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Based Composite Vulcanized Fiber See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308796881 Direction-dependent mechanical characterization of cellulose-based composite vulcanized fiber Article in Materials Testing · October 2016 DOI: 10.3139/120.110929 CITATIONS READS 11 468 6 authors, including: Ronja Scholz Jenni Engels Technische Universität Dortmund Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Materials Simulation 36 PUBLICATIONS 141 CITATIONS 4 PUBLICATIONS 34 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Alexander Hartmaier Frank Walther Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Materials Simulation Technische Universität Dortmund 187 PUBLICATIONS 3,197 CITATIONS 363 PUBLICATIONS 3,064 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Superalloys View project Innovationen zum optimalen Einsatz des Wetterfesten Baustahls im Stahl- und Verbundbrückenbau - Innovations for the optimal use of weathering steel in steel and composite bridge construction View project All content following this page was uploaded by Frank Walther on 05 October 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. MECHANICAL TESTING 813 Direction-dependent mechanical characterization of cellulose- based composite vulcanized fiber Ronja Scholz, Roman-Marius Vulcanized fiber is a macromolecular cellulose-based composite material Mittendorf, Dortmund, Jenni Kristin manufactured using the parchmentizing process. The cellulose is pro- Engels, Alexander Hartmaier, duced from the chemical digestion of plant-based raw materials (wood, Bochum, Bernd Künne and Frank cotton) or textile waste. Chemical additives used during manufacturing Walther, Dortmund, Germany are completely removed. After the process, vulcanized fiber possesses improved properties concerning mechanical strength and abrasion as Article Information well as corrosion resistance in comparison to its raw materials. Concern- Correspondence Address ing its economic life cycle assessment, low density, electrical insulating MSc Ronja Scholz Institute for Design and Materials Testing (IKW) capability and balanced properties, vulcanized fiber has a potential, up Department of Materials Test Engineering (WPT) to now unused, as a light and renewable structural material for applica- TU Dortmund University Baroper Str. 303 tions in automotive or civil engineering industries. Research activities D 44227 Dortmund, Germany concerning the mechanical properties are insufficient and existing E-mail: [email protected] standards are out-of-date. In this work, for the first time a direction-de- Keywords pendent characterization of the process-related anisotropic mechanical Resource efficiency, lightweight construction, cellulose basis, vulcanized fiber, anisotropy, properties of the material is realized with the aim to formulate an ade- material model quate material model for numerical simulations in the next step. Increasing social consciousness about envi- was firstly developed in the mid-19th cen- tion, the degradation of cellulose has to be ronment, finite nature of fossil fuels and gen- tury. It is made of absorbent and unsized limited in time. Another important param- eral waste recycling as well as increasing po- special papers which are joined by a merg- eter is the temperature of the parchmentiz- litical requests for resource-efficient produc- ing process into a homogenous material by ing solution, usually, it is in the range of 30 tion processes and alternative resource-saving adding a parchmentizing solution. Predom- to 65 °C. After bonding, the parchmentiz- material concepts are important tasks of the inantly, a zinc chloride solution (ZnCl2) is ing solution is leached out in a multistage 21st century. Vulcanized fiber as one of the used for parchmentizing. Another alterna- process by using osmotic forces. Finally, oldest plastics based on renewable resources tive is sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The parchmen- vulcanized fiber is dried and smoothed. The has proven to be an appropriate substitute. tizing solution acts as a catalyst. During the thickness of the resulting product is de- The aim of the authors is the reactivation of process the crystalline structure of cellu- fined by the amount of single paper layers the industrial interest in vulcanized fiber as lose 1 is converted into cellulose 2 which is which are added at the beginning of the an alternative resource-saving material con- an irreversible and pure physical process. continuous manufacturing process [1]. Fig- cept for industrial applications. Therefore At the microscopic level, swelling and ure 1 shows the modification of cellulose comprehensive scientific studies are re- shortening of cellulose fibers can be identi- caused by parchmentizing during the man- quired. In the present study, tensile and com- fied. The fiber length is reduced by round ufacturing process, and it was analyzed us- pression tests were performed to investigate about a quarter. Simultaneous to the struc- ing a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). mechanical properties of vulcanized fiber tural conversion, a hydrolytic degradation Until 1930, vulcanized fiber had been which can be used to estimate the perfor- of cellulose starts. Cellulose chains are split used in many fields of application because of mance capability and for numerical simula- and low-molecular structures are formed. its good material properties. As lightweight tions of its deformation behavior. These structures are essential for a repo- construction material (ρ = 1.10 to 1.45 g·cm- lymerization process which is necessary to 3), it is high abrasion-resistant, physiologi- Material relink single cellulose fibers and to link cally harmless, electrically insulating, spark single paper layers to one homogeneous extinguishing and resistant to sustained Vulcanized fiber material is fully based on material called vulcanized fiber. To avoid a temperatures of 120 to 160 °C. Further, vul- the renewable raw material cellulose and loss of mechanical strength by saccharifica- canized fiber offers versatile processing pos- 58 (2016) 10 © Carl Hanser Verlag, München Materials Testing © Carl Hanser Verlag, München. Der Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, ist nicht gestattet und muss beim Verlag schriftlich genehmigt werden. 814 MECHANICAL TESTING a) b) For investigations in x-, y- and xy-direc- tions, specimen geometry type 1 B is used (see Figure 2). For a better understanding, Figure 3 shows a schematic of the specimen loca- tions in vulcanized fiber sheets, horizontal (x, y, xy) and perpendicular (z) in relation to the manufacturing direction and fiber orientation, respectively, for tensile tests. For tests in z-direction, a suitable speci- men geometry has to be chosen because of Figure 1: SEM micrographs of cellulose fibers, a) raw paper, b) vulcanized fiber limited vulcanized fiber sheet thickness available on the market with a maximum of sibilities, for example, by milling, drilling, cations, i. e., fiber orientations according to 16 mm. To increase the segment for sam- forming, bending, stamping and varnishing. manufacturing direction, are performed. pling, several sheets of finished and homo- With upcoming petrochemical plastics, it Hygroscopicity. Further, hygroscopic geneous vulcanized fiber were adhesively has been replaced from the market. Today properties have to be considered for cellu- bonded. This results in at least two glued only a few particular applications exist and lose products like vulcanized fiber. This im- areas within the total specimen length L. there is a big lack of knowledge about the plies a moisture content which depends on Four possible geometries according to DIN characteristics of the material [2, 3]. the climatic conditions of the environment. EN ISO 20753 were investigated in pre- Anisotropy. For scientific research, it Moisture content increases with increasing tests to prove their functionality. Thereby, has to be taken into account that vulcan- relative humidity as well as decreasing tem- three designs were not considered because ized fiber is anisotropic. Cellulose fibers in perature and has a significant impact on ma- of occurring failure in the glued areas. Fi- paper layers are preferably orientated in terial properties and dimension stability of nally, three homogeneous vulcanized fiber manufacturing direction due to the produc- vulcanized fiber. Previous tests showed that sheets were layered above each other, one tion process [4-6]. This longitudinal direc- high material moisture has a detrimental ef- with L2 = 15 mm in the center and two with tion of cellulose fibers in vulcanized fiber fect on mechanical strength properties, like L1 = 8 mm at each top, and milled to a final sheets is defined as x-direction, while the ultimate tensile strength UTS and Young’s specimen thickness of t = 4 mm. This ar- cross direction, perpendicular to x-direc- modulus E. On the other hand, it has a ben- rangement proved to be practical because tion, is termed as y-direction. In addition, eficial effect on the flexibility [7, 8]. adhesive joints are not located in the gauge due to parchmentizing and merging of sin- Thus an important prerequisite for the length of the specimen L0 = 8 mm and frac- gle paper layers, different material proper- capabilities and results interpretation of ture could be initiated in pure material (L2), ties are expected perpendicular to the xy- vulcanized fiber is an exactly defined test as shown in Figure 4. plane. This z-direction specifies the layer climate. For the following
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