DOCSLIB.ORG

We Have Had Very Pearlous Times and Lost Much but Through

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
We Have Had Very Pearlous Times and Lost Much but Through ‘We have had very Pearlous times and lost Much But through Devine Providance is Blessed with sufficent of the Nessarys of Life’: A study of subject-verb concord in 18th-century Ulster Anne Sætersdal Myklestad Master’s thesis in English Linguistics Department of Foreign Languages University of Bergen November 2015 II Summary in Norwegian Denne masteroppgaven utforsker samsvarsbøyning mellom subjekt og verbal i irsk engelsk i provinsen Ulster i perioden 1741-1800. Det engelske språket omfatter flere ikke-standard samsvarsbøyningssystemer. Særlig utbredt er varierende bruk av verbbøyningsendelsen -s (heretter s-form) i kontekster der standard engelsk krever at stammen av verbet står uten suffiks, for eksempel i setninger med flertallssubjekt (som i The boy/they writes/is/was). Tidligere studier av samsvarsbøyning i Ulster på 1700-tallet er basert på små datasett, tar kun et fåtall mulige faktorer i betraktning og tester ikke resultat for signifikans. Denne studien søker å gi økt kunnskap om samsvarsbøyning i Ulster på 1700-tallet. Studien er basert på 4747 forekomster av samsvarsbøyning i brev hentet fra Corpus of Irish English Correspondence (McCafferty & Amador-Moreno, under bearbeidelse). For å gi en grundig beskrivelse av fenomenet, utforsker studien i hvilken grad frekvensen av ikke-standard s-form påvirkes av en rekke lingvistiske og sosiale faktorer nevnt i tidligere studier av samsvarsbøyning i historiske og nåtidige dialekter i og utenfor Ulster. Hovedfunn i studien er at bruk av ikke-standard s-form i dataene fungerer i henhold til det opprinnelig nord-britiske samsvarssystemet the Northern Subject Rule (‘den nordlige samsvarsregelen’, NSR). Ifølge NSR kan s-form forekomme i setninger med entalls/flertalls substantivfrasesubjekt, men ikke pronomenfrasesubjekt (den såkalte NP/PRO-forskjellen eller Type of subject constraint), med mindre pronomenfrasen står adskilt fra det finitte verbet i setningen (såkalt Position to subject constraint). I motsetning til studier som bruker data fra 1800-tallet (McCafferty 2003) og 1900-tallet (Pietsch 2005a), finner denne studien at PSC ikke har noen innvirkning på frekvensen s-form i kontekster med substantivfrasesubjekt i flertall. Det foreslås at dette antyder at bruken av PSC har endret seg over tid i Ulster. Studien viser videre at faktorene type substantiv-subjekt og lengden på substantiv- frasen i et subjekt (subject heaviness) påvirker frekvensen av ikke-standard s-form. Det blir ikke funnet noen sammenheng mellom det relative pronomenet og s-form. Dette bryter med tendenser i rapportert i tidligere forskning (f.eks. Montgomery 1995; Pietsch 2005a) og antyder at det relative pronomenet ikke bør behandles som et subjekt i fremtidige studier. NSR blir videre funnet å være solid i data fra områder som antas å ha vært dominert av etterkommere av skotske bosettere, samt i områder hvor engelske etterkommere antas å ha vært i flertall. Resultatet støtter hypotesen om at NSR ble brakt til Ulster med skotske og engelske bosettere på 1700-tallet (the founder population hypothesis, McCafferty 2003), og bidrar dermed til forståelsen av hvordan dette grammatiske systemet oppsto i irsk engelsk. III IV Acknowledgements This thesis would never have been possible without the supervision and help from several people. First and foremost thanks are due to my supervisor, Kevin McCafferty, whose advice and encouragement have followed me during the whole process. Thanks for the interesting discussions, your critical reading and for giving me access to the unpublished Corpus of Irish English Correspondence (McCafferty & Amador-Moreno in preparation) and other useful material. Any errors in the thesis are mine. I also wish to thank Øyvind Tveit, who helped me making illustrations. Finally, thanks are due to my family, and in particular Sondre and my parents, for all their encouragement during the process, and to my dear children for being so patient. V VI Contents Summary in Norwegian ....................................................................................................................... III Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... V Contents ............................................................................................................................................. VII List of tables .......................................................................................................................................... X List of figures ...................................................................................................................................... XI Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... XII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The study of subject-verb concord................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................................................. 7 2.1 Nonstandard subject-verb concord systems in varieties of English .............................................. 7 2.1.1 SVC phenomena involving variable usage of -s/-Ø in the British Isles ................................. 7 2.1.2 The Northern Subject Rule - origin ..................................................................................... 11 2.1.3 The Northern Subject Rule - geographic spread .................................................................. 12 2.2 The historical-linguistic context to the study .............................................................................. 14 2.2.1 The history of English input in Ireland ................................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Scottish and English settlements in Ulster and input SVC patterns ..................................... 15 2.2.3 Degree of dialect/language contact in Ulster ....................................................................... 19 2.2.4 Summary of the historical-linguistic context and a comment on the status of the varieties in the contact situation in Ulster ....................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Previous research on SVC in Ulster ........................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Approaches to the study of SVC .......................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Studies on subject-verb concord in 16-17th-century data .................................................... 23 2.3.3 Studies on subject-verb concord in 18th-century data ......................................................... 27 2.3.4 Studies on subject-verb concord in 19th-century data ......................................................... 30 2.3.5 Studies on subject-verb concord in present-day varieties .................................................... 34 2.4 Discussion of background research and formulation of hypotheses ........................................... 36 2.4.1 Discussion of research relevant to research question 1: The strength of the NSR................ 37 2.4.2 Discussion of research relevant to research question 2: Other factors than the NSR-related factors (NP/PRO, PSC) that may affect the distribution of verbal -s ............................................ 38 2.4.3 Discussion of research relevant to research question 3: Geographic spread of the NSR and the discussion on how the NSR emerged in Ulster ....................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 3 DATA AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 45 3.1 Data ............................................................................................................................................ 45 3.1.1 The CORPUS OF IRISH ENGLISH CORRESPONDENCE (CORIECOR) ........................ 45 VII 3.1.2 Criteria for the selection of texts from CORIECOR ............................................................ 46 3.1.3 Qualities of the data ............................................................................................................. 47 3.1.4 Considerations regarding representativeness of the data ...................................................... 49 3.2 Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Delimiting the variables ....................................................................................................... 50 3.2.2 Procedure for extracting data and coding............................................................................. 51 3.2.3 Coding categories for independent variables in GoldVarb .................................................. 52 3.3 Analyses ..................................................................................................................................... 59 3.3.1 Procedure analysis (steps A-C) ............................................................................................ 59 3.3.2 Treatment of tokens with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Języki Regionalne I Mniejszościowe Wielkiej Brytanii
    biuro analiz, dokumentacji i korespondencji Języki regionalne i mniejszościowe Wielkiej Brytanii Opracowania tematyczne OT–677 warszawa 2020 © Copyright by Kancelaria Senatu, Warszawa 2020 Biuro Analiz, Dokumentacji i Korespondencji Dyrektor – Agata Karwowska-Sokołowska tel. 22 694 94 32, fax 22 694 94 28, e-mail: [email protected] Wicedyrektor – Danuta Antoszkiewicz tel. 22 694 93 21, e-mail: [email protected] Dział Analiz i Opracowań Tematycznych tel. 22 694 92 04, fax 22 694 94 28 Opracowanie graficzno-techniczne Centrum Informacyjne Senatu Dział Edycji i Poligrafii Kancelaria Senatu styczeń 2020 dr Andrzej Krasnowolski Dział Analiz i Opracowań Tematycznych Biuro Analiz, Dokumentacji i Korespondencji Języki regionalne i mniejszościowe Wielkiej Brytanii I. Uwagi wstępne Istnienie lokalnych mniejszościowych języków na terytorium każde- go państwa uwarunkowane jest jego historią. W większości państw obok języka narodowego występują języki dawnych grup etnicznych, mniejszości narodowych oraz języki regionalne, którymi posługują się mieszkańcy konkretnego terytorium – języki niewystępujące na innych obszarach państwa. Języki takie mogą posiadać lokalny status prawny lub mogą być jego pozbawione, a ich przetrwanie zawsze zależy od stop- nia użytkowania ich w środowiskach rodzinnych. Zjednoczone Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej w jego zachodnioeuropejskiej części tworzy archipelag wysp różnej wielkości, z których największa to Wielka Brytania, na której położone są Anglia, Walia i Szkocja;
    [Show full text]
  • Original Song Settings of Irish Texts by Irish Composers, 1900-1930
    Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Masters Applied Arts 2018 Examining the Irish Art Song: Original Song Settings of Irish Texts by Irish Composers, 1900-1930. David Scott Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/appamas Part of the Composition Commons Recommended Citation Scott, D. (2018) Examining the Irish Art Song: Original Song Settings of Irish Texts by Irish Composers, 1900-1930.. Masters thesis, DIT, 2018. This Theses, Masters is brought to you for free and open access by the Applied Arts at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Examining the Irish Art Song: Original Song Settings of Irish Texts by Irish Composers, 1900–1930 David Scott, B.Mus. Thesis submitted for the award of M.Phil. to the Dublin Institute of Technology College of Arts and Tourism Supervisor: Dr Mark Fitzgerald Dublin Institute of Technology Conservatory of Music and Drama February 2018 i ABSTRACT Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, arrangements of Irish airs were popularly performed in Victorian drawing rooms and concert venues in both London and Dublin, the most notable publications being Thomas Moore’s collections of Irish Melodies with harmonisations by John Stephenson. Performances of Irish ballads remained popular with English audiences but the publication of Stanford’s song collection An Irish Idyll in Six Miniatures in 1901 by Boosey and Hawkes in London marks a shift to a different type of Irish song.
    [Show full text]
  • North-South Co-Operation on Tourism
    North-South Co-operation on Tourism A Mapping Study by Ciaran O' Maolin 14 June 2000 This document was completed on 14 June 2000 for the CCBS Study Group meeting on 22 June. If you would like to notify us of corrections or additional information please e-mail [email protected] as soon as possible. Changes that have been made since 14 June are indicated in the text by this symbol: ### The purpose of any CCBS mapping study is to identify instances where cross border co-operation is working well, and others where it has not worked as well as it might have. It should be read as a quasi-journalistic exercise in constructive criticism, aimed at informing and provoking debate, rather than as a research report meeting the highest standards of academic rigour and objectivity. The author will be happy to correct any errors of fact, and trusts that readers will interpret explicit or implied criticism in the spirit in which it is intended: the fundamental assumption behind the Centre is that mutually beneficial cross border co-operation is to be encouraged, and where apparently negative assessments are made of particular initiatives this may be due to the requirement for the study to highlight areas that seem to need further attention, or simply to insufficiency of data. We are aware that some conclusions of the mapping study are somewhat controversial; in particular, representatives of the two Tourist Boards disagree with parts of what we gave said about relations between the two Boards and about statistical matters. If we receive substantive responses we will either amend our text or insert links to statements from the Boards.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Huddersfield Repository
    University of Huddersfield Repository Brook, Jane Celtic Ties That Bind? An Examination of Scotland’s Influence on Northern Ireland Politics Following the Scottish Independence Referendum Original Citation Brook, Jane (2018) Celtic Ties That Bind? An Examination of Scotland’s Influence on Northern Ireland Politics Following the Scottish Independence Referendum. Masters thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34546/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Celtic Ties That Bind? An Examination of Scotland’s Influence on Northern Ireland Politics Following the Scottish Independence Referendum Jane Claire Brook U1157862 A thesis submitted to the University of
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Indigenous Language Revitalization in the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE This is an original accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Current Issues in Language Planningprovided by SOAS Research Online (2014), available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14664208.2014.972535 1 Accepted version downloaded from SOAS Research Online: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/21243 “I’m Not Dead Yet”: A Comparative Study of Indigenous Language Revitalization in the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey Gary N. Wilsona*, Henry Johnsonb and Julia Sallabankc Abstract At the outset of the 21st century, the survival of many minority and indigenous languages is threatened by globalization and the ubiquity of dominant languages such as English in the worlds of communication and commerce. In a number of cases, these negative trends are being resisted by grassroots activists and governments. Indeed, there are many examples of activists and governments working together in this manner to preserve and revitalize indigenous languages and cultures. Such coordinated efforts are vital to the success of language revitalization. This article compares the work of language activists and governments in three small island jurisdictions in the British Isles: the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey. Comparison between these cases is greatly facilitated by similarities in their political, economic and demographic circumstances. The cases, however, reveal important differences in the way that activists and governments have responded to the challenges of language revitalization, as well as some interesting insights on the future prospects of the indigenous languages of these small island jurisdictions.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Diversity in the UK and Ireland – Does the Meaning of Equality Get Lost in Translation? Book Section
    Luke Mcdonagh Linguistic diversity in the UK and Ireland – does the meaning of equality get lost in translation? Book section Original citation: Mcdonagh, Luke T. (2010) Linguistic diversity in the UK and Ireland - does the meaning of equality get lost in translation? In: Healy, Geraldine and Kirton, Gill and Noon, Mike, (eds.) Equality, inequalities and diversity contemporary: challenges and strategies. Management, Work and Organisations . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230231078 © 2010 Palgrave Macmillan This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/38413/ Available in LSE Research Online: October 2012 Mcdonagh, Luke T. (2010) Linguistic diversity in the UK and Ireland - does the meaning of equality get lost in translation? In: Healy, Geraldine and Kirton, Gill and Noon, Mike, (eds.) Equality, inequalities and diversity contemporary: challenges and strategies. Management, Work and Organisations reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. This extract is taken from the author's original manuscript and has not been edited. The definitive version of this piece may be found in Management, Work and Organisations edited which can be accessed from www.palgrave.com LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website.
    [Show full text]
  • Song, Endangered Language and Sonic Activism on Guernsey
    Journal of Marine and Island Cultures (2012) 1,99–112 Journal of Marine and Island Cultures www.sciencedirect.com ‘‘The Group from the West’’: Song, endangered language and sonic activism on Guernsey Henry Johnson Department of Music, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand Received 27 September 2012; accepted 19 November 2012 Available online 8 January 2013 KEYWORDS Abstract This article studies the interconnection between song, endangered language and sonic Endangered language; activism on the island of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. The discussion focuses on the role of Guernsey; song as a vehicle for helping to nurture a context of language promotion, and how new traditional Guerne´siais; music culture has been created as a result of linguistic activism. One choir on Guernsey, La Guaine Language; du Vouest (The Group from the West), has emerged as the predominant musical group that repre- Language activism; sents Guernsey’s Norman linguistic heritage through song. The purpose of this article is to present Song an ethnographic case study of this small island community choir as a way of showing musical cul- ture in action as a result of linguistic decline. Special attention is given to describing the ways the group helps promote and sustain language through song in the 21st century, and particularly in connection with more recent cultural flows such as popular and well-known songs. It is argued that La Guaine du Vouest helps in the survival of an endangered language on a small island through its performance activism by adapting and expanding its repertoire, and that the group’s contemporary practices are part of an ongoing process of celebrating and (re-)inventing tradition where heritage and contemporary performance practices meet to re-shape and expand the repertoire of songs in Guerne´siais.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sociolinguistic Study of Galloway Irish, a Lasting Dialect of a Small Area of South West Scotland
    Chapter Six ‘Haud yer tongue and mind yer language’: A sociolinguistic study of Galloway Irish, a lasting dialect of a small area of south west Scotland Margie Ferguson University of Glasgow 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale and aims of the research In recent years sociolinguistic research in the British Isles has reported the process of dialect levelling, ‘whereby differences between regional varieties are reduced, new features emerge and are adopted by speakers over a wide geographical area’ (Williams and Kerswill 1999: 149). It is seen as the driver in the loss of locally distinctive features that are gradually replaced by supralocal forms (Trudgill 1986, 2003, Britain 2010), which have a ‘wider geographical currency’ (Cheshire et al. 1999). While many studies focus on urban areas, there is a growing body of research on the loss of traditional forms across a range of lexical, morphosyntactic and phonological features in areas of social and geographical isolation such as Shetland (Smith and Durham 2012) and the north east of Scotland (Smith 2005, Marshall 2004, Smith and Holmes-Elliott 2017, Brato 2014). At the same time there may be a pull towards more localised norms e.g. some studies find stability or even increase in localised forms (e.g. Watson 2006) In this chapter I examine a dialect in Galloway in south west Scotland which exhibits many relic features which may be in decline in favour of more supralocal norms. The area is noted for a dialect referred to locally as ‘Galloway Irish’ which is most distinctive within a 10-mile radius from Stran- raer and diminishes beyond this range.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dialect Vocabulary of Ulster
    The Dialect Vocabulary of Ulster JOHN M. KIRK School of English The Queen's University of Belfast Belfast. BT7 INN Northern lreland ,[email protected] ABSTRACT Tl~isarticle prur.ides a le.\-icological aria1~si.sqf ttze dialect incakrrlat? c?f rlte Engli.sti qf Ulstpr. Altliougli pr-irnarib hased o11 (1 c.otnpreliensii,e aria1rsi.c (?f'rtie < rn- > erirr-ies RI /he Concise LJlster Dictionary. it provides qirotirirorii~e,fi~i(ii~~gsas ii'ell as otlier illustr-arirv e.ranrplt)S f rotn rlre eritire dic,tinnar?,. The cirrir,lr r1ecil.s it,irll rlle .\ubject nzatter. derioted or- e.~pr-essedbr tlze dialect i~~cabulars,ii~itlr rl~e noriori c!f 'lJl.rteri.rtns', ii3itllpa~s oj' speecli distr-ihurioii. iiitli tnar-ked shlistic or. colloquiril usnge, ii.itli donoi and ehmoiogical sources, and iiitli regioiiolin iiitliin tlie l7roiince. It cil,so derr1.s \i<itlionotncrsiologicd vcrriation and tllr i.ssue of l~eteror~~tnic. sets of botli le,~icalitetlis cmd e.~porierrrial,fo,ñl~ of particular iterns. Tlze article s11oii:s rllor crlt11orrgI1 rnlrriy ii'or.d.\ c,rone inro lllsrer. diolecr tlirougli the Englislr arzd Scots dir11ecr.r c?f ~ei~enteentli-centu~settlc)rs or ririder ir?tlilence,Fotn Ir-ish Gaelic, many ivor-ds iijere derii-erl ,fioin eorlier- ii,ords in Old Englisli, Old Nor.se or Old Fr.enclz. (Keywords: dialectology . dialect \,ocahulary. Ulster English. English lexicology). Esre artículo ofrece un análisis 1e.ricológico del vocabulario dialecral del inglrS del Ulster. .Airrrc/rre el pt.e.\ente nrtículo se ceritr.ci furldanrentcrlmente en rrn ancíli.\i.\ e.rllciustii~ode lcis errrmrias que etnpiezcrn por <m- > en el Concise Ulster Dictinnary, se inclu~enno obstante ejetnplos resultados cuantitativos del diccionario en su roralidcrd.
    [Show full text]
  • Papers on Irish English. INSTITUTION Irish Association for Applied Linguistics, Dublin
    DOCUMENTRESUME ED 344 466 FL 020 220 AUTHOR 0 Baoill, Donall P., Ed. TITLE Papers on Irish English. INSTITUTION Irish Association for Applied Linguistics, Dublin. REPORT NO ISBN-0-9509132-2-7 PUB DATE 85 NOTE 85p. PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Applied Linguistics; *English; Foreign Countries; *Grammar; *Interference (Language); Language Research; *Language Role; Languase Variation; Linguistic Theory; *Phonology; *Regional Dialects; Research Methodology; Sentence Structure IDENTIFIERS *English (Irish); Ireland ABSTRACT Six papers on Irish English are presented. "The Study of Hiberno-English" (Jeffrey L. Kellen)surveys some aspects of research on the language and offersa historical context for the subsequent papers. "A Tape-Recorded Survey ofHiberno-English in Its Context" (T. M. Tilling) reports on the earlystages of an island-wide survey of the English speech of Ireland,combining traditional dialect geography and sociolinguistics.In "Linguistic Cross-Links in Phonology and Grammar" (G. B. Adams),the phonological and grammatical similarities between Irish andEnglish resulting from extended language contact and bilingualismare examined. "The Hiberno-English 'I've It Eaten' Construction: WhatIs It and Where Does It Come From?" (John Harris) looks ingreater detail at the Irish influence evident in one construction.Problems created by differences in structure in Irish and Englishare examined in "Observations on Thematic Interference Between Irishand English (Markku Filppula), and "A Global Viewof the English Language in Ireland" (Kellen) urges a broader-based approachto the study of Hiberno-English than that commonly adopted, incorporatingexamination of all grammar and discourse phenomena,bilingualism, sociolinguistics, and reference to other Englishvariations, not just standard English usage.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Ireland. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    5/13/2017 Northern Ireland ­ Wikipedia Northern Ireland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [8] Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann Northern Ireland pronounced [ˈt̪ˠuәʃcәɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲәn̪ ˠ]; Ulster­Scots: Norlin Tuaisceart Éireann (Irish) Airlann) is a country [9] that is part of the United Kingdom Norlin Airlann (Ulster Scots) in the north­east of the island of Ireland.[10] It is variously described as a country, province, region, or "part" of the United Kingdom, amongst other terms.[11][12][13] Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863,[4] constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the UK's population. Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the British government. Northern Ireland co­operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas, and the Agreement granted the Republic the Location of Northern Ireland (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) ability to "put forward views and proposals" with – in the United Kingdom (green) "determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the Status Country two governments".[14] Capital Belfast Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was and largest city 54°36′N 5°55′W partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland Languagesb English by an act of the British parliament. Unlike Southern Ireland, Regional languages Irish · Ulster­Scots which would become the Irish Free State in 1922, the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, Ethnic groups (2011) 98.28% white who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom,[15] most 1.06% Asian 0.20% black of whom were the Protestant descendants of colonists from 0.46% other[1] Great Britain; however, a significant minority, mostly Catholics, were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland Type Constituent unit [16][17][18][19] independent of British rule.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Newcastle
    UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY`LIBRARY 097 52629 3 ---------------------------- Thesºs L6li b AN EXEMPLARY PROTESTANT: A STUDY OF THE MYTH OF JOHN HEWITT AND ITS PLACE WITHIN CONTEMPORARY LITERARY DEBATE IN NORTHERN IRELAND A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERARY AND LINGUISTICS STUDIES BY SARAH FERRIS NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE APRIL, 1998 11 ABSTRACT This thesis is an epistemological study of John Hewitt's place in critical dialogue on Northern Irish writing and offers a telling perspective on changing attitudes to Protestant cultures after the Troubles re-emerged in 1968. Hewitt's work is of crucial importance because of his insistently biographical style, and the length of his career which began soon after Northern Ireland was founded. The approach consists of close textual analysis of Hewitt's body of work and of material available in public archives, unpublished private sources, and from interviews with his acquaintances and professional associates. Chapters One and Two are a comparative study of Hewitt's, partly self-constructed, presentation as a martyr and the tarnishing of Samuel Ferguson's relationship to Ireland. Ö Analysis of criticism of Ferguson by Robert O'Driscoll, Greagoir Will and David Cairns and Shaun Richards reveals that he was increasingly traduced as a reactionary Protestant and purloiner of Ireland's cultural assets for the Ascendancy. A parallel study of Hewitt shows that he metamorphosed from neglected `exile' to `father of modern Ulster poetry', exemplary Protestant and icon of cultural liberalism. Chapters Three to Seven examine the use of Hewitt by Northern intellectuals, primarily Edna Longley, Michael Longley, Gerald Dawe, Tom Clyde and Frank Ormsby.
    [Show full text]