORTIZ MYTHILI RAMAN United States Attorney Acting Assistant Attorney General District of Massachusetts Criminal Division JOHN P. CARLIN DENIS J. MCINERNEY Acting Assistant Attorney Acting Deputy Assistant Attorney General General Criminal Division National Security Division ELIZABETH D. COLLERY JOSEPH F. PALMER Attorney, Appellate Section JEFFREY D. GROHARING Criminal Division Attorneys U.S. Department of Justice National Security Division 950 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Room 1264 Washington, DC 20530 (202) 353-3891 [email protected] Case: 12-1461 Document: 00116514022 Page: 2 Date Filed: 04/08/2013 Entry ID: 5724362 TABLE OF CONTENTS JURISDICTIONAL STATEMENT. ........................................................................ 1 STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES. ............................................................................ 1 STATEMENT OF THE CASE................................................................................. 3 STATEMENT OF FACTS. ...................................................................................... 6 1. Overview. ............................................................................................. 6 2. Mehanna -
The Baghdad Security Plan Begins
A PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF WAR AND WEEKLYSTANDARD.COM A PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF WAR AND WEEKLYSTANDARD.COM U.S. Army Sgt. Scott Monahan, a tactical human intelligence team leader, collects an entourage of children while on a civil affairs mission in the Rabi area of Adhamiyah, Baghdad, on February 26, 2007. February 10, 2007 – March 5, 2007 Enforcing the Law: The Baghdad Security Plan Begins by KIMBERLY KAGAN This report, the second in a series, describes the purpose, course, and results of Coalition operations in Baghdad during the fi rst three weeks of Operation Enforcing the Law (also known as the Baghdad Security Plan), from General Petraeus’ assumption of command on February 10, 2007, through March 5. It describes the fl ow of American and Iraqi forces into Baghdad; American and Iraqi command relationships; the efforts of those forces to prepare positions and develop intelligence in critical neighborhoods; the limited clearing operations that the forces already in Baghdad have conducted; and operations against the so-called Mahdi army, or Jaysh al Mahdi, in Baghdad. It describes and evaluates the apparent responses of the Jaysh al Mahdi and al Qaeda to these preparations and early operations, and highlights some of the differences between this operation and last year’s offensives in Baghdad, Operations Together Forward I and II. PAGE 1 • FEBRUARY 10, 2007 – MARCH 5, 2007 A PUBLICATION OF THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF WAR AND WEEKLYSTANDARD.COM Mission struction missions in Iraq. He requests troops resident Bush announced an increase for Iraq through the United States Central Com- in U.S. -
Opening Brief
Case: 12-1461 Document: 00116470099 Page: 1 Date Filed: 12/17/2012 Entry ID: 5698298 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT No. 12-1461 Tarek Mehanna, Defendant-Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee. ON APPEAL FROM A JUDGMENT OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS BRIEF OF DEFENDANT-APPELLANT TAREK MEHANNA Sabin Willett, No. 18725 J. W. Carney, Jr., No. 40016 Susan Baker Manning, No. 1152545 CARNEY & BASSIL Julie Silva Palmer, No. 1140407 20 Park Plaza, Suite 1405 BINGHAM McCUTCHEN LLP Boston, MA 02116 One Federal Street 617.338.5566 Boston, Massachusetts 02110-1726 617.951.8000 Case: 12-1461 Document: 00116470099 Page: 2 Date Filed: 12/17/2012 Entry ID: 5698298 TABLE OF CONTENTS REASONS WHY ORAL ARGUMENT SHOULD BE HEARD ........................... xi JURISDICTIONAL STATEMENT ......................................................................... 1 STATEMENT OF ISSUES ...................................................................................... 1 STATEMENT OF THE CASE ................................................................................. 3 STATEMENT OF FACTS ....................................................................................... 7 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .............................................................................. 19 ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................... 21 I. STANDARD OF REVIEW ......................................................................... -
Holiday Party Kicks Off OPC's 75Th Anniversary Year
THE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF THE OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB OF AMERICA, NEW YORK, NY • December 2013 Holiday Party Kicks Off OPC’s 75th Anniversary Year by Brian Byrd of World War II. And In 2014, the OPC will mark its on April 2, nine foreign 75th anniversary. As part of its dia- correspondents gathered mond jubilee, the OPC will hold a at the Algonquin Hotel’s series of events beginning with a Round Table in New holiday party in January that will York to form the OPC of kickoff the anniversary year at the America. This intrepid Club’s birthplace: The Roundtable group of men and wom- at the Algonquin Hotel on Tuesday, en launched an organi- January 7 from 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. zation whose presence Food, drinks and merriment will be and influence have been on hand as well as time to share sto- felt for the past 75 years. During this time, na- Senator John F. Kennedy addresses the ries about life as a journalist. Come 18th Annual Awards Dinner of the OPC. with a memorable reporting story, (Continued on Page 2) an OPC story, a story of courage or good luck. (See page 4 for details.) OPC Holds Two Panel Discussions Overseas The Club’s founding was in 1939, the year Lou Gehrig gave his “lucki- by Sonya K. Fry London recap page 3.) Both discus- sions attracted capacity audiences. est man alive” speech as he retired A Ford Foundation grant has en- from the New York Yankees, “Gone abled the OPC to take its message With the Wind” and “The Wizard abroad this year. -
Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal
WARFARE IN THE AMERICAN HOMELAND WARFARE IN THE AMERICAN HOMELAND POLICING AND PRISON IN A PENAL DEMOCRACY Edited by Joy James Duke University Press Durham and London 2007 © 2007 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ♾ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Minion Pro by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. Acknowledgments for previously printed material and cred- its for illustrations appear at the end of this book. TO: OGGUN AND OSHUN Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. —THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, SECTION 1, U.S. CONSTITUTION As a slave, the social phenomenon that engages my whole consciousness is, of course, revolution. —GEORGE JACKSON Contents Preface: The American Archipelago xi Acknowledgments xix Introduction: Violations 3 joy james I. Insurgent Knowledge 1. The Prison Slave as Hegemony’s (Silent) Scandal 23 frank b. wilderson iii 2. Forced Passages 35 dylan rodríguez 3. Sorrow: The Good Soldier and the Good Woman 58 joy james 4. War Within: A Prison Interview 76 dhoruba bin wahad 5. Domestic Warfare: A Dialogue 98 marshall eddie conway 6. Soledad Brother and Blood in My Eye (Excerpts) 122 george jackson 7. The Masked Assassination 140 michel foucault, catherine von bülow, daniel defert translation and introduction by sirène harb 8. A Century of Colonialism: One Hundred Years of Puerto Rican Resistance 161 oscar lópez rivera II. -
Iraq Index Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq
Iraq Index Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-Saddam Iraq http://www.brookings.edu/iraqindex August 30, 2011 Foreign Policy at Brookings Tracks Security and Reconstruction in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan Afghanistan Index » http://www.brookings.edu/afghanistanindex Iraq Index » http://www.brookings.edu/iraqindex Pakistan Index » http://www.brookings.edu/pakistanindex Michael E. O’Hanlon Ian Livingston For more information please contact Ian Livingston at [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Tracking the Aftermath of the Surge Page Estimated Number of Iraqi Civilian Fatalities by Month, May 2003-Present…….…...…………………………..…….....….. UPDATED 8.30.11….……3 Enemy-Initiated Attacks Against the Coalition and Its Partners, by Week..…………..… …...……...……………………………………....…………….....4 Iraqi Military and Police Killed Monthly…………..……………………………….....… . UPDATED 8.30.11....………….……………….....………...……4 Targeted Violence against Government of Iraq Officials……………………………… NEW 6.30.11……………………………………….……………….5 Estimated Number of Al Qaeda Members in Iraq…………………………………………………… NEW 6.30.11………………………….……………....5 Number of Roadside and Car Bombs in Kirkuk, 2007-2010……………………………………….……………………………………………………………5 Multiple Fatality Bombings in Iraq………………………………………...…………....…...………..….……..……………………………………..……..…..5 Number and Current Status of Sons of Iraq (SOI’s) in Iraq…………… UPDATED 6.30.11…………………………..………...…………………………..6 Authors’ Political Benchmark Assessment……………………………................................……………… UPDATED 7.28.11………………….…………...6 Security Indicators -
Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans Author: David Schanzer, Charles Kurzman, Ebrahim Moosa Document No.: 229868 Date Received: March 2010 Award Number: 2007-IJ-CX-0008 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Anti- Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans DAVID SCHANZER SANFORD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC POLICY DUKE UNIVERSITY CHARLES KURZMAN DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL EBRAHIM MOOSA DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION DUKE UNIVERSITY JANUARY 6, 2010 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Project Supported by the National Institute of Justice This project was supported by grant no.