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Pest Management Strategic Plan for Potted Orchid Production in Hawai'i

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Pest Management Strategic Plan for Potted Orchid Production in Hawai'i Pest Management Strategic Plan for Potted Orchid Production in Hawai‘i Summary of a workshop held on September 30, 2010 Hilo, Hawai‘i Issued July 21, 2014 Lead Authors: Mike Kawate and Kelvin T. Sewake Editor: Cathy Tarutani Contact Person: Cathy Tarutani, Education Specialist (808) 956-2004 [email protected] This project was sponsored by the Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture Research Program, a special grant of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES) (now National Institute of Food and Agriculture) [NIFA]). and the Western Integrated Pest Management Center, which is funded by USDA, NIFA. The project is produced by staff of the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. Table of Contents Executive Summary...........................................................................................................3 Work Group and Contributors ........................................................................................4 Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................6 Top Pest Management Priorities in Potted Orchid Production in Hawai‘i ................7 Special Critical Need..............................................................................................7 General Production Information......................................................................................8 Potted Orchids in Hawai‘i.....................................................................................8 Production Regions................................................................................................9 Cultural Practices................................................................................................11 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Potted Orchids ...................................19 Trade Issues..........................................................................................................21 Pest Pressures and Control Measures............................................................................23 Invertebrate Pests................................................................................................23 Vertebrate Pests...................................................................................................59 Diseases .................................................................................................................65 Special Critical Needs..............................................................................85 Emerging viral disease issues..................................................................86 Nematodes.............................................................................................................88 Weeds ....................................................................................................................93 Acronyms and Abbreviations .........................................................................................97 References ....................................................................................................................97 Appendices 1. Registered Pesticides for Potted Orchids in Hawai‘i..................................101 2. Efficacy of Pest Management Tools for Control of Insects and Other Invertebrate Pests on Potted Orchids in Hawai‘i .......119 3. Efficacy of Pest Management Tools for Control of Vertebrate Pests on Potted Orchids in Hawai‘i.........................................130 4. Efficacy of Pest Management Tools for Control of Disease and Nematode Pests on Potted Orchids in Hawai‘i .....................132 5. Efficacy of Pest Management Tools for Control of Weed Pests in Potted orchids in Hawai‘i ....................................................141 Cover Photo: Oncidium orchids in two-inch pots. (Photo by Tessie Amore) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary The Hawai‘i orchid industry produces crops that are sold as either cut flowers (including lei flowers) or potted plants. This PMSP focuses on two important groups of potted orchids. Dendrobiums and oncidiums are among the most widely grown in terms of the number of farms and the quantity of potted plants sold. Hawai’i is an ideal region for producing a large number of orchid varieties due to its diversity in climate, tempera- ture, rainfall, and sunlight. The climate for growing orchids in Hawai’i varies greatly from location to location, so proper site selection, growing structures, and design for an orchid nursery are important for good plant growth and management of pests. Workgroup members identified thrips, mealybugs, mites, and blossom midge as invertebrate pests of particular importance. Thrips are the most prevalent insect pest of orchid flowers in Hawai‘i. Moreover, the several different species of thrips that plague orchids in Hawai‘i, present special problems for their identification and, therefore, control. Environmental conditions in the tropics are frequently conducive to disease develop- ment; plant pathogens proliferate in Hawai‘i’s mild climate. While several diseases of potted orchids are described in the literature, there have not been many reliable, confirmed identifications of pathogenic fungi, other than Fusarium. This PMSP discusses the various diseases of orchids, but focuses on Fusarium. Two bacterial pathogens, Erwinia and Burkholderia, have been isolated from diseased and dying dendrobium plants and confirmed as pathogens. The prevalence of other diseases, especially those caused by unidentified viruses is not known. Growers have learned to identify the key pests and their associated damage. Growers have established monitoring procedures and action thresholds, and use that information and their experience to decide on the implementation of various control measures. There are trade issues related to pest management for potted orchid production in Hawai‘i. Certain pests are of quarantine significance. If an outgoing shipment of orchid flowers or potted orchids is intercepted with one or more of the quarantine pests, the shipment will be confiscated and subsequently destroyed. Additionally, much of the planting material for Hawai‘i’s orchid growers comes from sources outside the state, including foreign sources. Growers do not have the means to monitor conditions under which these materials were produced, and are vulnerable to stocking their nurseries with infected or infested planting materials. Importing orchids with pathogens or pest insects increases the cost of pathogen or pest insect control on those plants and may place other crops or plants in Hawai‘i at risk. PMSP FOR POTTED ORCHIDS IN HAWAI‘I■ PAGE 3 WORK GROUP AND CONTRIBUTORS Work Group and Contributors A work group consisting of growers, agricultural consultants, regulators, university Extension agents and specialists, and other technical experts from Hawai‘i Island and O‘ahu met on September 30, 2010, in Hilo, Hawai‘i, to identify the needs of potted orchid producers across the state. This exercise resulted in the following document, which includes critical needs, general conclusions, and tables listing typical activities and efficacies of various management tools for specific pests. WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS Potted Orchid Growers Ken Armour Malika Orchids, Inc. Hakalau, Hawai‘i Island James Fang Hilo Orchid Farm, Mt. View, Hawai‘i Island Ann Geschwandtner Orchids-R-Us, Ka‘a‘awa, O‘ahu Ronald Hudson Hawaiian Orchid Nursery, Inc., Wai‘anae, O‘ahu Justin Livesay Asia Pacific Flowers, Inc., Kapoho, Hawai‘i Island Dean Monroe Kaleialoha Orchid Farm, Inc., Kea‘au, Hawai‘i Island Elton Mow Orchid Plantation, Inc., Pāhoa, Hawai‘i Island Thong Teng Neo Green Point Nurseries, Kea‘au, Hawai‘i Island Colby Pillers Kalapana Tropicals, Kurtistown, Hawai‘i Island George Poppas Hawaiian Tropicals Direct, Pāhoa, Hawai‘i Island University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Tessie Amore Assistant Researcher, Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, Honolulu, O‘ahu Joe De Frank Extension Specialist, Weed Science, Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, Honolulu, O‘ahu Arnold Hara Entomologist, Beaumont Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawai‘i Island Jim Hollyer Workshop facilitator, Agricultural Development in the American Pacific (ADAP) Project, Honolulu, O‘ahu Mike Kawate Extension Specialist, Pesticide Registration, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Honolulu, O‘ahu Ken Leonhardt Extension Specialist, Floriculture, Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, Honolulu, O‘ahu Michael Melzer Junior Researcher, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, O‘ahu PMSP FOR POTTED ORCHIDS IN HAWAI‘I■ PAGE 4 WORK GROUP AND CONTRIBUTORS Cathy Tarutani Academic Support Specialist, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, O‘ahu Janice Uchida Plant Pathologist, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, O‘ahu Hawai‘i State Department of Agriculture Kevin Horiuchi Nursery Specialist, Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawai‘i Island Derek Shigematsu Pesticide Education Specialist, Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawai‘i Island US Department of Agriculture Fran Calvert Workshop recorder, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawai‘i Island Robert Hollingsworth Research Biologist, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawai‘i Island Industry Support Peter Ballerini Sales Representative, Hawai‘i Grower
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