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Growing Dendrobium Orchids in Hawaii Growing dendrobium orchids in Hawaii GROWING DENDROBIUM ORCHIDS IN HAWAII Production and Pest Management Guide Edited by Ken Leonhardt and Kelvin Sewake Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Charles W. Laughlin, Director and Dean, Cooperative Extension Service, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. An Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawaii without regard to race, sex, age, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or veteran status. 1 Growing dendrobium orchids in Hawaii Edited by Ken Leonhardt and Kelvin Sewake The authors and their affiliations Kent Fleming, extension economist, Department of Horticulture, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii at Manoa John Halloran, extension economist, Department of Horticulture, CTAHR Arnold Hara, specialist in entomology, Department of Entomology, CTAHR Trent Hata, research associate, Department of Entomology, CTAHR Ken Leonhardt, specialist in horticulture, Department of Horticulture, CTAHR Edwin Mersino, county extension agent, CTAHR Kelvin Sewake, county extension agent, CTAHR Janice Uchida, plant pathologist, Department of Plant Pathology, CTAHR Acknowledgments The authors thank the following people for their excellent contributions: Dale Evans for editing and Miles Hakoda for graphic design (Publications and Information Office, CTAHR); Don Schmitt, Haruyuki Kamemoto, Wayne Nishijima, Robert Paull, Roy Nishimoto, and Minoru Aragaki (CTAHR), Bill Sakai (UH Hilo, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Management), Robert Cowie (Deparatment of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum), and commercial orchid growers Roy Tokunaga, Clarence Ono, Greg Braun, Leland Anderson, and Donald Eberly for their reviews and comments on parts of the manuscript; Haruyuki Kamemoto, Teresita Amore, Chris Kadooka, Ron Mau, and Victoria Tenbrink (CTAHR) and Walter Nagamine (Hawaii Department of Agriculture) for photographs to supplement those provided by the authors; and Chris Womersley (Department of Zool­ ogy, College of Natural Sciences, UH Manoa) for artwork. Ron Mau, specialist in entomology, and Jari Sugano, project assistant (Department of Entomol­ ogy, CTAHR) coordinated the Western Region Integrated Pest Management Program funds (a Smith- Lever 3(d) Extension IPM grant) that made this project possible. Disclaimer The information contained in Growing Dendrobium Orchids in Hawaii, a Production and Pest Man­ agement Guide for Hawaii Growers is subject to change at any time and should be considered as suggestions only. To the knowledge of the authors, the information contained herein is accurate as of January 1999. Neither the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, the United States Department of Agriculture, nor the authors or contributors shall be liable for any damages resulting from the use or reliance on the information contained in this book or from any omissions to this book. Reference to a company, trade, or product name does not imply approval or recommendation of the company or product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable. The mention of a pesticide material or commercial product or description of a pesticide use is in no way intended as an exclusive endorsement or a substitute for restrictions, precautions, and direc­ tions given on the product label. Users of pesticides are responsible for making sure that the intended use is included on the product label and that all label directions are followed. Updates to this information on dendrobium production will be posted in the publications section of the CTAHR website, <www.ctahr.hawaii.edu>. To obtain additional copies of this book, contact the Pub­ lications and Information Office, CTAHR UH-M, 3050 Maile Way (Gilmore Hall 119), Honolulu, Hawaii 96822; 808-956-7036; 808-956-5966 (fax); e-mail <[email protected]>. Copyright 1999 © College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa 2 Growing dendrobium orchids in Hawaii Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 What is integrated pest management? (Ken Leonhardt and Edwin Mersino) The IPM approach..................................................................................................... 3 Considerations for implementing an IPM program .................................................. 4 Know the enemy and predict its occurrence....................................................... 4 Cultural control practices ................................................................................... 4 Biological control practices ................................................................................ 6 Chemical control practices ................................................................................. 6 A case study: IPM in practice ................................................................................... 7 Dendrobium cultivars recommended for commercial production (Ken Leonhardt) .......... 9 Site selection and structures (Ken Leonhardt) Temperature ............................................................................................................ 15 Site selection considerations ................................................................................... 15 Structures ................................................................................................................ 15 Nursery practices (Ken Leonhardt, Edwin Mersino, and Kelvin Sewake) Orchid propagation—proper care for young plantlets ............................................ 19 Media ................................................................................................................... 21 Spacing ................................................................................................................... 22 Planting ................................................................................................................... 23 Replanting ............................................................................................................... 23 Irrigation ................................................................................................................. 24 Fertilizer .................................................................................................................. 25 Plant growth regulating hormones .......................................................................... 27 Growth retardants ............................................................................................. 27 Injection of cytokinin-gibberellic acid mixtures .............................................. 27 Spray application of mixtures of cytokinins and gibberellic acid .................... 28 Drenching with cytokinins ............................................................................... 28 Pests and pest management ........................................................................................... 29 Insects, mites, and other pests (Arnold Hara and Trent Hata) ......................................... 30 Aphids .............................................................................................................. 31 Ambrosia beetles .............................................................................................. 32 Caterpillars ....................................................................................................... 33 False spider mites ............................................................................................. 34 Mealybugs ........................................................................................................ 35 Midge................................................................................................................ 36 Orchid weevils .................................................................................................. 37 Plant bug, seed bug, and stink bug ................................................................... 38 Scales ................................................................................................................ 39 Thrips................................................................................................................ 40 Whitefly ............................................................................................................ 42 Birds ................................................................................................................. 43 Mice .................................................................................................................. 44 Slugs and snails ................................................................................................ 45 3 Growing dendrobium orchids in Hawaii Diseases (Janice Uchida) Diseases caused by fungal pathogens Botrytis blossom blight, or gray mold ..................................................... 46 Blossom flecks and small spots ............................................................... 47 Colletotrichum ........................................................................................
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