0203FISH.Pdf (11.84Mb)

if 1-~ ~ S - 1 ~r4# r" r~.urn3taa~' 'I -r a :' -#At-~- sYr'jr - '&( ~4~t k 7A CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 3 PROJECT BACKGROUND.............................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 1 TECHNICAL EVALUATION................................................................................... 5 STRATEGY .................................................................................................... 5 Fish Species........................................................................................ 5 Ponds ............................................................................................ 5 Pond Management ................................................................................... 5 Livestock ......................................................................................... 6 Horticulture........................................................................................ 8 Forestry .......................................................................................... 8 Harvestiog ........................................................................................ 8 Credit ............................................................................................ 8 Technology Transfer..................................................................................S8 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 8 Weather .......................................................................................... 9 Water Quality ...................................................................................... 9 Fish Production..................................................................................... 9 Seed Production ................................................................................... 10 Harvests.......................................................................................... 10 Livestock......................................................................................... 10 Technology Transfer................................................................................. 12 Constraints on Self Sufficiency......................................................................... 12 CONCUISIONS .............................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2 NUTRITIONAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION .......................................................... 13 THE NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMI IN PANA.NIA......................................................................... 13 OBJECTIV ES ................................................................................................ 13 METHIODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 13 Evaluation Model................................................................................... 13 RESULTS .................................................................................................. 14 \.nthropomnetry........................................................................................... 14 Consumption of Proteinaceous Foods.........................................................................15 Socioeconomic Aspects .................................................................................... 15 Food Prices.............................................................................................. 17 Traditional Communities ................................................................................... 17 DISCUSSION................................................................................................ 17 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 19 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3 SOCIOECONOMIiC CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................... 20 PROJECT BACKGROUND....................................................................................... 20 PROJECT EV ALUATION........................................................................................ 20 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 24 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4 ECONOMIC EVALUATION............................................................................ 25 BUDGET ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 2.5j Fish Alone...............................................................................................25 Hogs Alone .............................................................................................. 28 Cattle Alone ............................................................................................. 28j Ducks Alone ............................................................................................. 28 Chickens ................................................................................................ 29 Livestock-Fish Association ................................................................... .............. 30 Hog-Fish Association...................................................................................... 30 Chicken-Fish Association...................................................................................0 Cattle-Fish Association .................................................................................... 30 Duck-Fish Association..................................................................................... 31 Summary of Rates of Return ................................................................................ 32 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 33 SLIARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................. 47 REEECE......................................................47 Cooperatively Managed Rural Panamanian Fish Ponds: The Integrated Approach L.L. Lovshin, N.B. Schwartz, V.G. de Castillo, C.R. Engle, and U.L. Hatch' INTRODUCTION A government may be unable to supply sufficient seed stock to producers for several reasons. A N EMERGING VIEW of development is that the governments 1. Frequent changes in government policy and/or administrators, of developing nations must satisfy basic human needs as well as fos- and political instability which make rural areas unsafe. ter economic growth. Improved nutrition is prominent among these 2. Economic constraints which prevent hatchery installation, ex- needs, particularly since average annual increases in food produc- pansion, and/or acquisition of additional staff and vehicles for trans- tion world-wide (1.6 percent from 1970 to 1979) have not always kept porting fish seed. up with demographic growth. Even when food production and de- 3. Inadequately trained and poorly paid hatchery personnel who mography are in balance, food supplies may be unevenly distrib- lack the knowledge and dedication needed to intensify seed produc- uted, the tendency being to favor urban populations over rural ones. tion. Thus, many planners are especially concerned with the food needs In the private sector, commercial seed producers are often slow to of rural groups in developing nations, and in this context there is in- respond to the need for more seed for the following reasons. creasing interest in the application of rural freshwater fish culture 1. The technology required to reproduce the species selected for technology as one of several ways to help meet the needs of these small-scale rural fish ponds is too demanding for inexperienced cul- groups. turists. Only the government or large, well-financed growers with In Latin America, interest in rural freshwater fish culture has trained biologists and adequate spawning facilities can reproduce grown rapidly. Governments actively promote construction of family, the fish. community, and commercial fish ponds to improve nutritional and 2. Even when the species selected for culture is easily repro- economic well-being among rural groups. In many places, disillu- duced, planning which fails to anticipate economic and political con- sionment replaced early enthusiasm when initial research and pilot straints results in a limited capacity to produce adequate numbers study successes were not duplicated on a larger scale. Reasons for of seed stock. the lack of success range from technical to political and are varied The project under discussion was designed to cope with these and and complex. There are no simple explanations for failure, but in related problems. many cases a principal cause has been inadequate numbers of seed fish to stock grow-out ponds. PROJECT BACKGROUND People in countries with no history of fish culture need government assistance to make their ponds technically and economically The rural fish culture program in Panama was initiated in 1976. viable. Thus, hatcheries are built and research and pilot studies car- At that time, the political philosophy of the country supported a ried out, often with the financial and technical assistance of donor communal approach to nutritional problems. Grow-out ponds

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