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Master's Thesis

Twin Premier: Future Form Factor for Autonomous Vehicle

Kyohwe Goo

Department of Creative Design Engineering

Graduate School of Creative Design Engineering, UNIST

2018

Twin Premier: Future Form Factor for Autonomous Vehicle

Kyohwe Goo

Department of Creative Design Engineering

Graduate School of Creative Design Engineering, UNIST

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This paper aims to be a source of inspiration for the development of future mobility. By examining current social trends and existing mobility concepts, it will conclude with three design directions for future mobility and a design proposal. In this paper, mobility will be limited to motorized vehicles on land.

Mobility is the means to move something or someone from A to B. Throughout history, human’s need for business and travel has led to various methods to transport goods and people. Depending on the geographical location, social environment and technological advancements, people have found the most efficient way for transport. Most often than not, mobility has been a great solution in human soci- ety and has become an essential part of it.

Mobility has played a large role in the development of countries and urbanization of cities, being the ‘circulatory system’ of a nation. However, it’s extensive use has led to pollution and traffic, which has led the automotive industry to develop different solutions to alleviate social matters.

During the 1900s, horse carriages were seen as the source of city pollution. Horses produced foul odor, loud clatters and congestion within the city. Social movements were made to find a solution for better development. In this era, using the combustion engine to replace horses was the ‘perfect’ solution, creating the ‘horseless’ carriage. Vehicles today are the result of constant iterations and development of the ‘horseless’ carriage.

Today, similar problems are being repeated. Active urbanization is creating pollution and congestion as people are moving into cities. They create problems such as air pollution and traffic conges- tions. The horseless carriage was not a permanent, but a temporary solution of the past. The popular solution today is electrification of vehicles, replacing the combustion engine. They produce less noise and air pollution and can have an efficient vehicle layout, thus saving urban space.

Vehicle architecture as we know today are undergoing a major change. This is because electric vehicles use different parts than combustion vehicles. EV parts are much smaller in size and fewer in number compared to combustion vehicles. Smaller parts allow a much flexible vehicle layout and give designers the freedom to alter and improve vehicle architecture. Moreover, the convergence of different industries amplifying one another, albeit 4th industrial revolution, will change the car, as we know it today. With this foresight, major automotive firms are proposing concept prototypes.

5 The research will examine existing mobility design proposals and social trends which will be explained in the latter part of this paper. The outcome of the research will be concluded into three design requirements, Modularity, Moving Interior & Space and Distinct Driving, with high hopes that they can provide inspiration for other designers. The Requirements will be the basis for design ideation and final proposal of this paper.

Keywords: Electric Vehicle, E.V, Trend, Mobility, Concept;

6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IN KOREAN

Twin Premier: Future Form Factor for Autonomous Vehicle

본 연구는 디자이너들에게 미래 모빌리티 발전을 위한 영감을 제공하기 위한 목적에 있 다. 사회 트렌드와 현존하는 미래 모빌리티 컨셉을 분석하여, 3개의 디자인 조건을 도출할 것이 다. 본 논문의 연구방향은 지상 모빌리티에 한정한다 여행이나 상업 등의 다양한 목적으로 우리의 역사와 항상 함께 모빌리티는 발전해 왔다. 특히, 지형의 위치, 기술의 발전, 사회 환경에 따라 모빌리티는 효과적인 해결책을 마련했다. 운 송수단은 국가 및 도시 발전에 보다 큰 기여를 했었고, 나라의 순환계 역할을 하기도 한다. 하지 만 운송수단의 과도한 사용으로 대기오염, 교통혼잡 등 여러가지의 사회적 문제점을 야기한다. 이는 모빌리티 산업계에 큰 영향을 미쳤고, 이로 인한 새로운 연구가 활발하게 이루어지기 시작 했다. 1900년대에는 마차로 인한 사회적 문제점들의 해결책을 찾기 위해 많은 연구를 통해 첫 내연기관자동차가 등장하였다. 그 당시, 내연기관 자동차는 마차의 소음공해, 대기오염, 교통혼 잡 그리고 안전 문제에 대한 ‘완벽한’ 해결책이었다. 이 내연기관 자동차는 21세기에 많이 사용 되어 지고 있다. 현재 사회에서 마차가 아닌 내연기관자동차로 90년대의 비슷한 문제들이 다시 제기 되 고있다. 내연기관자동차가 차지하는 공간, 배출하는 오염물질 등 마차와 비슷한 사회적 문제들 이 지적이 된다. 이 문제를 해결 할 수 있는 가장 유력한 해결책은 전기동력원을 이용한 전기차 이다. 전기차는 무공해, 무소음 뿐만 아니라, 더욱 효과적인 자동차 구조, 그리고 서비스를 제공 할 수 있기 때문이다. 요즘에는 내연기관-자동차에서 전기-자동차로 Paradigm Shift가 예측이 되고 있다. 전기 차는 내연기관차보다 작고 적은 부품들로 자동차 설계가 가능하다. 이런 부품들의 특징은, 전에 할 수 없었던 다양하고 효과적인 자동차 구조를 실현 가능하게 하였다. 또한 스마트 기술들의 융합인 4차 산업으로 인해, 자동차의 현재 모습은 더욱 변화할 것이다. 많은 자동차 대기업과 학 교는 이를 예측하고 많은 미래 컨셉들을 제시 및 상용화까지 진행중이다. 본 연구는3가지 디자인 조건인: Distinct Drive, Moving Interior & Space, Modularity을 도 출하고, 3가지 조건에 맞는 아이디에이션을 진행하고 한가지의 컨셉을 제안할 것이다.

핵심어: Electric Vehicle, E.V, Design, Trend, Mobility, Concept 7 CONTENTS

1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Motivation ...... 2 1.2 Background ...... 2 1.3 Project Objective ...... 3 1.4 Report Structure ...... 3

2. Desktop Research ...... 4

2.1 Future Trend ...... 5

2.2 Mobility Concepts ...... 8

3. Future Mobility Scenario ...... 17 3.1 Process ...... 18 3.2 The 3 Future Scenarios ...... 19 3.3 Mobility Concepts from Scenario Summary ...... 25

4. Design Requirements ...... 27

5. Mobility Ideation ...... 30 5.1 Ideation ...... 31 5.2 Three Concepts from Ideation ...... 31

6. Twin Premier ...... 35 6.1 Future Trend & Future Senses relationship ...... 36 6.2 Concept Development ...... 37 6.3 Final Interior ...... 38 6.4 Final Exterior ...... 43

7. Discussion & Conclusion ...... 47

7.1 Discussion ...... 48

7.2 Conclusion ...... 49

8. References ...... 51

8 9. Appendices ...... 53

10. Acknowledgement ...... 61

9 FIGURES

Figure 1. Report structure ...... 3 Figure 2. Trend research example for mobility in the 1990s ...... 6 Figure 3. Before and after posting notes ...... 6 Figure 4. Mobility concept research ...... 9 Figure 5. Grouping by similarity process with mobility concept ...... 9 Figure 6. Mercedes modular concept ...... 10 Figure 7. ‘Lightning Reflex’ modular concept ...... 10

Figure 8. Mercedes-Benz Vision Tokyo concept ...... 11

Figure 9. IDEO WOW concept ...... 11 Figure 10. ACCD Deux Ex Machina concept ...... 12 Figure 11. Toyota i-Road concept ...... 12 Figure 12. Honda UNI-CUB concept ...... 13 Figure 13. GM EN-V concept ...... 13 Figure 14. BMW Next 100 concept ...... 14 Figure 15. Mini Next 100 concept ...... 14 Figure 16. Honda NeuV concept ...... 15 Figure 17. Peugeot Instinct concept ...... 15 Figure 18. Share house resident’s outing ...... 20 Figure 19. Time between grandfather and grandson, with shared car ...... 22

Figure 20. Working without stress ...... 24 Figure 21. Venn diagram of 3 future senses ...... 28

Figure 22. Vehicle lounge ...... 32

Figure 23. Partitioned sharing ...... 33 Figure 24. Rail integrated platform modularity ...... 33

Figure 25. Modularity of Twin Premier ...... 37

Figure 26. On/Off Mix interactive partition ...... 37

Figure 27. Top view interior layout initial sketch ...... 38

Figure 28. Twin Premier interior sketch developed sketch ...... 39

Figure 29. Top view interior and the components ...... 39 Figure 30. Diagonal layout of Twin Premier ...... 40

Figure 31. Platform rails and the sliding components ...... 40

10 Figure 32. Social mode (left) Office mode (right) ...... 41 Figure 33. Twin Premier relax mode ...... 41 Figure 34. Temporary seat interior ...... 42 Figure 35. Twin Premier side blueprint ...... 43

Figure 36. Solidworks model with dummy model ...... 44 Figure 37. Twin Premier exterior ...... 45

Figure 38. Twin Premier trunk ...... 45 Figure 39. Twin Premier sliding door ...... 46

11 TABLES

Table 1. Trend research template ...... 5 Table 2. Elements (post-it notes) categories into 5 trend keywords ...... 7

Table 3. Future trends and environment assigned for each scenario ...... 18 Table 4. Mobility concepts from future scenario ...... 25 Table 5. Ideation for each future sense ...... 31

12 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Motivation 1.2 Background 1.3 Project Objective 1.4 Report Structure

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Motivation

Cars are like a social network, the circulatory system, of a country that has significance in the country’s economic and cultural development. Cars are a technological marvel, that inevitably becomes a showcase, representing the level of skill of the maker’s country. I have learnt that cars, which have such significance, are now undergoing a major change deep down, electrification, and this is opening up so much possibilities for people in general. This has motivated me research deeper into the design subject of Electric Mobility.

1.2 Background

Mobility can be divided into four main-stream historical segments. The four power-shifts based on public popularity are: Man-power, Horse-power, Combustion-power (1900s~) and Electric-power (2010s~). These four stages, or paradigm shifts, can represent the technological development of mobility over the years. The shifts were made not only for convenience but to resolve social problems which they caused. Dense urban horse population caused too much noise and air pollution, and their unpre- dictable behavior caused too much accidents, hence combustion-powered cars became popular.(Morris & Eric, 2007) Currently, a similar set of problems are occurring with combustion-engine cars such as air-pollution and urban congestion as explained by (Stopher, 2004). Electrification of mobility is on the rise and with support from the company and government.

Each power-shift has changed the architecture and layout of mobility because of the different components used. Thus, electrification also uses different parts to combustion power. The characteristics of electrification parts are that they are simpler and require much fewer components to create a similar sized vehicle as explained by (Larminie & Lowry, 2003). These characteristics help the vehicle to become smaller, create interior space and allow different interior layouts inside the car. Moreover, due to this change, the exterior form of the car, will evolve. The new characteristics of electrification transforms the underlying automotive design principles, (Mitchell, Borroni-Bird, & Burns, 2010). There are many car-design proposals from major companies that take this opportunity, which we will examine later in this paper. I believe that in this shift to electrification, it is necessary to provide a pool of different and creative ideas to find the most logical solution of EV designs.

Hence, through understanding existing mobility concepts and future trends, we have induced 3 design keywords that summarizes the research. These three keywords can be the basis of concept ideation and can be used as a combination or separately. Ideation can also be carried out without the

2 keywords entirely. This paper could be a source of inspiration for new and better designs in the future. 1.3 Project Objective

Designing an electric vehicle means designing a product situated in the near future. Therefore one must have knowledge and foresight to design an electric vehicle that is relevant to future trends. There are already a large pool of design concepts in which one can get inspiration from. Assessing existing concepts and summarizing them into distinct groups will give a clearer understanding of the competition. As such, I set three project objectives.

1) Understanding general future trends, through desktop research and ideation

2) Identifying types of existing mobility concepts

3) Providing three design directions that encompass most or all mobility concepts relevant to future context

1.4 Report Structure

The report is organized in chronological order. It will begin by desktop research which includes examining future trends and examining existing mobility concepts. To further examine the future context, future scenarios are created using the trends found. With desktop research and future scenarios, three design directions are identified which will be used for ideation and final design proposal.

5 Future Trends

6 Mobility Groups 3 Future Scenarios and Concept

3 Future Senses

Ideation and 3 ideas

Twin Premier Development

Discussion/ Conclusion

Figure 1. Report structure

3 2

DESKTOP RESEARCH

2.1 Future Trend 2.2 Mobility Concepts

4 2. DESKTOP RESEARCH

Chapter 2 examines two main areas, future trend and mobility concepts. This chapter will explain how each research is carried out and developed. It will begin with future trends which will induce 5 keywords that describe the trend. The keywords are a result of examining different industries during a span of 40 years. Using this output, mobility concepts are researched and identified in groups according to their concept direction.

2.1 Future Trend

It is important to know the future context when designing an electric vehicle. Especially so in the automotive industry, as each vehicle takes a few years to complete a mass-produced product. This research, will generate 5 future trends that will act as a guide throughout the project.

2.1.1 Process To begin the research, 10 different industries were selected for trend analysis spanning from 1990 to 2030. To find trend keywords that were relevant to the general future context, various industries were chosen that were not limited to just mobility. Each industry was divided into 3 to 5 sub-categories and each categories were researched respectively. Table 1 is an example of how the research was pro- gressed. The full table can be found under Appendices.

Table 1. Trend research template

1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s Industry 1 Sub 1.1 Sub 1.2 Sub 1.3 Industry 2 Sub 2.1 Sub 2.2 Sub 2.3 Sub 2.4

Each ‘box’ was filled with images that represented its category and time with a brief description like figure 2.

Figure 2. Trend research example for mobility in the 1990s

In figure 2, Industry is mobility and Sub-categories are Conveyance & Transportation, Fuels & Power and Technology & Advent. Like Figure 2, once the table is filled out with images and brief descriptions, you can see how the world has changed over a span of forty years.

To leave it as it is, would mean only a pool of chronologically ordered images. To identify the research in a few trend keywords, post-its and grouping method was used, otherwise known as the KJ method explained by (Scupin, 1997). Desktop study was examined and important factors were written on post-it notes. Figure 3 is a simple diagram that illustrates the working method and the full work can be found in Appendices 2.

Figure 3. Before and after posting notes

The notes were then organized and grouped together according to their similarities. The similarities became the category and keyword of our research. Repetitive notes were discarded, and related

6 notes were put side by side under a category. The decisions that were made during research were made by discussing each factors with the design team members. The categories found with the post it notes would become the basis for further studies and ideation throughout the project.

2.1.2 Output Future trend research is concluded with 5 trend keywords. To achieve this, repetitive notes were discarded and similar notes were categorized into groups using the KJ method. These groups are the 5 future trends that becomes the root of further research, ideation, and final design output of this paper. Table 2 shows the post-it notes that are organized into 5 categories.

Table 2. Elements (post-it notes) categorized into 5 trend keywords

Tangible to in- On/Off Mix Meta-human Customization Aging/ Health tangible Intangible Cur- Individual experi- Shared Economy Artificial life Population aging rency ence Sustainable de- Portability Cyber-economics Cloning Convergence velopment Flexibility, Fold- Global connec- Automation assist Individualization Well-being ability tion Bio-sensing & Personal instant Renewable en- Wearable Internet service data food ergy Genetic-engineer- Micro-mobility IOT AI suggestion ing Personal educa- Intangible Space Membership tion

The definition and implications behind future trends are explained as follows:

a. Tangible to intangible A phenomenon of goods becoming smaller or even intangible. The possibility of smaller goods increases the portability, wear -ability, flexibility. For example, cash has become ‘invisible’ stored away in a bank account, made portable with bank cards. Smart devices are now wearable such as smart watches, with better technology.

7 b. On/Off Mix A phenomenon of global connection and thinning barrier between the offline and the online world. On/Off mix includes elements such as shared services, IOTs, and cryptocurren- cies. They are elements that co-exist between on and offline worlds.

c. Meta-human A phenomenon of development that better human abilities. Artificial life, cloning, automation assist, genetic engineering, are a few examples of this phenomenon.

d. Customization A phenomenon of goods and services that caters for all people individually. AI suggestion and personal education are a few examples.

e. Aging/ Health A phenomenon that cares for the well-being of the elderly as the general population ages. Healthy life, sustainable development are elements that relate to this topic.

Five future trends are defined as above, and they will serve as a basis for further research and ideation. Each element may not only belong to one future trend, but can be overlapped with other trends to some extent.

2.2 Mobility Concepts

There are a plethora of existing design concepts and organizing them into distinct groups will give a clear understanding of what’s out there. Using the 5 trends identified above, different mobility concepts will be sorted into clear categories.

2.2.1 Process Mobility concepts are researched using the 5 future trends. For each trend, numerous concepts are found and then reorganized according to their concept direction. This is done with the same design team explained in the previous step. Figure 4 illustrates how research was carried out. The left column represents the 5 future trends, with researched mobility concepts at the right.

Figure 4. Mobility concept research

The full table with concept names according to their Future trends can be found in Appendices 3. Concept images are printed out and grouped into categories according to their concept type. A total of 6 mobility groups were created. Figure 5 illustrates the manual process that was taken.

Figure 5. Grouping by similarity process with mobility concept

Figure 5 shows the process of grouping similar concepts into groups with notes above that identify each group’s characteristic. The 6 groups and the affiliated concepts are under Appendices 4.

2.2.2 Output Mobility concepts are organized into 6 groups according to their concept direction. Definition and examples for each group is as follows:

a. Modular Mobility concept composed of different units that can be flexibly rearranged or separated. Figure 6 and 7 are examples of modular concepts. Different parts of the vehicle can be separated and rearranged for different purposes. Figure 6 shows how the user can change the car body by interchanging the cabin module. Figure 7 is a police concept from Coventry Uni- versity, that can divide into three modules when needed. Modularity’s general purpose is to decompose the complex system into constituent parts that might break apart ‘‘naturally’’ without destroying the integrity of the whole explained by (Pandremenos, Paralikas, Salonitis, & Chryssolouris, 2009).

Figure 6. Mercedes modular concept

Figure 7. ‘Lightning reflex’ modular concept 10 b. New Interior Mobility concept that has different interior layout and atmosphere for a better cabin experience. Figure 8 and 9 are examples of New Interior. Figure 8 shows how a car interior can be arranged like a social lounge explained by (Shlott, 2016). By this arrangement, passengers can communicate with each other while using the interactive media at the center. Figure 9 shows how autonomous mobility can be used as a movable office or be used as a get-away car.

Figure 8. Mercedes-Benz Vision Tokyo concept

Figure 9. IDEO WOW concept c. Fun Driving Mobility concept that requires different driving postures for an enjoyable driving experience. Figure 10 and 11 are examples of Fun Driving. Figure 10, ACCD Deus Ex Machina, is a wearable concept. When going fast, the driver changes to a forward posture as the front 2 wheels moves forward. Figure 11, Toyota i-Road, is a personal mobility concept that leans to the side when making a turn. The leaning adds a fun factor as the driver also leans with the car.

Figure 10. ACCD Deus Ex Machina concept

Figure 11. Toyota i-Road concept d. Efficiency Mobility concept that sacrifices certain factors such as space and size to deliver dis- tinctly efficient mobility. Figure 12, 13 are examples of ‘Efficiency’. The UNI-CUB (Figure 12) is so small that it can maneuver inside working areas comfortably. GM EN-V (Figure 13) sacrifices size to be most efficient in an urban environment, where there is inadequate urban space due to congestion. Forecasts predict that urban population will continue to grow as explained by (Montgomery, 2008), which only makes the need for ‘efficient’ vehicles greater.

Figure 12. Honda UNI-CUB concept

Figure 13. GM EN-V concept e. Innovative Interaction Mobility concept that puts forward a new kind of interaction between the car and the user. Figure 14, 15 are such existing examples. BMW Next 100 (fig 14) gives new analog interaction with its triangular interaction on the dashboard. Mini Next 100 (fig 15) gives new interaction through the centrally positioned circular instrument. It allows a personalized setting for each driver. Nowadays, big companies try to differentiate themselves from the competition by designing new interactive systems. (Marcus, 1984) explains how the systematic information-oriented communication can have a positive effect on the corporate identity. We can expect that in the future, new interactive systems will emerge due to this similar reason, be it both analog and digital.

Figure 14. BMW Next 100 concept

Figure 15. Mini Next 100 concept f. Forward Technology Mobility concept that incorporates state of the art technology. Both figures 16 and 17 are examples of this. Both use cloud technology and connectivity to offer car sharing systems and Artificial Intelligence for a personalized experience.

Figure 16. Honda NeuV concept

Figure 17. Peugeot Instinct concept

Six mobility groups will be used later in the paper to produce 3 Design Requirements. Through Desktop Research, five Future Trends were found from which six mobility groups were identified. Five Future Trends: • Tangible to Intangible

• On/Off Mix

• Metahuman

• Customization

• Aging/Health

15 Six Mobility Groups: • Modular

• New Interior

• Fun Driving

• Efficiency

• Innovative Interaction

• Forward Technology

These findings by desktop research and discussion, helps us to understand the direction of concept mobility in the future context. Chapter three will use the five Future Trends to create an imaginary concept scenario to help better understand what’s there in the future.

FUTURE MOBILITY SCENARIO

3.1 Process 3.2 The 3 Future Scenarios 3.3 Mobility Concepts from Scenario

17 3. FUTURE MOBILITY SCENARIO

Chapter 3 explains the ideation of 3 possible mobility scenarios using the 5 future trends. This chapter will explain how the scenario is created and developed into the project. The Scenarios and the 6 Mobility Groups will be combined to produce 3 Design Directions of this paper. The method of Sce- nario planning is used to capture a range of future possibilities, (Schoemaker, 1995). Using the identified trends and environments three scenarios are plotted that are centered around mobility concepts.

3.1 Process

Using the 5 future trends found in Chapter 2 as basis, 3 future scenarios are created. Each scenario is created with 2 future trends and are given an environment relevant with the future context. 2 Future trends were chosen according to their relevancy in making a story with the design team. Table 3 shows the which future trends and future environment are assigned for each scenario.

Table 3. Future trends and environment assigned for each scenario

SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO 2 SCENARIO 3

FUTURE TREND 1 Customization Aging/ Health Tangible to Intangible

FUTURE TREND 2 On/Off Mix On/Off Mix Metahuman

FUTURE ENVI- RONMENT Shared House Family Car Sharing Fun Working

Relevant future environment were chosen by careful research. Research has shown that Shared Housing is on the rise for 25~34 year old from 2005 to 2015 by 39%, (Talty, 2015). This rapidly growing trend has attracted businesses with a new concept of co-living. Not only for the young, but there is a positive outlook between the elderly as well, explained by (Holeywell, 2012). Shared housing encom- passes both the young and the old and has a positive prospect socially and economically.

Car Sharing is a growing trend today as well. It has enabled younger carless individuals to travel freely and also helps reduce environmental pollution along with other transportation problems, (Katzev, 2003). In North America and Europe the average car is used 8% of the time. Sharing makes practical and economic sense for the consumer, the economy and the community, (Belk, 2014). The positive and logical future outlook for car sharing was chosen for one of the scenarios. 18 The third future environment is Fun Working. Any work space a person occupies, however dysfunctional, will play a part in sustaining an individual’s identity or sense of self, therefore it is a crucial area in future development, (Vischer, 2005) how ‘working’ will be positively implemented. It is an area where companies are increasingly interested in to help increase productivity and commitment to work explained by (Baldry & Hallier, 2010). Therefore it is chosen as one of future scenario environments.

Because this paper is about exploring the future of mobility form factor the scenarios are centered around mobility ideas.

3.2 The 3 Future Scenarios

3.2.1 Scenario 1: Shared-house Resident’s Outing

Based upon the above explanation, a short story was written and visualized. Scenario 1 is based upon the trends, Customization and On/Off Mix and has the future environment of shared house. The following is the scenario plot:

1. Residents in the share house purchase goods every 2 weeks together using a shared cloud system.

2. When ordered, delivery van arrives in the vicinity, and modules separate with the accom- pany of a helper.

3. The helper uses Wearable mobility device that helps strengthen his power and speed during delivery.

4. The goods arrive at the share house, where smaller goods reach the house by drone, and larger goods (furniture) reach the door front with the helper.

5. Some share house residents decide to visit their friends using the car provided by the share house.

6. The share car has memory interior layout function for each residents that gets ready when it is reserved.

7. It also has preset functions, conversation, cruise, private modes.

8. The residents approach the car and go on visit.

19 9. During the travel, residents are hungry and decide to order McDonalds inside the car.

10. McDonalds delivery module from the nearest vicinity approaches the car and supplies the reserved food.

11. Residents arrive at the recreational site, and decide to reserve a CGV car to watch their favorite movies on a big screen.

The visualization plot for Scenario is the following:

1. Once a week, share house residents 2. For narrow roads, a modular Seg- 3. To carry heavy items, a wearable way is used to deliver goods to the is used to help ease the weight of the orders goods together through cloud system share house delivery box

4. For light deliveries, a drone is used 5. Sharehouse residents can easily 6. For individual needs and pur- to quick delivery reserve a shared car for a getaway poses, different options can be chosen for the car

7. The interior modifies according to 8. During the move, a passenger or- 9. The sharehouse friends, order a the user’s needs ders fast food, which is delivered by cinema service module to watch a nearby module their favorite movie

Figure 18. Share house residents’ outing

The Scenario depicts a possible mobility environment in the near future. From the scenario, five future mobility concepts are identified which are as follows:

Segway Assistant: An assistant mobility that detaches from the delivery van for short deliveries. It automatically follows the delivery man to the destination while avoiding obstacles in a narrow area. It 20 can cover areas where the delivery van cannot reach due to the size of the vehicle. The delivery man does not need to carry the deliveries by hand, but can guide the Segway assistant for delivery.

Drone Delivery: A delivery system using drones over short distances. While the delivery-man covers one part of the delivery area, drone can cover alternate drone-possible areas for quicker delivery. It can automatically grab a delivery box and reach its destination. For charging, it can connect with the delivery van autonomously.

Modular Delivery (McDonalds): A fully autonomous vehicle that can deliver goods, in this case fast food, to customers on the move. When the customer orders, preparation time and delivery distance is taken into account to choose the relevant store branch. When the food is ready, the delivery module will move from that store to the customer’s vehicle. It will approach the customer at a similar speed and attach for easy delivery.

Modular Delivery (CGV Movie): A fully autonomous vehicle that incorporates a cinema screen for outside use. When reserved, the ‘cinema screen’ module can travel to the designation for a cinema experience outside cinema.

Flexible Interior 1: A useful function for shared cars between shared house residents. The interior can adjust to different modes flexibly for different resident needs. The modes can be diverse including social, work, relax situations.

3.2.2 Scenario 2: Time between Grandfather & Grandson

Scenario 2 is based upon the trends, Aging/ Health and On/Off Mix and has the future environment of shared family car. The following points are the scenario plot:

1. Grandfather knows that their grandson ends school at a certain time, and decide to visit a landmark with him.

2. Using IoT, grandfather asks his son if they can visit a landmark with his son after his school.

3. Son accepts, and customizes the car for his dad and his son.

4. The car leaves home and picks up the grandson.

21 5. For the child, the AI assistance (SERA) provides games and helps with his homework un- til they reach grandparents’ house.

6. The car picks up the grandfather and leave for the landmark.

7. SERA provides information about what the child is interested in using cloud and allows for a better conversation between grandfather and grandson.

8. Upon arrival at the destination, SERA provides information about the place, and gives a short tour.

9. Grandfather and grandson leaves car and comes back after sightseeing.

10. Grandfather return to house and car leaves for ride sharing.

The visualization plot for Scenario is the following:

1. Grandfather wishes to go on a trip 2. SERA suggests the ideal place for 3. The son receives SERA’s message with his grandson, and asks SERA as- the trip and sends an alarm to his son and confirms that his father’s wish is sistant of the possibility possible

Destination

Departure 4. The autonomous shared vehicle 5. While moving, the car changes 6. The car arrives when grandson's leaves the son’s workplace to pick up modes from work to family mode school ends, and greets him cheer- his son fully

7. While the grandson moves to his 8. The car arrives at the grandfather’s 9. While going to the destination, grandfather’s home, he is kept busy house and gives a warm welcome SERA aids communication between with SERA company the grandfather and grandson

Figure 19. Time between grandfather and grandson, with shared car

The Scenario depicts a possible mobility environment in the near future. From the scenario, four future mobility concepts are identified which are as follows: 22 Flexible Interior 2: A practical function for cars shared between family. The interior can flexibly adjust to different modes for different needs. The modes can be diverse including social, work and relax situations. In this case, social, as the car helps the grandfather interact with his grandson.

Moving Interaction: A moveable interactive hologram. For social mode, it is at the center for easier visual communication. For Office mode, it is at the side supplying general information. The interactive media can move accordingly. With artificial intelligence and big data, it can be customized for each passenger and provide diverse information such as tour explanations and upcoming schedules.

SERA Artificial Intelligence: Next generation AI system that is connected both to the home and to the car by cloud. It can access big-data information and subscribed personal information (from smart phones to computers) to suggest and implement favorite ‘things’ for the car and the home.

Milieu Interaction: Car can communicate with the outside surrounding, such as people and other car (V2P, V2V, V2B). It can greet people and welcome them when approached using appropriate technologies such as lighting, displays, scent and sound.

3.2.3 Scenario 3: Working without Stress

Scenario 3 is based upon the trends, Tangible to Intangible and Metahuman and has the future environment ‘Fun Working’. The following points are the scenario plot:

1. Workers arrive to work using their preferred method (car sharing, ride sharing, PM, Per- sonal vehicle, etc).

2. Workers enter the workplace joined by their micro-assistant mobility.

3. Micro-assistant appropriately offers help with relevant information about work. Working has never been easier.

4. Micro-assistant projects holographic information during a team discussion for an effec- tive meeting.

5. Micro-assistant reserves a membership-oriented car service for the worker to leave for home.

6. During the weekend’s, workers join a club for leisure activities using wearable mobility or personal mobility to enjoy extreme leisure sports.

23 7. Workers enjoy their free time with their PM and with their leisure Wearables. There is a choice of different mobility on offer. From healthy to thrilling experiences.

8. Workers go back to their homes or return home using autonomous drive. The worker can return home relaxed using the Virtual Reality that offers a peaceful experience that inter- acts with the five senses.

The visualization plot for Scenario is the following:

1. The workers arrive at the company 2. When workers arrive, small mobile 3. The mobile assistants help the using various mobility solutions assistants help with different tasks workers to be efficient at work during work hours

4. The mobile assistant can receive 5. The assistant reserves a shared car 6. During weekends, a wearable mo- simple works and help during busi- for getting off from work bility club is made to enjoy extreme ness meetings sports

7. Besides joining a club, individuals 8. With special personal mobility, in- 9. While using autonomous mobility, can enjoy their weekends with differ- dividuals can exercise while having passengers can enjoy and relax dur- ent ways of driving fun ing their free time using virtual reality Figure 20. Working without stress

The Scenario depicts a possible mobility environment in the near future. From the scenario, four future mobility concepts are identified which are as follows:

Micro-assistant: A personal micro robot that follows the worker, assisting in numerous tasks. It has a hologram projector that is used to remind the worker of relevant information or visually aid in team discussions.

24 Bio-drive: Mobility concept that encourages a healthy lifestyle. Movement and charging by pedaling encourages the driver to be engaged physically with the car. Flying-Car: Personal EV that can radically change its driving posture. In a sportive environment, the driver can be in a radical ‘flying’ position, giving a sense of flight inside the car. In a ‘normal’ environment the driver will be in an ordinary driving position.

Virtual Shrine: A mobility concept that integrates Virtual Reality to interact with the passenger’s 5 senses to put him/her in an all-peaceful shrine. The shrine is customized for each passenger for the best relaxing (or thrilling) experience.

It is worth nothing that all scenarios were created as a team from ideation to visualization. Firstly, team members were free to ideate upon the future scenario freely, and discussed the ideation together to create a more objective future scenario.

3.3 Mobility Concepts from Scenario

From each of the three future scenarios, relevant mobility concepts are identified. Table 4 sum marizes the mobility concepts. However, not only did the scenarios generate future relevant concepts, but also helped us to visualize the future environment in more detail. Scenario has helped to widen our vision and understanding of the future while giving us rich ideas of mobility concepts.

Table 4. Mobility concepts from future scenario

Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3

Segway Assistant Flexible Interior 2 Micro-Assistant

Drone Delivery Moving Interaction Bio-Drive

Modular Delivery 1 SERA A.I. Flying-Car

Modular Delivery 2 Milieu Interaction Virtual Shrine

Flexible Interior 1

A total of 13 different mobility concepts are identified from all the future scenarios. They are the result of future trend research, future scenario ideation which in itself is meaningful. One can notice that the direction of concepts generated are specific for each scenario. Concepts in Scenario 1 describe a modular approach to future concepts for delivery while hinting at a flexible interior layout for car sharing. Concepts in Scenario 2 describes an interactive approach to encourage communication between

25 passengers, while hinting at a flexible interior layout for different combination of passengers. Concepts in Scenario 3, describes how a mobility can be driven for different experiences. Using the 13 Concepts generated in this chapter, and the 6 Mobility groups in the previous chapter, 3 Design Keywords will be deduced. 3 Design Keywords will be used for further ideation.

26 4

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

27 4. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Chapter 4 is the final output of Desktop Research (Chapter 2) and Future Scenario (Chapter 3). Chapter 4 combines the output of Chapter 2 and 3 to produce 3 Design Requirements. In other words, Chapter 4 takes into account both the 6 Mobility Groups and 13 Future Scenario Concepts. The result is shown in a Venn Diagram that consists of 3 Circles, each representing a Design Requirement. In Chapter 5, there is ideation based on the results found in this chapter.

Before going right into the final output, I would like to recap and remind the readers of the output that will be used to create 3 Design requirements.

Chapter 2 ended with 6 Mobility Groups which were: Modular, New Interior, Fun Driving, Efficiency, Innovative Interaction, Forward Technology.

Chapter 3 started with the 3 future scenarios, which produced 13 Mobility Concepts shown in Table 4.

The results above are arranged in a Venn Diagram with 3 overlapping groups representing the Design Requirements. The 3 Design requirements is also called 3 Future Senses.

A Distinct Driving

Fun Driving Bio-Drive

Flying-Car

Innovative Interaction Forward Technology Efficiency Milieu Interaction

New Interior SERA A.I. Modular Flexible Interior Segway Assistant

Virtual Shrine Modular Delivery Drone Delivery Moving Interaction

B Moving Interior & Space C Modularity

Figure 21. Venn diagram of 3 future senses

28 Figure 21 arranges the research findings in a Venn Diagram. The Venn Diagram consists of 3 circles, each representing a Future Sense, overlapping each other. The findings in bold are from the 6 Mobility groupings and those that are not, future scenario concepts. Each circle has at least one findings from the Mobility groups. At the center, are mostly technologically driven findings that can be applied to all 3 Future Senses. The 3 Future Senses as shown in the figure are: Distinct Driving, Moving Interior & Space and Modular. The definition are as follows:

A. Distinct Driving

Design Requirement that signifies the distinct manner in which the vehicle is driven in. The driver can have an extra-ordinary driving posture, like flying or riding motorbikes. The vehicle may have a distinct way of control, such as pedaling or it may have a dynamic response as it is being driven such as tilting.

B. Moving Interior & Space

Design Requirement that signifies the new arrangement of interior space. Interior design can be inspired from outside the vehicle such as cafés, lounges, airplanes, etc and reinter- preted for the car. The interior layout of the vehicle can by flexible to adjust for different needs and purposes. With autonomous technology and electric powertrain, (Mitchell et al., 2010), there is a possibility of more space and there is no need for drivers. This allow a completely different kind of vehicle interior.

C. Modularity

Design Requirement that signifies the modularity of a vehicle. The vehicle can attach, detach or rotate/ slide modules to carry complex tasks in a simple manner. With better technology evolving, the possibility of more flexible and efficient modularity is increasing.

The 3 Future Senses found are the result of following studies: Future trend study, 6 Mobility groups, 3 Future scenario & concepts. The root of this paper begins from Future Trend Study which is incorporated into the preceding studies, 5 Mobility Groups and the 3 Future Scenarios. Therefore we can assume that the 3 Future Senses, are relevant with the future context and follows the social trend, if not takes it a step forward. With the 3 Future Senses found, the next chapter will focus upon ideas that were chosen for further development to Twin Premier.

29 5

MOBILITY IDEATION

5.1 Ideation

5.2 Three concepts from ideation

30 5. MOBILITY IDEATION

In this chapter, there is ideation for each of the 3 Future Senses. The ideation in this chapter are not specific and not detailed but explores a variety of different concepts for each direction. This will create a pool of different and diverse mobility ideas of which will be chosen for the next step. Three appropriate concepts are chosen and combined into a single concept and developed in a more detail manner. The process is carried out by a series of hand sketches and Photoshop renderings. This chapter will concentrate on 3 ideas that were chosen to be developed further into Twin Premier.

5.1 Ideation

For each Future Sense, there are several ideas developed together as a team. These ideas show the new possibilities for each Design Requirement, and gave the project insight into future mobility. From the pool of ideas, three concepts were chosen to create one strong concept. Ideas from LongeFor2, Partitioned sharing and Rail EV platform was chosen to be merged into one whole concept. Table 5 shows ideas generated for each design requirement.

Table 5. Ideation for each future sense

A. Distinct Driving B. Moving Interior & Space C. Modularity

New posture Vehicle Lounge Rotating cockpit

Strolling Partitioned sharing Rail EV platform

Flying car Café micro EV Mobile room

Driving sports Openness Personal ++

5.2 Three concepts from ideation

From the pool, three ideas were chosen to be developed further into a single concept. The ideas were carefully chosen through discussion with participating members of the project. The ideas were chosen based upon their relevancy with each other as a whole, to make a single complete concept by discussing with the team members.

The ideas were discussed with team members based on the criteria, of Easy-technology and Flexibility. Easy-technology means that the idea is realistic in which it is neither excessively futuristic nor science-fiction-esque. Flexibility refers to the possibility of different interior arrangements for 31 future vehicles when car sharing may be the norm of service.

5.2.1 Vehicle Lounge Foldable Desk Lounge seat

Bench seat

Moveable seat

Figure 22. Vehicle lounge

Vehicle Lounge comes from Moving Interior & Space. It is inspired from first class aircraft passenger space where people have adequate space and function to meet their needs. It is like a flexible lounge area for different purposes such as working, socializing, and relaxing. The seat is fully adjustable for comfort and a desk is available when needed. For working, the desk unfolds and the seat moves to the middle for an office experience. For socializing, the two seats slide and rotate inwards so that passengers are closer together. For relaxing, the seat can stretch completely for users to lie down. When space is needed for additional passengers such as friends or guests, there is extra seating at either end making this idea a 2+2 vehicle. The above figure are sketches that illustrate the interior concept. The opposite layout of the seats allows the passengers to have ample shoulder room while the car remains relatively small.

It is worth noting that, this idea does not require a driver, thus it is possible only with mature autonomous technology. It shows a glimpse of the diverse layout opportunities for autonomous vehicles that is possible with simple technology.

32 5.2.2 Partitioned sharing

Moveable partition

4 MODES

Personal Communication +Per- sonal

Communication + trunk Personal + trunk Customizable space

Figure 23. Partitioned sharing

Partitioned sharing, coming from Moving Interior & Space, takes inspiration from a revolving door. A revolving door consists of partitions that separate areas inside the door. This area can be seen as a moving area within the door. Taken from this, inside the car, there are revolving and sliding partitions that can be rearranged for different layouts as shown in the above figure. Partitions can be rearranged and fixed easily to create different layouts such as personal, communication, and additional loading areas. They can be removed or added depending on the situation to reduce excess weight. When all partitions are removed the vehicle can be used like a loading van with open space but with many partitions it can create private areas. It could be applied for ride sharing services where different people with different purposes use a car at the same time.

5.2.3 Rail Integrated Platform

Desk Seat EV Platform

Figure 24. Rail integrated platform modularity

33 This idea is an all-in-one solution platform where the railway for different modules is integrated into the base EV platform. This integration of railway will make assembly of EVs simpler with fewer additional parts as well as give embedded functionality for EVs. Companies using this platform only need to add interior components that fits into the rail. The above figure illustrates how different modules can be arranged on the platform railway. In the diagram, the seats are represented by a dark circle and the desk module by yellow rectangle. The platform encourages the use of modules for flexible arrangement which makes it have a ‘Modularity’ characteristic.

6 TWIN PREMIER

6.1 Future Trend & Future Senses relationship 6.2 Concept Development 6.3 Final Interior 6.4 Final Exterior

35 6. TWIN PREMIER

This chapter will explain the process of Twin Premier Development. It will begin from sketch to modeling, to detailed explanation of the exterior and the interior.

6.1 Future Trend & Future Senses relationship

Twin Premier is made relevant with the future context because it follows the research carried out beforehand. To recap, the five Future trends are: Tangible to Intangible, On/Off Mix, Metahuman, Customization, Aging/ Health and the three Future Senses are: Distinct Drive, Moving Interior & Space, Modularity.

6.1.1 Future Trend: Customization/ Individualization Twin Premier has a strong Customization/ Individualization characteristic. The sliding footrests and lounge seats give passengers freedom to move around the vehicle. Figure 32 and 33 illustrates the different interiors to which it can be customized. Moreover, the availability of two additional temporary seats, allows more passengers into the cabin. The passengers can control the climate of their ‘space’ using the two air vents located at the front individually. As such, Twin Premier can be customized for different situations and needs.

6.1.2 Future Trend: On/Off Mix Twin Premier has a strong On/Off Mix characteristic. The concept is a driverless concept that can only exist when autonomous technology matures. It is when the online network of data works seamlessly with the offline, the physical, network of vehicles. The interactive partition shown in figure 26 uses cloud and big data to display relevant information to the ‘offline’ passengers seamlessly. The interior can adjust according to the reservation made by the passenger before entering the vehicle using both big data and reservation data, These characteristics shows how online experience is integrated with the offline experience to deliver useful scenario to the user.

6.1.3 Future Senses Twin Premier has both qualities of Moving Interior & Space and Modularity. This is the outcome of choosing two ideas from Moving Interior & Space and one idea from modularity to create Twin Premier. The inspiration taken from first class airplane space makes it relevant to Moving Interior & Space and the individual modules such as the foot rest and the lounge chair makes Twin Premier have a Modularity characteristic.

36 6.2 Concept Development

Twin Premier is a lounge like concept that has two first-class seating inspired from aircraft. The main concept is derived from Vehicle Lounge and combines conceptual features from Railway Platform and Partitioned Sharing into one single concept. The first class environment is from Vehicle Lounge, the modular interior features from the Railway platform and the partition at the center is from Parti- tioned Sharing. The combination of these concepts creates a comfortable lounge-like experience that provides individualized semi-private environment. The combined ideas have similar characteristics, having a flexible interior, and using simple technologies for manufacturability.

Each passenger has ample and customizable private space. The seats can be adjusted forward, backward and tilted. The office-like table can move forward and backward and the interactive partition can be removed when needed. The partition (figure 26), surround display (figure 29), and footing display (figure 28) shows necessary information to the passenger using a cloud network. It is a ‘individualized/customizable’ interior that adds features relating to the trend of ‘On/Off Mix’. Figures 25 and 26 shows the interior modes as well as the exterior design. Figure 25, illustrates the different modules, seats and the desk, working together to form customized environments. Figure 26 shows an interactive partition, that is used for working, socializing and relaxing using the cloud network.

c. Work b. Relax a. Social Figure 25. Modularity of Twin Premier

Figure 26. On/Off Mix interactive partition

37 6.3 Final Interior

The interior showcases a possibility for autonomous vehicles. Pure EVs don’t have an engine nor a transmission that eats into the interior space. Designers are free to make full use of this additional space that makes the car more aesthetically pleasing and useable to the user.

The layout is arranged so that two passengers can enjoy their space and time inside a relatively small vehicle. Therefore the seats are arranged facing each other with a moveable partition that gives a semi-private feeling in the cabin. By arranging it face-to-face, slightly diagonal layout, passengers can have additional shoulder room as shown in figure 27.

On/Off Mix Partition Customizable seat

Figure 27. Top view interior layout initial sketch

Figure 27 is an initial photoshop sketch that illustrates how the seats and the tables are arranged. The center dividing line is slightly diagonal that gives more shoulder room in a limited area. The diagonal layout also has a surrounding effect for the passenger making them feel more snug inside the cabin.

38 On/Off Mix footing display

Figure 28. Twin Premier interior developed sketch

Figure 28 is a developed sketch from Figure 27 but still retains the main interior layout features. The seat was redesigned, inspired from Shrimp chair from (LAUB, 2011), making them larger and cozier. The floor graphics was reshaped to surround each passenger. The footing display can indicate various functions of the vehicle and the environment. Figures 29 to 31, shows the top view of the interior highlighting the diagonal shape and rails.

Figure 29. Top view interior and the components

Figure 29 points out the main interior components that make up the interior.

Figure 30. Diagonal layout of Twin Premier

Figure 30 highlights the diagonal layout of the interior. The diagonal arrangement allows more passenger shoulder room in a compact exterior form. Adequate space is obtained for the chairs and footrests to slide forward and backward along the rails as pointed out in figure 31. The usage of wood material, seat design with other elements gives an airy lounge feel to the cabin.

Figure 31. Platform rails and customizable components

The Layout can change with 3 different modes, Social, Work and Office like figures 32 and 33 which are further developments of 3D modeling from the Photoshop sketch.

Figure 32. Social mode (left) Office mode (right)

Figure 33. Twin Premier relax mode

The combination of different moving interior components allows a diverse user experience. Each interior component relates to the researched 5 trends seamlessly, explained below:

Lounge chair: Fully adjustable chair that can tilt, rotate and slide forwards and backwards for the individualization of each passenger. (Customization/ Individualization)

Foot rest: Interior component which the passenger can stretch his legs on. When there are more than two passengers, it acts as a seat. Foot rest slides forward and backward along the floor rail, and can be put away out of reach, below the table. (Customization/ Individualization)

41 Center partition: Interactive partition which divides the two passengers for semi-privacy. It can be folded away for socialization or for an airier cabin experience. A display is integrated into the partition that connects with the passenger’s cloud to display information to passengers. (On/Off Mix)

Desk: Located at the front of each passenger, which the passenger can use for various activities. When there are more than two passengers, the desk can be customized and rotated to reveal a backrest, which with footrest becomes an additional chair. (Customization/ Individualization)

Floor rail: Rail that is integrated with the EV chassis of the vehicle for individualization/ customization of space. For Twin Premier, lounge chair and foot rest can move along the rail providing a flexible moving interior. (Customization/ Individualization)

Surround display: A curved display unit that is located at the front and rear of the vehicle interior. It can set the mood of the car as well as display necessary user information such as time, schedule, destination, etc. (On/Off Mix)

In Social mode, the lounge chairs rotate, and the center partition folds away allowing the passengers to face each other without any obstacle. The desk and the footrest work together become a temporary chair for an additional passenger. Figure 32 (left) shows a scenario where three passengers are having a conversation. Figure 34 shows how the desk rotates to become a temporary seat.

Figure 34. Customizability of desk to seat

In Office mode, the lounge chair slides forward close to the table for office work. The foot rest slides even further beneath the table to provide ample foot space for the worker. Figure 32 (right) shows the passengers working inside the vehicle environment. While one passenger works with the computer, the other two passengers are having a meeting.

42 In Relax mode, the lounge chair tilts and stretches while the foot rest slides to support the passengers legs. The center partition closes to provide a semi-private area for relaxation. The display image changes to a relaxing imagery for the most comfortable experience. Figure 33 illustrates Relax mode visually.

6.4 Final Exterior

Much of the basic exterior form is defined by the interior layout of Twin Premier, where two passengers face each other. Figure 35 is the blueprint of Twin Premier.

Figure 35. Twin Premier side blueprint

Figure 35 shows the battery located at the bottom of the vehicle and the motors located inside the wheels for space efficiency. The two passengers face each other with ample headroom.

Figure 36. Solidworks model with dummy model

Figure 36 shows the Dummy models, height of 180cm, being placed inside the 3D model to verify the size of the vehicle. The model clearly has enough headroom for the passengers and enough shoulder room. Figure 37 shows the exterior of Twin Premier in 3D modeling. The modeling by Solid- works was rendered using Keyshot Luxion with photoshop modification.

Figure 38 and 39 illustrates how the trunk and the doors operate. The shape of the trunk is not of a box shape because of the space needed for the interior foot rest. When the passenger enters the vehicle, the doors slide sideways and the lounge chair rotates. The side skirts of the car is also a display that reminds the passengers of vehicle information such as trunk openings, welcoming, battery level, etc. It can connect and display online information, such as temperature, weather and other various information (On/Off Mix).

Figure 37. Twin Premier exterior

Figure 38. Twin Premier trunk 45

Figure 39. Twin Premier sliding door

7 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

7.1 Discussion 7.2 Conclusion

47 7. DISSCUSION & CONCLUSION

7.1 Discussion

7.1.1 Impact of Design This paper put forth research outputs such as future trend, mobility groups, future scenario, design requirements. From this it has examined a new type of mobility thorough ideation on mobility and with 3 Future Scenarios.

The research output may have impact, not only on mobility, but also on product and other as- pects of design. The numerous keywords and groupings found can be used as an inspiration for product design, service design and so on. Five Future Trends as a keyword for design development for any project, would help steer it into the right direction. Future Scenario, although based upon mobility, will give designers a glimpse of what to expect in the future.

The mobility design, Twin Premier, may have impact on the future outlook of autonomous vehicles. This paper has suggested a different type of mobility for 2, at most 4 passengers. It has a radically different interior layout made possible by electrification. The concept illustrates a flexible interior with a combination of moving interior components that can react to changing situations. It shows a radical change in which users can have the possibility to experience more inside the cabin.

7.1.2 Opportunity Seeking Approach Electrification of vehicles has opened up new possibilities of design. Therefore, instead of prob- lem solving research, new opportunities and ideas were sought out that were relevant with the future context. There was adequate desktop research on the future context, followed by ideation which opened new doors to mobility design.

7.1.3 Limitations Although the research was based upon Future Trends based on Desktop Research, the ideation used to seek new opportunities makes exploration very subjective. However it is from this subjective approach designers can have ample degree of freedom and therefore a more likely chance of a creative outcome.

Although the concept is derived from future research and their relevant contexts it has not been yet evaluated by the public. It would be assuring to conduct an evaluation survey with people outside

48 the project, to know their satisfaction and their thoughts upon the project. With this knowledge, the project could be further improvised for development.

Another minor limitation comes from the use of relevant modelling software during concept development phase. It is more convenient to create 3D models of complex designs with surface modeling, aka Alias.

7.2 Conclusion

7.2.1 Project Summary The project started with desktop research, to ideation, to concept development and to final mock-up. The paper first found 5 Future Trends which led to 2 different future studies. The first study being the 6 Mobility Groups and the second study being the 3 Future Scenarios. 6 Mobility Groups was an organization of current mobility concepts by Future Trend which helped to see the current market of future concepts. 3 Future Scenarios was an idea driven process based upon Future Trend research. The scenarios allowed for better visualization of the future context in depth and in the process, mobility concepts were ideated.

3 Future Senses were identified by combining the 6 Mobility Groups and the Concepts from Scenarios: Distinct Drive, Modularity and Moving Interior & Space. For each Future Sense, there were mobility ideas which were combined to make 4 different Concepts. From this one concept, Twin Prem- ier, to be developed in detail.

7.2.2 Expected contribution There have been many future mobility concepts from different designers and companies. How- ever, there is little instance where these concepts are organized in a few keyword requirements. This paper identifies the requirements, 3 future senses, that summarize the different types and directions of existing mobility concepts. It is expected that the 3 Future Senses findings can accelerate the ideation process efficiently with diverse concepts. However, this does not acknowledge the fact that developing worthy concepts is still a time consuming process.

7.2.3 Future Works Using the 3 Future Senses, more unique ideation would add to the exploration of mobility concepts, and combining interesting and relevant concepts into one would give birth to another interesting future concept.

49 Further development of Twin Premier would be necessary, more than just a mere mock-up. Further development of the EV chassis, and development of User Interaction design would definitely be beneficial for the final design and study of future mobility.

This paper presented Twin Premier as a concept, with little considerations for mechanical components and manufacturability, such as hinges and battery sizes which are only estimates. If there was a next development stage, real-world considerations should be met, regarding components, safety and technological requirements.

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52 APPENDICES

1. Trend Timeline

53 A3 Appendices 1.1

54 A3 Appendices 1.2

55 2. Trend Post-it Progress

56 A3 Appendices 2.1

57 A3 Appendices 2.2

58 3. The Five Future Trend, Concept Research

1. Tangible to intangible 2. On/Off Mix 3. Metahuman Tulip Electric Car Toyota FV2 Kia Wearable K BMW City-skiing Toyota Fun Vii Segway-Style Wearable Toyota i-Road Renault RS 2027 ACCD Deux Ex Machina Toyota i-Trill Honda NeuV Nissan Bladeglider Toyota iReal Mercedes Vision Tokyo Honda: Walking Assist Lexus SLIDE BMW Vision Next 100 Hyundai: HUMA Audi Flywheel BMW I Inside Future Honda: UNI-CUB Nissan: Teatro for Dayz Honda U3-X Volkswagen Sedric RCA: Isolation Pod Honda_Be Relaxed Honda Wander Stand IDEO: Cody Delivery GM: EN-V Mercedes Benz EQ Peugeot PM Fujimura Toyota Concept i

4. Customization 5. Health/ Aging Apple iGo Behance: Optimo Pilkington Family Dynamic VW Netto Mercedes F015 Absolute Design: Equal Michelin Challenge DOMI JuHyunLee: NEWS ECCO: Zero-Emission Oscar: WheelChair Assistant Habitat: personal transport Medirobot for disabled ACCD: Inhabit Audi 2Lip Volkswagen ID Crozz Eleketroscooter Rolls-Royce: 103EX Hyundai Future Mobility Coventry: Mercedes Custom System Coventry: Police Interceptor SMART Car & Camper MINI: Next 100 IDEO: Ride-sharing Car IDEO WOW Tommaso Gecchelin: Next V3.0

59 4. Six Mobility Groups, Concept organization

1. Modular 2. New Interior 3. Fun Driving Mobility Hybrid Concept Mercedes-Benz Vision Tokyo Renault RS Vision Audi Competition IDEO: Cody Nissan Bladeglider Rolls-Royce 103EX ECCO: Zero Emission Lexus: Slide Coventry: Mercedes Custom ACCD: Inhabit Toyota: i-Road Coventry: Police Interceptor Habitat: Personal Transporta- Toyota: i-Trill SMART Car & Camper BMW I Insidetion Future Toyota: FV2 Mercedes Vision Van Mercedes F015 ACCD: Deus Ex Machina Volksagen: ID Crozz Michelin: DOMI Kia: Wearble K Tommaso Gecchelin: next 3.0 IDEO: WOW Tulip EV Absolute Design: Equal Pilkington: Family Dynamic Segway-Style Wearable Oscar: WheelChair Assistant Ju Hyun Lee: NEWS Volkwagen Netto Behance: Optimo

4. Efficiency 5. New Interaction 6. New Technology Peugeot PM Fujimura Toyota Fun Vii Mercedes Concept EQ Honda : UNI CUB MINI: Next 100 Apple iGo RCA: isolation Pod Nissan: Teatro for Dayz Volkswagen Sedric Honda Wander Stand BMW Vision Next 100 Peugeot Instinct Honda: U3-X Toyota Concept i IDEO: Ride Sharing GM: EN-V Honda: NeuV Honda: Walking Assist Hyundai: HUMA

60 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank everyone involved in this project. The advisory committee professors, Yunwoo Jeong, Chajoong Kim, and Huisung Lee. Professor Yunwoo Jeong was involved throughout the project giving advice on the exterior and interior design of the vehicle. He has given me much advice for more than 3 years as my Advisor. I have learned so much from him which will not be forgotten throughout my coming careers. Professor Chajoong Kim and Professor Huisung Lee have helped me complete the paper, advising context flow and important errors that needed to be resolved. Without them, this paper may not have made sense!

I am deeply grateful for all the team members of the project who have helped me bring about an interesting research outcome which has definitely led to a fun and unique final concept. They have helped me gain different insights and knowledge, broadening my vision while conducting the project. Without them, the project would have been ‘less vibrant’.

I would like to thank all the CDE faculty members, who always help CDE students and professors. My late graduation must have only been a burden for the faculty members, especially for Ms. Jinkyung Kim, Ms. Hyojin Kim who have been kind and helpful as always. I am very grateful for them.

Also thank you to CDE colleagues, I am sure all good things are going to be thrown at them. It was a pleasure to learn with you guys, have team meetings together, have small and large conflicts, and also go on trips like Germany and Gwangju. They are all important memories to be kept and shared later.

This work was supported by the 'Promotion of Graduate School of Creative Design Engineer- ing' of the Korea Institute of Design Promotion with a grant from the Ministry of the Trade, Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea.(N0001436)

Twin Premier: Future Form Factor for Autonomous Vehicle

This book is based on my Master Graduation Project, but not an official publication.

If you want to cite parts of the contents in this book, please contact UNIST Library for an electronic copy of the approved dissertation.