2013 Regional Climate Change Action Plan Blueprint

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Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick2013 Newfoundland REGIONAL and Labrador Nova Scotia CLIMATE Connecticut Maine CHANGE Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova ScotiaACTION Connecticut Maine PLAN Massachusetts BLUEPRINT New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity

Report to the 37th Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers

September 2013 Charlevoix, Québec

The Climate Change Steering Committee

Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity Table of Contents Executive Summary...... 1

Preamble ...... 2

Outcomes of the 2001 Regional Climate Change Action Plan...... 3

Basis for Continued Regional Action for 2013–2050...... 4

Guiding Principles...... 7

Regional Targets...... 8

Implementation of the 2013 Regional Climate Change Action Plan Blueprint...... 9

Actions to be Taken Regionally...... 11

Action Item 1: Maintain a Reliable Standardized GHG Emissions Inventory...... 11

Basis for Action...... 11

Goals...... 11

Recommendations...... 11

Action Item 2: Enhance State and Provincial Government Leadership by Example ...... 12

Basis for Action...... 12

Goals...... 12

Recommendations...... 12

Action Item 3: Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Energy Sector...... 14

Basis for Action...... 14

Goals...... 15

Recommendations...... 15

Action Item 4: Track and Understand Efforts to Link Emissions Trading Programs Planned and Underway...... 18

Basis for Action...... 18

Goals...... 18

Recommendations...... 18

Action Item 5: Increase the Region’s Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change...... 19

Basis for Action...... 19

Goals...... 19

Recommendations...... 19 Action Item 6: Promote Public Awareness...... 21

Basis for Action...... 21

Goals...... 21

Recommendations...... 21

Action Item 7: Highlight the Region’s International Leadership...... 22

Basis for Action...... 22

Goals...... 23

Recommendations...... 23

Appendix 1: GHG Reduction Targets of the NEG/ECP Jurisdictions...... 24

Appendix 2: Complementary Information...... 25 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity Executive Summary Climate change was recognized since 2000 by the Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP) as a topic of high importance for the region. The following year, the Regional Climate Change Action Plan was adopted and presented a clear long-term vision of GHG emission reductions with 2010, 2020 and 2050 targets.

Twelve years later, the region successfully met and surpassed its first regional GHG target while at the same time increasing its economic growth by 54 percent. The revision of the Climate Change Action Plan in 2013 enables the NEG/ECP to reinstate the belief that climate change remains a serious issue for our region and at the same time presents an incredible opportunity for growth by investing in new renewable energies, energy efficiency and new technologies, by building on our expertise and exporting our know-how and by developing carbon market mechanisms.

The 2013 Regional Climate Change Action Plan - Strategic Overview and its accompanying document, the 2013 Regional Climate Change Action Plan Blueprint, maintain the 2020 and 2050 targets and call for prompt action to set a progress marker for 2030 emissions levels that will be based on detailed analysis of the region’s emissions patterns, as well as a comprehensive evaluation of the most appropriate strategies that, individually and collectively, will be needed to achieve the 2050 goal. Setting an ambitious, strategic 2030 marker will maintain the region’s climate change leadership, and will also:

• Reduce the regulatory risks and uncertainties surrounding climate change by addressing the issue of long-term investment in infrastructure. The anticipated changes in infrastructure and forecasted investments in our region for the 2015 to 2025 period will require guidance and the new 2030 marker will provide that guidance;

• Send a strong signal to promote a healthy and competitive economy and to foster energy security by spurring research, development and innovation, efficiency and low-carbon technologies, which will create new opportunities for jobs and growth in the region. In so doing, the region will be ahead of the curve in North America. This will open up other windfall opportunities and help us determine how to maximize the results of our coordinated actions.

The 2013 Regional Climate Change Action Plan - Strategic Overview and the 2013 Regional Climate Change Action Plan Blueprint build on the foundation laid down in 2001. It addresses seven action areas: an improved, reliable regional GHG inventory, the state an provincial governments’ leadership role, reduction of GHG emissions in the energy sector, the carbon market mechanisms, the capacity to adapt to climate change, public awareness, as well as the mobilizing role played by the states and provinces in a world negociating a new international agreement on climate change for 2015 under the guidance of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

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Preamble Created in 1973, the Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP) is an intergovernmental forum that meets on an annual basis to share expertise and accomplishments and to foster coordinated actions in areas of common interest, such as the environment, energy, transportation and the economy. The NEG/ECP is active throughout the year on these topics through its standing and steering committees, on which every jurisdiction is represented.

As early as July 2000, the NEG/ECP recognized that global atmospheric warming and associated climatic impacts posed a threat to the health and security of the region’s population and the economy, and is a joint concern for which a regional approach is required. In 2001, the NEG/ECP unanimously approved the landmark regional Climate Change Action Plan, which set clear regional GHG reduction targets for 2010, 2020 and 2050, namely:

• To bring GHG emissions back to 1990 levels by 2010; World leadership in 2001 • To reduce GHG emissions by 10 percent below 1990 levels by 2020; and In 2001, the regional Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) was the first multi-government effort at • To reduce GHG emissions by 75 percent to the federated level to be officially implemented 85 percent below 2001 levels by 2050. in the world, four years before the Kyoto Protocol. The Regional plan also had a specific component on Beyond representing a collaborative effort adapting to the impacts of climate change. among jurisdictions of two countries, the CCAP represented a first scheme adopted by both premiers and governors from states and provinces to tackle climate change and present a clear long-term vision on the issue. It has since earned international recognition for the leadership vision it set forth. It also served as the basis for the individual action plans and targets of each jurisdiction of the region. In fact, every jurisdiction of the NEG/ECP has adopted at least one climate change action plan since implementation of the regional scheme. The GHG targets of those individual plans often mirrors or even exceeds the NEG/ECP climate change action plan (see Appendix 1 for individual GHG targets).

2 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity Outcomes of the 2001 Regional Climate Change Action Plan According to the 1990–2011 regional GHG inventory, the NEG/ECP successfully reached and even surpassed its 2010 target,1 recording an estimated 2.4 percent drop below 1990 levels in 2011 (see Figure 1).

FIGURE 1 - NEG/ECP Greenhouse Gas Emission from 1990 to 2011 NEG/ECP Greenhouse Gas Emissions from 1990 to 2011 370

350

Reduction of 13 % e

2 330 1st target = return to 1990 level 1990 level

2.4 % below 1990

MMT of CO 310

2nd target = 10 % below 1990 level 290

Historic data GHG regional targets - the 2050 target is not illustrated on this figure

270 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Note: For easier viewing, only the 1990–2020 period is illustrated in this figure. Source: Regional GHG inventory 1990–2011 (August 2013)

This performance was achieved while:

• The regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 54 percent;

• The intensity of emissions (GHG divided by GDP) decreased by 36 percent, highlighting enormous gains from energy efficiency measures, fuel switching to lower carbon fuels and the increased use of renewable energy;

• The population of the region grew by more than 10 percent and GHG emissions per capita decreased by more than 11 percent; and

• The region increased its use of renewable energy by more than 20 percent between 2001 and 2011,

reducing the intensity of GHG emissions from electricity production (CO2 e/MWh) by 38 percent. The decoupling of GHG emissions and GDP began to emerge in the region as early as 1998 (see Figure 2) but

1 For the provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Québec, the Canadian GHG inventory is used to produce the regional GHG inventory. For the New England states, inventories are produced by the states using Environmental Protection Agency SGIT software. 3 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

accelerated after 2002 (the regional Climate Change Action Plan was adopted in 2001). The gap between GHG and GDP has increased ever since. This data confirms that the NEG/ECP has reduced its GHG emissions while simultaneously increasing economic growth.

FIGURE 2 - Regional GHG emissions versus Regional GDP for the NEG/ECP

Source: Regional GHG inventory 1990–2011 (August 2013)

Basis for Continued Regional Action for 2013–2050 In order to maintain the region’s climate change leadership, the governors and premiers adopted in 2012 Resolution 36-3 requesting an update to the 2001 Climate Change Action Plan. The 2013 Regional Climate Change Action Plan Blueprint will further guide and frame the regional vision and will help us safeguard the environment, on which we depend for food, shelter and resources, while simultaneously reaping the rewards of a growing economy.

The Action Plan recognizes the overwhelming scientific consensus among national and international scientific bodies (such as the International Panel on Climate Change [IPCC], the Union of Concerned Scientists, the American Meteorological World Economic Ranking of Society, and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) that human activities are very likely the cause the NEG/ECP in 2010 of most of the observed atmospheric warming trend during The economic importance of the NEG/ECP the past 150 years, and if no serious action is taken, average region should not be ignored. In 2010, the rates of warming by 2100 will “be greater than any seen in the regional GDP ranked 15th in size globally last 10,000 years” (IPCC, 2007). Furthermore, measurements of according to the International Monetary the composition and the concentration of greenhouse gases in Fund. the atmosphere highlight the fact that the pace of atmospheric warming is increasing (Figure 3). The resulting projected climate impacts is the increased incidence and severity of extreme weather events such as storms, droughts, floods and

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heat waves; rising sea levels; shifts and/or expansion of certain disease and pest vectors; and increased stress on already vulnerable species and ecosystems.

FIGURE 3 - Global Mean Estimated Temperature

Source: Extract from the report Chiffres clé du climat. France et Monde (2013)

These increasingly recurrent extreme events forecasted due to global warming (such as hurricanes Sandy [2012], Lee and Irene [2011], and Igor [2010]) highlight the fact that societies need to adapt to our changing climate. To do so, stakeholders will have to change how they manage their local environments, utilize water resources, practice agriculture and forestry, and plan infrastructures to prepare for anticipated natural disasters. For example, fixed infrastructure, such as roads and buildings, will have to be planned and maintained differently in order to minimize the cost of repairing, rebuilding or relocating. Health and security measures will also need to be planned differently to reduce human illnesses and losses from extreme events linked to the changing climate.

Rising sea levels, melting shore ice and elevated storm surge levels (all causing coastal erosion and submersion) already have severely impacted many of our coastal communities. While 10 of the 11 NEG/ECP jurisdictions are susceptible to the coastal impacts of extreme weather, inland flooding is an equally significant concern, and the economic impact of these events on states and provincial governments, as shown in Table 1, is substantial.

According to the World Economic Forum (2012)2, climate change and its related risk impacts (e.g., water scarcity, number of extreme events, etc.) rank higher every year in the list of business risks published annually. These impacts are not solely business risks—governments are starting to consider them in their economic outlook, as they could have substantial costs and negative effects on quality of life. Table 1 presents the occurrence and associated damage estimates of some of the worst recent weather extremes to hit the region, including ice storms, floods, nor’easters, hurricanes and droughts, which are already of considerable concern to New England states and Eastern Canadian provinces.

2 The Changing Profile of Corporate Climate Change Risk (Trexler and Kosloff, 2012) 5 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

TABLE 1 - Estimated Costs from Recent Extreme Events in the Region Date Type Location Damage Estimate January 1998 Ice storm U.S. Northeast US $1.4+ billion September 1999 Hurricane Floyd U.S. Northeast US $6+ billion

September 2003 Hurricane Juan Maritimes $200 million CA 2008, 2010 and 2012 Flooding events New Brunswick $52+ million CA March 2010 Flooding U.S. Northeast US $1.5+ billion

September 2010 Hurricane Igor Northeast US $200 million August 2011 Hurricane Irene U.S. Northeast US $16.6 billion September 2011 Hurricane Lee U.S. Northeast US $1+ billion

October 2012 Hurricane Sandy U.S. Northeast US $75+ billion

Sources: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/ and AON Benfield http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/cei/graph/ne/cei/ytd http://www.ec.gc.ca/ouragans-hurricanes/default.asp?lang=Fr&n=23B1454D-1

Other potential climate-induced stresses anticipated in the region include:

• Increased heat-related illnesses and deaths;

• Increased air pollution and ground-level ozone;

• Increased mosquito and tick populations;

• A less viable winter recreation industry;

• A longer growing season but a corresponding need to contend with precipitation extremes, and a larger number and variety of pests.

All of these stresses will have economic impacts on our society and will need to be more fully integrated in our investment strategies and public policy decisions.

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1. Use Energy More Efficiently

a. Achieve higher efficiency in the production and transmission of electricity. b. Significantly increase energy efficiency in the building and industrial sectors and in the transport of passengers and goods. c. Maximize energy conversion to lower carbon fuels, increase the efficiency and effectiveness of alternative energy use in all sectors of the economy, including sustainable transportation, and increase fuel efficiency within the region.

2. Use Energy Wisely

a. Identify and implement constructive measures for better management of energy demand and non- energy use and related GHG emissions wherever possible.

3. Produce Cleaner Energy

a. Shift to less polluting energy resources, thus improving human health and the natural environment. b. Shift to lower and zero carbon energy sources for electricity generation wherever economically feasible. c. Balance energy choices, costs to consumers, improving environmental conditions, creation of clean energy jobs, and quality of life for the citizens.

4. Promote Clean Local and Regional Energy Resources

a. Take action to maintain a greater share of the region’s energy dollars in the regional economy. b. Remove barriers to the production and use of regional and local renewable energy sources, from citizens to municipalities or counties, and promote the increased use of these sources. c. Encourage and aggressively promote new technologies which reduce the use of fossil fuels to enhance the competitive advantage of the region. d. Create new jobs in the areas of energy efficiency and renewables.

5. Increase Resilience to the Impact of Extreme Weather Events

a. Assess and use a set of appropriate climate change scenarios and models regionally as a basis for local adaptation planning. b. Reduce the impacts of climate change on the built living environment through adaptation planning, as inaction incurs significant direct and indirect costs. c. Design and build living environments and new infrastructures to minimize the impacts of climate change.

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d. Support agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture, forestry, and other natural resource–based economic sectors in adapting to the impacts of climate change. e. Preserve green spaces, including wetlands, forests and farmland that provide essential ecological services of high economic and social value. 6. Coordinate Efforts Regionally and Nationally

a. Work with federal governments to seek additional solutions nationally, including, but not limited to, emission standards, market-based instruments, funding and cooperative agreements. b. Pursue actions with the greatest potential to benefit the region, by leveraging our combined knowledge, influence and leadership.

7. Drive Clean Energy Innovation

a. Encourage entrepreneurship and private sector leadership in developing and scaling up clean energy projects. b. Harness market forces to spur innovation to support a portfolio of clean energy technologies.

8. Pursue Cleaner, More Affordable Energy

a. Integrate energy, environmental, and economic goals to advance a broad and robust structure for thinking through cost-effective energy options for the region.

Regional Targets

The New England states and Eastern Canadian provinces have demonstrated by their policies and actions since 2001 that they are taking a lead role in addressing the issue of climate change through a regional approach and corresponding state/provincial action plans. The 2013 RCCAP - Strategic Overview and the 2013 RCCAP Blueprint reaffirm the region’s long-term planning approach and renews existing short-term and long- term goals:

Short-term goal: Reduce regional GHG emissions by at least 10 percent below 1990 emissions by 2020 Long-term goal: Reduce regional GHG emissions by 75 percent to 85 percent below 2001 levels by 2050

A very preliminary trend-line projection of GHG emissions reductions to 2050 suggest that the pace of the region’s current GHG emissions reductions must accelerate (see Figure 4). Therefore, the states and provinces must undertake additional detailed analysis to assess a post-2020 “progress marker” for GHG emissions levels in 2030, and determine the most appropriate strategies – individually and collectively – that can launch the type of transformational changes in the production and use of energy and other GHG emitting sources that will be needed throughout the region to achieve the earliest possible reductions toward realizing the 2050 goal. Prompt action to set a mid-term marker and identify near-term strategies can encourage governments, businesses, and the research community to accelerate the development and deployment of energy-efficient

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and low carbon technologies; spur efficiency initiatives in the planning horizon; encourage early action to optimize energy-smart investment strategies; and ensure that the businesses operating in the region will be competitive in an increasingly carbon restrained world.

FIGURE 4 - GHG regional targets for 2020 and 2050 GHG regional targets for 2020 and 2050

0 - 7,8 Mt -10 - 32 Mt Existing regional targets -20 Current status of GHG emissions

-30 Série3 e from 1990 level e from -40 2

-50 - 160 Mt

-60

% reduction from 1990 level from reduction % -70 - 236 Mt -80 - 270 Mt reductions in MMt of CO of MMt in reductions -90 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 2048 2050

Source: Regional GHG inventory 1990-2011 (August 2013)

Implementation of the 2013 Regional Climate Change Action Plan Blueprint The 2013 RCCAP - Strategic Overview (2013 RCCAP Strategic Overview) and 2013 RCCAP Blueprint (2013 RCCAP Blueprint) build on the foundation laid in 2001 for a regional longer-term shift to cleaner and more efficient ways of producing and using energy while reducing simultaneously the emission of heat-trapping gases and taking a structured approach to adapting to climate change.

The plan maintains:

• A comprehensive regional approach for reducing GHG emissions designed to advance our common goals;

• Specifies short and long-term reduction targets for the region as a whole, and calls for a progress marker for 2030 emission levels;

• A commitment from states and provinces to uphold and increase the level of engagement set into motion in 2001 and to implement, in conjunction with their own plans for reducing GHG emissions, a process that includes disclosure of progress and information-sharing; and

• A structured and strategic approach to ensure that adaptation of the region’s natural resource and physical infrastructure can adapt and resist the negative impacts of climate change.

Beyond these points, each jurisdiction will choose additional measures to contribute to the regional target.

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FIGURE 5 – GHG Emissions by economic Sector in the Region

NEG/ECP GHG emissions by economic sectors (in %) NEG/ECP GHG emissions by economic sectors (in %) - in 1990 - - in 2011 -

Electricity Generation Electricity Generation Waste Management; (Imported Electricity Waste Management; (Imported Electricity 4,54% removed); 18,83% 4,79% removed); 15,46% Agriculture; 3,38% Agriculture; 3,38%

Residential; 13,71% Residential; 12,19%

Commercial and Transport; 41,00% Transport; 34,35% Commercial and institutional; 6,90% institutional; 7,35% Industrial; 16,22% Industrial; 17,82%

Source: Regional GHG inventory 1990–2011 (August 2013)

Considering the sectoral emission profile produced from the regional GHG inventory (see Figure 5) and the original goals identified in 2001, the 2013 RCCAP Blueprint proposes actions in seven priority areas, namely:

• Regional GHG inventory – to stay informed of the GHG emission pattern in the region;

• Government leadership by example – to implement key actions at the public level in order to move our society and our economic sectors toward a low carbon economy;

• Reduction of GHG emissions from the energy sector – to use energy more efficiently and increase the amount of renewables and low carbon fuels in the regional portfolio;

• Market mechanisms – to facilitate achievement of GHG emission reduction targets at a lower cost;

• Adaptation to climate change – to minimize the impacts and costs of climate change events;

• Public awareness – to inform our citizens and secure their support for implementing proactive climate change measures; and

• International showcase of regional actions – to inform the international community of the vanguard regional actions taken and to open up policy and market opportunities.

Throughout implementation of the 2013 RCCAP - Strategic Overview and the 2013 RCCAP Blueprint, the region will maintain a review process to ensure that short-term and long-term reduction targets are appropriately ambitious. This review will be based on the latest scientific information, the availability of new efficient technologies, changes in available resources and the estimated economic and energy impacts of climate change policies.

It is important to note that the goals and actions outlined in this plan are for the New England states and Eastern Canada provinces as a region and may not be achieved in equal measure by each jurisdiction. Differences in emissions characteristics, social and political systems, economic profiles (including transportation/energy production/industrial infrastructures), and resources (including the availability of adequate appropriations for necessary resources) are expected to lead to varying approaches by the jurisdictions to achieving the regional goals. However, in adopting the 2013 RCCAP - Strategic Overview and in accepting the 2013 and Regional Climate Change Action Plan Blueprint, each jurisdiction commits to pursuing its collaboration with the other states and provinces in order to achieve the regional goals.

This plan does not directly address the transportation sector nor does it have related action items or targets. However, in 2008 the NEG/ECP developed a regional action plan for transportation/land management, the

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Transportation and Air Quality Action Plan. Considering the importance of the transportation sector in a comprehensive GHG reduction approach, the close ties between these two plans will be maintained as the Transportation and Air Quality Action Plan is required to significantly contribute to the regional GHG emission targets.

Actions to be Taken Regionally Action Item 1: Maintain a Reliable Standardized GHG Emissions Inventory

Basis for Action A full understanding of the region’s past and present GHG emission profile is the first essential step toward assessing the opportunities for action in all sectors of the economy to cost-effectively reduce GHG emissions. The first regional GHG inventory was produced in 2004 and has been refined ever since. Since 2009, the regional inventory has been updated on a yearly basis. The current GHG inventory has helped NEG/ECP members monitor specific economic sectors and develop measures needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at the state/province level and the regional level. The experience acquired with each annual update has improved our understanding of the regional emission profile and has permitted the Climate Change Steering Committee (CCSC) to refine the format and quality of data collection. However, there is a constant need to understand and quantify the accuracy of the data used. Therefore, the continued participation of all states and provinces is essential.

Goals • Jurisdictions will maintain and increase, as resources allow, their contribution to the standardized regional GHG inventory, beginning with their 1990 GHG emission levels. In so doing, jurisdictions will remain aware of the need to review the data sources and their annual variances, and continue to improve the quality of the regional inventory.

• The Climate Change Steering Committee will submit a regional GHG inventory report to the governors and premiers on a yearly basis.

Recommendations

1. Each jurisdiction will contribute to the regional GHG inventory by maintaining a roster of contact point(s) to respond to requests regarding data and review procedures required to compile the regional GHG inventory and projections. That list will be made available to the NEG/ECP secretariats and CCSC co- chairs, who will be responsible for annual compilation of the regional inventory.

2. Each jurisdiction will maintain the level of engagement necessary to keep the regional inventory up-to- date on a yearly basis, subject to ressources.

3. Each jurisdiction will support the iterative feedback process developed in 2009 and update state/provincial data sets going forward to 2020 and beyond. Measurement of data quality and accuracy will be an integral part of this iterative revision process.

11 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

4. The CCSC will work with the Transportation and Air Quality Committee to update the regional GHG inventory annually, including the transportation GHG information and performance indicators, and will maintain relations, as appropriate, with Canadian and American federal GHG inventory initiatives.

5. The CCSC will recommend to the governors and premiers, as needed, appropriate additional measures to implement in order to improve the quality of the regional GHG inventory. Action Item 2: Enhance State and Provincial Government Leadership by Example

Basis for Action Given the rising cost of energy and resources, citizens of New England and Eastern Canada will benefit when less energy or lower-carbon fuel are used to operate our public buildings, government fleets and end-use facilities. In addition, demonstrating continued improvement in energy efficiency, clean energy technologies and sustainable practices in government operations has become a fundamental task over the last few years. Since 2001, many jurisdictions have put in place energy efficiency or renewable targets and green procurement procedures. However, there is a continuous need to expand on those gains to make our governments more efficient and green.

In 2001, the Regional Plan aimed to reduce by 2012 end-use GHG emissions in the public sector by 25 percent below 2001 levels, without compromising government services or worker conditions, through improved energy efficiency and lower carbon fuels. The most recent regional GHG inventory covers the period of 1990 to 2011 and therefore does not show if the 2012 goal was reached. Furthermore, end-use emissions from the public sector are difficult to dissociate in the overall GHG emissions because the data gathered does not yet have this level of accuracy. Further work is needed in all jurisdictions to improve on this.

Goals • Verify and report on the 2012 goal of reducing end-use GHG emissions in the public sector by 25 percent below the 2001 level.

• Set new 2020 and 2030 goals for reducing end-use emissions from this sector.

Recommendations

6. Explicitly use government operations as an opportunity for leadership in long-term sustainable decision- making for investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy.3

7. Establish high energy performance benchmarks as well as an energy performance labeling process for all publicly funded new construction and major renovations.4 Moreover, establish and/or upgrade jurisdictional policies on sustainable building design5 to be applied to all government construction and renovation projects.

3 Recommendation from the Ministerial Forum on Energy and Environment (2007), adopted by Resolution 31-1 (2007). 4 Recommendation from the Ministerial Forum on Energy and Environment (2007), adopted by Resolution 31-1 (2007) and Resolution 33-4 (2009). 5 Sustainable design practices include using recycled, energy-efficient and less toxic materials; day lighting and other energy saving measures; piloting on-site renewable energy projects; and separating and recycling construction and demolition debris. The best policies will become the regional standard for comparison. A three-year iterative process will enable the region to revise and update the policies. 12 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity

8. Continue and complete by 2015 the energy audits of existing government buildings using the Energy Star Portfolio Manager tool and present the first results and recommendations to the governors and premiers at the 39th NEG/ECP. Energy audit results will become part of the regional GHG inventory and will be subject to a regular review thereafter.

9. Pursue efforts to reduce the carbon footprint and energy intensity use of the public sector including adoption of a public sector green procurement policy as well as high energy efficiency standards for buildings and fleets, and conversion to cleaner/renewable energy sources, where possible. All government entities in each jurisdiction shall be covered by these standards by 2020.

10. Encourage, for government fleets, the purchase of the most fuel-efficient vehicles for each type of use, given their market availability. For example, electricity will be prioritized for light-duty vehicles and natural gas will be the recommended option for heavy-duty vehicles, where available.

11. Educate government employees about actions they can undertake to reduce GHG emissions, reduce fuel use and promote the integration of climate change adaptation concerns into their decision-making processes and practices. Examples include promoting carpooling incentive programs and/or telecommuting policies for government employees, educating building managers on measures to improve energy efficiency, and providing office managers with information regarding energy-efficient office products and equipment.

12. Establish policies to extend payback periods up to 20 years for expenditures related to renewable energy, energy efficiency and conservation as well as sustainable design projects.

13. Create a regional market for “Environmentally Preferable Products” (EPPs) by phasing in their use at all state/provincial facilities. EPPs include materials with recycled content, those that minimize generation of toxic materials, and products otherwise designed to minimize the environmental impact from manufacture to disposal.

14. Create a regional clearinghouse of “best practices” for the operation and management of public facilities as well as a public procurement workgroup under the CCSC so that jurisdictions can share and benefit from each other’s experiences.

15. Develop a consistent methodology and protocols to be used by all jurisdictions to produce a government operations GHG inventory that will showcase the results of actions taken since 2001. Each jurisdiction will provide the necessary data to calculate government GHG emissions from 2001 onward, and where possible back to 1990. GHG emissions from government operations will become an integral part of the regional GHG inventory and will be subject to a yearly update.

16. Develop guidelines and a framework to help local governments produce their own GHG emission inventories and develop climate change plans, including energy efficiency targets for buildings and fleets as well as green procurement policies.6

6 Recommendation from the Ministerial Forum on Energy and Environment (2007), adopted by Resolution 31-1 (2007). 13 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

Action Item 3: Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Energy Sector Basis for Action In the region, we constantly wrestle with two fundamental concepts: a) energy production and use has significant impacts on our environment; and b) a reliable and efficient supply of reasonably priced energy is vital to maintain a strong, vibrant and competitive regional economy. Thus, a balance needs to be struck between economic development, which is still mainly resource-based in parts of our region, and the environment on which we depend for our food, homes, clean water and air, recreation and other activities.

In 2000, 66 percent of total energy consumed in the region, including 33 percent of electricity consumption, came from fossil fuels. Reflecting this energy profile, the 2001 Climate Change Action Plan made the energy sector a core element of the regional GHG management strategy. In 2009, the ratios were 71 percent for total energy consumed and 30 percent for electricity consumption from fossil fuels. Considering this, three basic principles of the original Plan remain valid:

• Increase energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy in order to better manage energy production and consumption, and reduce related costs (efficient and optimal use of energy brings down the costs); and • Ensure that energy conservation (i.e., the voluntary choice not to consume energy) is considered as a primary option (the lowest priced energy is the one not used); and • Reduce GHG emissions at the source or production level (i.e., increased use of renewable energies or fuel switching to less carbon intensive fuels).

These three strategies—energy efficiency, energy conservation and renewables/lower-carbon fuels for energy production—are the centerpiece of the region’s actions to reduce emissions from the energy sector. All three have the benefit of reducing energy consumption and related GHG emissions in a manner compatible with regional economic growth. Each can help households, businesses and governments reduce their energy costs. Greater use of renewable energy sources can improve the region’s fuel diversity, reduce its vulnerability to fossil fuel price increases and spikes, and help make the region’s energy supply system more reliable. By helping to reduce and manage demand, energy efficiency and energy conservation can help utilities better manage system demand, particularly peak demand, and the need for expanded or upgraded generation facilities, transmission and distribution networks. Energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies have also encouraged the development of new, less carbon-intensive industries, the creation of green jobs and the purchase of local materials in the region.

The 2013 RCCAP Blueprint focuses primarily on energy efficiency strategies and measures which can reduce the amount of energy needed, on an ongoing basis, for any given activity in all energy use sectors (power generation, industrial processes, residences and buildings, and transportation). Since 2001, each jurisdiction has developed its own energy efficiency plan, programs and policies that target its own specific economy (Appendix 2). The regional plan calls for the states and provinces, individually and collectively, to continue and increase energy efficiency measures over the next decade as a cost-effective means to reduce energy use and related GHG emissions. A related step is to harmonize, where possible, the different programs and plans to create a positive synergy among them.

The region’s enthusiastic support for renewable energy has contributed to early successes in achieving the

goal of reducing CO2 emitted per megawatt hour (CO2/MWh) of electricity used within the region by 20 percent below 2001 levels. Since 2001, the proportion of renewable energy consumed in the region has increased by

14 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity

20 percent (mainly from hydro-electricity, biomass and wind). In the same period, the GHG emissions from

electricity production declined significantly. In 2011, emissions of CO2 per MWh were 38 percent below the 2001 levels (1990–2011 Regional GHG Inventory), largely surpassing the goal of 20 percent below the 2001 levels by 2025. The region is also currently on a path to realize the goal set in 2006 of 10 percent increase in renewable energy generation by 2020– having achieved a three percent increase by 2009 (1990-2011 Regional GHG inventory). Additional work is needed to build on these successes. To that end, all NEG/ECP members have adopted or are developing energy plans that include increased use of renewable energies. Ideally, the region will coordinate renewable resource development in order to pool the strengths of all jurisdictions.

The importance of energy conservation in the region has long been recognized as a means to reduce energy used and GHG emissions from the electricity sector. As homes, businesses and governments become increasingly reliant upon electronics for communications and overall productivity, energy conservation techniques and measures are an important complement to energy efficiency. They enable all consumers to reduce their direct energy use, particularly in such areas as vampire electricity consumption from electronics on stand-by mode and reduction of energy use during peak demand periods.

Goals • Reduce overall energy use by at least 20 percent below “business as usual scenarios” by 2020 by targeting all sectors of the economy including the residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and transportation sectors7.

• Maintain and, where possible, further reduce the level of CO2 emitted per megawatt hour (CO2/MWh) of electricity used compared to 2010 levels.

• Increase the region’s renewable energy generation capacity by 10 percent by 2020, and establish a new 2030 goal for increased renewable energy generation capacity.

Recommendations Drawing upon the resolutions adopted by the NEG/ECP since 2001, the 2013 Climate Change Action Blueprint reaffirms its commitment to act by offering a menu of initiatives and actions that member states and provinces will take, individually and collectively as appropriate, to achieve the regional GHG reduction targets stated in this Plan.

Each member jurisdiction will create its own set of measures to achieve these goals, and will consider the carbon impacts of its energy choices.

Drawing upon state, provincial, federal and private sector analyses, the CCSC will provide member jurisdictions with a forecast of future energy usage and GHG emissions. Working cooperatively with its member jurisdictions, other NEG/ECP committees, and other governmental and non-governmental entities, the CCSC will also propose an effective regional platform to monitor, collect and share regional data and information that can help the states and provinces, individually and collectively, better understand and implement effective energy efficiency, energy conservation and electricity production practices that will contribute to lower GHG emissions.

Energy Conservation

7 NEG/ECP Resolution 34-3, 2010 15 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

17. The NEG/ECP jurisdictions will manage their own operations to lessen their overall demand for electricity and will implement appropriate measures to increase the participation of firms and households in conservation programs for all fuels. The jurisdictions will also seek reductions in energy use by the industrial sector, where feasible.

18. Actions recommended include greater participation in the Energy Star program and the Canadian Energy Guide program; participation in programs to promote green building design and energy efficient building codes; promotion of reduced stand-by energy consumption by appliances through existing technologies, such as smart strips; and expanded demand side management (DSM) programs to promote energy savings in homes and businesses.

Energy Efficiency Effective regional collaboration to develop data and share information on energy efficiency includes actions such as the following:

19. Continue to share information on energy efficiency best practices and plans that help achieve the overarching 2020 goal by transferring ideas, hosting discussions and making technology options available.

20. Create a clearinghouse of best practices in the region to be integrated into the websites of the ECP and CONEG to facilitate their integration into each jurisdiction.

21. Identify the benefits of effective actions and programs, and encourage consistency among states including the development of common conversion factors where appropriate.

22. Adopt common measurement and verification protocols, monitor the results of actions and policies, and share information on their effectiveness.8

23. Coordinate, as appropriate, regional energy efficiency actions with programs and efforts outside the region and with Canadian and American federal initiatives, and make best possible use of public-private forums on energy efficiency and climate change mitigation.

24. Examine and report on energy efficiency standards for appliances and equipment, particularly those that can be adopted consistently across states and provinces.9

25. Examine and report on the current building energy code model for increasing efficiency in new residential and commercial structures,10 and provide options, as allowed by state and provincial statutes, for municipal and county governments to voluntarily adopt energy efficiency building standards that are more stringent than province- or state-wide energy codes11.

26. Consider model legislative language designed to prioritize energy efficiency through planning and acquisition processes so that efficiency can compete effectively with supply and capacity options, and cost-effective procurement opportunities consider all forms of energy.12

8 Recommendation from the Ministerial Forum on Energy and Environment (2007), adopted by Resolution 31-1 (2007). 9 Recommendation from the Ministerial Forum on Energy and Environment (2007), adopted by Resolution 31-1 (2007). 10 Recommendation from the Ministerial Forum on Energy and Environment (2007), adopted by Resolution 31-1 (2007). 11 NEG/ECP Resolution 34-3, 2010 12 Recommendation from the Ministerial Forum on Energy and Environment (2007), adopted by Resolution 31-1 (2007). 16 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity

27. Review and report on progress made regionally on energy efficiency and energy efficiency standards.

Electricity Production

28. The CCSC will maintain a regional database on electricity production by sources and report regularly on results and their contribution to the regional goals.

29. Member jurisdictions will continue to add into their energy mix, as appropriate, a combination of additional renewable energy sources, including but not limited to hydro (including tidal and underwater turbines), solar, wind, geothermal and bioenergy, lower-carbon fuels, increased efficiency of electricity generation and transmission systems, and new, efficient distributed generation.

30. NEG/ECP jurisdictions will consider the carbon impacts of their energy choices.

31. NEG/ECP jurisdictions will consider the impacts of regional renewable energy development and transmission projects and incorporate, where feasible, a regional perspective in the state/jurisdiction decision-making process.

32. NEG/ECP jurisdictions will favor lower-carbon fuels, will increase the efficiency of electricity generation and transmission systems, and will use new, efficient distributed generation.

33. NEG/ECP jurisdictions will pursue smart grid technology within the region and work towards a coordinated regional implementation approach13. The CCSC will create a regional clearinghouse of best practices in the field of smart grid technologies in order to provide effective options for the region. The results of these undertakings will be transmitted to the governors and premiers as soon as possible to ensure a concerted and coordinated regional approach.

13 NEG/ECP Resolution 33-4, 2009 17 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

Action Item 4: Track and Understand Efforts to Link Emissions Trading Programs Planned and Underway

Basis for Action Since 2001, considerable efforts have been deployed to develop a credible and efficient carbon market in North America:

• The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) was implemented in 2009 and has proven beneficial for the New England states, both in terms of reducing GHG emissions (avoiding the emission of 12 million 14 short tons of CO2 ) and boosting investments in energy efficiency measures (over US $400 million in 2011, representing 66 percent of the proceeds from the sale of allowances15);

• Members of the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) currently include four Canadian provinces, along with California. The cap and trade systems put forth by Québec and California officially started in January 2013 and the two jurisdictions are working to link their markets by January 1, 2014, thus providing the first cross-border North American carbon market.

These initiatives have been spearheaded by the provinces and states, which have thereby gained considerable experience in emissions trading as a means of providing an economically efficient greenhouse gas reduction scheme. The intent of the 2001 RCCAP was to create a uniform, coordinated basis for emissions trading in order to gain experience in certifying credits and trading within the geographic region. In so doing, the states and provinces intended to give industries, organizations and other entities the ability to disclose their baseline GHG emissions in advance of actions and ensure they are not penalized while making early reductions. That principle still holds true and is maintained in the 2013 RCCAP Blueprint.

Over the last two years, the RGGI and the WCI have discussed linking the two carbon markets. These discussions can help the states and provinces better understand and evaluate efforts to link emissions trading programs.

Goals • Better understand issues related to the linking the RGGI and WCI carbon markets.

• Maintain the lead in North America on development of a robust carbon market to create economic opportunities for the region to enhance its overall competitiveness nationally and internationally.

• Ensure that existing trading systems continue to function efficiently and effectively and regularly evaluate and provide recommendations for improvement, while promoting increased coverage of new sectors and jurisdictions.

Recommendations

34. The states and provinces will work with both RGGI and the WCI to identify and assess the issues and opportunities associated with linking existing carbon markets.

14 Regional Investment of RGGI CO2 Allowances Proceeds, 2011 (November 2012)

15 Regional Investment of RGGI CO2 Allowances Proceeds, 2011 (November 2012) 18 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity

35. Each jurisdiction will keep a roster of governmental experts on emission trading, and will provide its roster to the secretariats and CCSC co-chairs in order to foster input from every jurisdiction on linking options.

36. The CCSC will coordinate its efforts on these issues with other states, provinces, federal governments, business entities, non-governmental organizations and any other relevant stakeholders. Action Item 5: Increase the Region’s Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change

Basis for Action Adaptation requires an understanding of both ongoing and anticipated regional changes and their impacts on emergency preparedness, infrastructure, natural resources (including surface and ground water) forests and wildlife, and public health. An increase in temperature, such as the one observed over the last few years in the northeastern United States and the Maritime provinces and Québec,16 will lead to public health and security risks caused by more frequent and intense heat waves; changes in insect reproduction or in distribution ranges thus introducing new diseases to humans; a degradation in air quality and an increase in urban smog; an increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme weather events; and changes in water availability and quality.

We must understand the full effects that global warming will have on the region’s climate in order to assess the impacts on our health, economy, and the built and natural environment. It will then be possible to identify vulnerabilities and prioritize action in each of these sectors. Since dealing with these effects will take an ongoing effort, adaptation should be embedded in local planning and decision-making processes.

Each jurisdiction, recognizing the importance of this topic, has started to address adaptation. While it is critical that each state and province assess its individual risks and needs, it will also be necessary to coordinate our adaptation analysis and responses regionally to reduce duplicated efforts and avoid conflicting orientations or measures, and maximize benefits to the region.

Goals • Develop a regionally structured analytical approach to adaptation in order to forecast regional climate impacts and develop macro-level adaptation measures in response to these changes, where possible17. Design macro-level measures to be useful at a more refined level (municipal, county). In addition, seek climate adaptation options that do not further increase greenhouse gas emissions.

• Governments of the region will ensure that information about climate-related risks, vulnerability and adaptation options will be incorporated into planning and decision-making in key sectors18.

16 Changing climate, changing forests: The impacts of climate change on forests of the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada, Rustad et al. (2012); Ouranos (2011) 17 NEG/ECP Resolution 32-5, 2008 18 NEG/ECP Resolution 32-5, 2008 19 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

Recommendations

37. The CCSC will develop and propose a structured analytical approach to regional adaptation with the help of organizations within the region, such as Ouranos, other appropriate agencies and academic research centers, to forecast regional climate impacts and develop macro-level adaptation measures in response to these changes, where possible19.

38. States and provinces will seek to work to adapt production and exploitation processes, where possible, with all sectors that rely directly on the exploitation of natural resources. For example, the agricultural industry needs to consider increasing reliance on water storage to adapt to increasingly dry summers, and placing more emphasis on soil conservation on cropland in order to address more frequent and intense rainfall events.

39. The CCSC will work on a cooperative scientific basis with relevant federal agencies to provide jurisdictions with useful policy-relevant information on a regular basis. Activities could include:

a. Monitoring living organisms and sensitive habitats for signs of stress or change related to temperature and humidity changes; b. Assessing the vulnerability of marketed plant and animal species and the market potential of less vulnerable or new species; c. Increasing the density of climatology stations to gain better information on regional and local temperature and climatic activity, and better understand impacts on natural resources such as forests, water bodies and wildlife, as well as on public health; d. Expanding the use of land conservation techniques such as restrictions to protect green spaces, wetlands, forest resources and soil carbon; e. Creating an ongoing information exchange on the potential impacts of climate change and feasible, sustainable adaptation measures for the natural resource industry base; f. Mapping and sharing information on the coastal zone for the purposes of adaptation; g. Encouraging cooperative working relationships among emergency management agencies to ensure a coordinated approach to likely climate change impacts as a part of their emergency planning; h. Enhancing the monitoring of forest fires and forest insect outbreaks; i. Developing new agricultural methods and evaluating the potential of new products; j. Evaluating new tourism products and strategies; k. Increasing native tree planting programs in each state/province, improving maintenance of existing forests, and monitoring the carbon uptake and release of planting programs over time to establish a better understanding of the long-term carbon benefits of such programs; l. Improving development practices to limit the destruction of existing trees and encourage/require the planting of native replacement trees when changing the nature of land use; and adding trees, where feasible, to urban areas to reduce the heat island effect, thereby reducing the need for nearby building air conditioning; m. Expanding and/or establishing farm preservation or protection programs in each state and province. To further create economic benefits for farms, states and provinces will seek to: i. Integrate wind power into farms to supplement farm incomes where feasible;

19 NEG/ECP Resolution 32-5, 2008 20 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity

ii. Promote better farm practices for climate protection, including the use and valorisation of methane, the reduction of pesticide use, where feasible, and the integration of soil carbon sequestration techniques (reduced tillage, etc.); and iii. Make efforts to enhance the amount of locally-grown food (to preserve farmland and reduce

transportation-related CO2 emissions); n. Establishing a working group of academic, government and non-government staff, natural resource managers and climate change professionals to ensure information-sharing across natural resource and climate change issues. This effort is intended to lead to a comprehensive evaluation of impacts on natural resources and mitigation opportunities according to state and provincial natural resource employees; o. Promoting community resiliency through collaboratives such as the Regional Adaptation Collaborative (RAC). This initiative supports climate change adaptation learning and decision making across Canada. The Atlantic RAC region, one of six across Canada, operates under the name of Atlantic Canada Adaptation Solutions (ACASA). ACASA collaboration between adaptation practitioners (planners and engineers) and multiple levels of government has helped create resources and processes to facilitate consideration of the adaptation measures that will guide land use and protect our valuable infrastructures now and in the future. Action Item 6: Promote Public Awareness

Basis for Action Public awareness will remain a high priority, as the region will require the support and participation of its citizens to make the action plan fully effective. Since 2001, public awareness has focused primarily on the negative impacts of climate change. Although this helps us avoid the worst climate impacts and strengthen our resilience, we must now include a public awareness component about to economic opportunities within the region tied to reducing fossil fuel consumption, increasing energy efficiency within and outside the region and an increased use of renewable energies. This will prepare the region to profit from the economic opportunities of this emerging market. Our region is already well positioned with our research centers, universities and consulting firms to be able to showcase our expertise nationally and internationally.

Goals • Continue to inform the public on the risks associated with climate change, the negative impacts foreseen within the region and actions that can taken at home and at work to reduce the release of greenhouse gases and adapt to the impacts of climate change.

• Maintain and enhance partnerships with non-governmental organizations within the region to convey the message to the general public on climate risks and impacts.

• Continue to provide support and promote action by the province, states, partners and citizens to enable continued learning and necessary preparation for the impacts of climate change.

• Highlight and showcase the economic opportunities of climate mitigation and energy efficiency measures to raise awareness of our citizens and businesses.

21 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

Recommendations

40. The CCSC will compile and highlight education and outreach climate change programs in schools and government organizations that seek to convey the importance of this issue to citizens in each of our provinces and states. The second step will be to harmonize, where possible, the approaches taken.

41. The NEG/ECP jurisdictions will use disclosure and labeling of electrical generation fuel mixes to promote consumer awareness of greenhouse gas production by the utility sector. Under this approach, utilities will provide information on a periodic basis to all retail customers describing the fuel mix it uses to generate electricity. The utilities will also disclose the electricity product delivered relative to the regional power mix in terms of carbon intensity (in kWh or MWh) of electrical production.

42. The CCSC will compile and share communication materials about GHG emissions labeling in different economic sectors (vehicles and mobility choices, appliances, building performance). The next step will be to consider harmonization of the labeling, where possible, to allow the citizens, businesses, counties and municipalities to develop their own awareness and educational initiatives.

43. The NEG/ECP jurisdictions will continue to promote a dialogue among traditional conservation organizations, land managers, natural resource–based industries, recreational industries, major energy users, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and interested citizens as to the implications of climate change. Action Item 7: Highlight the Region’s International Leadership

Basis for Action The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) formally recognized for the first time in 2010 that states, provinces, regional and local governments are the best level of governance to identify the needs and strengths of their societies in the fight against climate change. States and provinces have indeed demonstrated over time that their leadership is essential to developing and implementing laws, policies, strategies, standards, programs and fiscal mechanisms to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to climate change. In fact, according to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 50 percent to 80 percent of adaptation and mitigation actions related to climate change are or will soon be implemented at the provincial, state and regional levels.

“While central governments set policy directions, much of the innovative thinking and action will come from the sub-national level.” (Yvo de Boer , 2009)20

In this context, it is important that the NEG/ECP highlight its leadership role and positive results in North America since 2001 at the international level. The region’s successful actions have already attracted attention around the globe, as confirmed by the first Low Carbon Leader awards conferred in 2005 by Bloomberg and the Climate Group and the second award by The Climate Group in 2013. The NEG/ECP secretariat was also called upon to present its work on climate change to the Australian states in 2008 and at the 2011 General assembly of the Network of Regional Governments for Sustainable Development (nrg4SD) which includes federated governments from Europe, Africa and the Americas (North and South).

20 Yvo de Boer, former UNFCCC Executive Secretary, at the 2nd Governors’ Global Climate Summit, Los Angeles (2009) 22 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity

Although the region’s commitment to tackle climate change has been recognized internationally, the region has not fully capitalized on its efforts. There are national and international economic opportunities for our businesses to be viewed as leaders, as well as national and international political opportunities to showcase our commitments. As countries work within the UNFCCC to strengthen their commitments to reduce their GHG emissions by 2020 and beyond, the NEG/ECP is preaching by example and should continue to raise its profile so as to show other regions that federated governments are acting in concert to achieve a low-carbon future.

Goals • Highlight the region’s commitments and achievements within North America and internationally in existing forums such as The Climate Group, nrg4SD and any other relevant forum in order to highlight economic and political opportunities and benefits within the region.

Recommendations

44. The CCSC will produce a regular report showcasing the achievements of the NEG/ECP region in order to highlight the leadership role of the states and provinces in tackling climate change.

45. The CCSC will suggest improvements to the ECP and CONEG web platforms in order to highlight actions taken in the region as well as showcase regional and individual mitigation and adaptation measures and action plans.

23 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

Appendix 1: GHG Reduction Targets of the NEG/ECP Jurisdictions

Short-term GHG Mid-term GHG Long-term NEG/ECP targets 2010 to targets 2020 GHG targets Process MEMBERS 2015 to 2035 2040 to 2050 Eastern Canadian provinces New Brunswick Reduction of 5.5 MT 10% below1990 Climate Change Action Plan (2007) annually (return to levels by 2020 1990 levels by 2012) Newfoundland Return to 1990 10% below 1990 75 to 85% below Charting Our Course. Climate Change Action and Labrador levels by 2010 levels by 2020 2001 levels by Plan 2011 2050 Nova Scotia 5% below 1990 10% below 1990 80% below 2009 Climate Change Action Plan (2009) levels by 2015 levels by 2020 levels by 2050 Bill on Environmental Goals and Sustainable Prosperity Act (2007) Prince Edward PEI & CC: A Strategy for Reducing the Impacts Island of Global Warming (2008) Québec 6% below 1990 25% below 1990 2013-2020 Climate Change Action Plan (2013) levels by 2012 levels by 2020 Executive Order in November 2009 2006–2012 Climate Change Action Plan (2008)

New England states Connecticut Return to 1990 10% below 1990 At least 80% P.A. 08-98 (2008) levels by 2010 levels by 2020 below 2001 Connecticut Climate Change Action Plan (2005) levels by 2050 Maine Return to 1990 10% below 1990 75 to 80% below Climate Change Action Plan (2004) levels by 2010 levels by 2020 2003 levels by 38 MRS §576 (2003) 2050 may be required Massachusetts 25% below 1990 80% below 1990 Massachusetts Clean Energy and Climate Plan levels by 2020 levels by 2050 for 2020 (2010) The Global Warming Solutions Act (2008) – 2030 and 2040 targets to be determined New Hampshire Stabilization at 1990 20% below 1990 80% below 1990 New Hampshire Climate Action Plan (2009) levels by 2010 levels by 2025 levels by 2050 HB 467 (2008)

Rhode Island Return to 1990 10% below 1990 Rhode Island Greenhouse Gas Action Plan levels by 2010 levels by 2020 (2002)

Vermont 25% below 1990 50% below 1990 75% below 1990 Vermont Statutes (2007) + EO 14 (2003) levels by 2012 levels by 2028 levels by 2050

24 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador2013 Nova REGIONAL Scotia Connecticut CLIMATE Maine CHANGE Massachusetts ACTION New PLANHampshire BLUEPRINT Rhode Island Vermont A common vision of environmental protection, economic opportunity and regional prosperity Appendix 2: Complementary Information

Eastern Canadian provinces website http://www.cap-cpma.ca/default.asp?mn=1.98.3.26

CONEG website – New England states http://www.coneg.org/

Climate Change Web Pages and Action Plans

Connecticut http://www.ct.gov/deep/climatechange

New Brunswick http://www.gnb.ca/climatechange

Newfoundland http://www.exec.gov.nl.ca/exec/cceeet/index.html

New Hampshire http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/air/tsb/tps/climate/index.htm

Nova Scotia http://climatechange.gov.ns.ca/

Maine http://www.maine.gov/doc/commissioner/landuse/technical/climate_variability.shtml

Massachusetts http://www.mass.gov/eea/air-water-climate-change/climate-change/mass-clean-energy-and-climate-plan.html

Prince Edward Island http://www.gov.pe.ca/environment/climatechange

Québec http://www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca/changements/plan_action/index-en.htm

Rhode Island http://www.dem.ri.gov/climate/index.htm

Vermont http://www.anr.state.vt.us/anr/climatechange/

25 Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

Energy or Energy Efficiency Web Pages and Action Plans Connecticut http://www.energizect.org http://www.ct.gov/deep/energy

New Brunswick http://www.efficiencynb.ca/home.html -

Newfoundland http://www.exec.gov.nl.ca/exec/cceeet/2011_energy_efficiency_action_plan.html

New Hampshire http://www.nh.gov/oep/programs/energy/StateEnergyPlan.htm

Nova Scotia http://efficiencyns.ca/images/uploads/ENSC%202013-2015%20DSM%20Plan%20Part%20II(2).pdf http://novascotia.ca/energy/renewables/renewable-electricity-plan/

Maine http://media.kjonline.com/documents/efficiency_maine_plan.pdf

Massachusetts http://www.mass.gov/eea/grants-and-tech-assistance/guidance-technical-assistance/agencies-and-divisions/doer/

Prince Edward Island http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/eestudy08.pdf http://www.gov.pe.ca/oee/index.php?number=1037031&lang=E

Québec http://www.mrn.gouv.qc.ca/energie/strategie/index.jsp http://efficaciteenergetique.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/

Rhode Island http://www.rieermc.ri.gov/documents/annual/1_EERMC_April%202011.pdf

Vermont http://publicservicedept.vermont.gov/publications/energy_plan

Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hamp- shire Rhode Island Vermont Québec Prince Edward Island New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont

The Climate Change Steering Committee