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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11805-8 - Taming the Imperial Imagination: Colonial Knowledge, International Relations, and the Anglo-Afghan Encounter, 1808–1878 Martin J . Bayly Index More information

Index

Note: Afghan names from the nineteenth century have been entered in direct form, so Dost Muhammad Khan appears under D, Abdur Rahman Khan under A, etc.

Abbas Mirza, Prince of Persia 139 agnostic constructivism 30–1, 269–70, Abbott, James 54, 295–301 272 Abbott, Major 232 Ahmed, Manan 6 Abdur Rahman Khan 18, 239, Ahmed Shah 67 241, 277 Akbar Khan see Muhammad Akbar Aberdeen, Lord 128, 195–6 Khan Account of the Kingdom of Caubul Alexander, Gardner 295–301 (Elphinstone) 72–3, 77–8, 83, 103 Alexander the Great 54–5 Achikzai tribe 57, 86 Allard, Jean Francois 295–301 Afghan state Amin Khan see Muhammad Amin civilized/uncivilized distinction Khan 181–2, 193–4, 202–3, 211, 253–5, Anderson, Jon 45 274–5 Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1809) 76–7 concept 74–6 Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1855) 214–15, conﬂicting viability advice 170–1 219, 221 contested status 272–3 Anglo-Persian Treaty (1809) 76, 155 emergent idea of 113–14 Anglo-Persian Treaty (1814) 155 fragmented polity 163–4 Anglo-Persian Treaty (1841) 194–5, heterogeneity 272 197 legibility 37–8, 47, 92, 147, 148, 152, Anglo-Russian Agreement (1873) 163, 208–9 245–6, 255–6 as Persia/Russian buffer 120–1 Ansorge, Joseph Teboho 287 rational state 229–30, 270 army state simpliﬁcation 148–9 administrative reforms 235–6 Afghanistan Army of the Indus 184 graveyard of empires 14–15 commanders 88–9 perceived lawlessness 39, 58–9 European deserters 104–5 perceived violence 23, 56–7, 191–4 Indian army 232 quasi-colonial status 3–4, 48, 277 in Kandahar 222–3 viewed as security threat 3 Punjab Field Force 231 Afghans and rail transport 250 character 98–9 troops 89–90 pejorative representations 227–8 Auckland, Lord Afzul Khan see Muhammad Afzul Khan Governor-General 122–3, 133 Agamben, Giorgio 39 minute on ‘crisis in Afghan affairs’ Agnew, John 6 167–8

325

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11805-8 - Taming the Imperial Imagination: Colonial Knowledge, International Relations, and the Anglo-Afghan Encounter, 1808–1878 Martin J . Bayly Index More information

326 Index

Auckland, Lord (cont.) ambition 15–16, 70–1 and Persian siege of Herat 153–4, classical interests 54, 56 155–7 communication difficulties 156 and Peshawar 161 death 93, 185 reputation 15–16 deputy British envoy in Kabul 184–5 and restoration of Shah Shuja and Dost Muhammad 149–50, 169–70, 171 158–9 Simla deliberations 165–6 Elphinstone’sinfluence 63, 70 Simla Manifesto 172–3 favours unitary Afghan polity 170 and trade 136 historical revisionism 189 Avitabile, Paulo Di 295–301 information sources 64 Ayub Khan 95–6, 99–100 intelligence on Russia 131 Azim Khan see Muhammad Azim Khan and Kandahar 158 local dress 57 Babur 55–6 and Masson 71, 93, 105–6, 111 Bamiyan 110 mission to Kabul 161–2, 167 Barakzai tribe 68, 99, 112, 150–1 policy advice 103–4 Barfield, Thomas 14, 17, 112, 113 public recognition 93 Barkawi, Tarak 26, 287 and Qizilbash (Persian faction) Bayly, Chris 47 162–3 Bell, Gertrude 278 recommends restoration of Shah Bellew, Henry W. 221–5, 227–8, 249, Shuja 168–70, 171 302–4 Russian detention of Khivan Bentinck, William, Lord 124, 138 merchants 131–2 Benton, Lauren 229, 276 surveying expeditions 71, 92–3, 137, Bible, explorers’ references 55 160 Bouténieff, Colonel 199–200 trading and governance observations Branch, Jordan 27 96–9, 135–7 Britain travelogue approach 59–60 Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1809) 76–7 writings 92–4 Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1855) 214–15, Buzan, Barry 229 219, 221 incompetent imperial interventions Campbell, William 295–301 4–5 Canning, Lord 220–1 non-interventionist policy 23, caravan (kafila) routes 65, 135–6 139–40, 142, 144–5, 203, 207, Caroe, Olaf 208, 233 225 Carron (possible mercenary) 295–301 and Persia 155, 194–6, 197 Central Asia 196, 197–9, 257 and Russia 40, 179, 275 Chattar Singh 206 shared Russian outlook 196–203 civil service reform 234–5 stereotypical view of Afghanistan 4, civil war 227, 238–42 8–9 civilization, degrees of 181–2, 193–4, war with Persia 219 202–3, 211, 253–5, 274–5 British explorers see European closure, policy formation 2–3, 22, 38, explorers 175, 270 Brydon, Dr William 186–7 Coetzee, J.M., Waiting for the Burnes, Alexander 295–301 Barbarians 7 Afghan perceived lawlessness 59 Cohn, Bernard 2–3, 49–51, 69–70, Afghan political history 94–6 281–2 agent of Governor-General 122–3 colonial knowledge 32–7

Index 327

beyond state needs 270–1 contact zone 56, 123–4, 147, 276–7 constitutive effects of 36–7 Cotton, Sir Sydney 209, 233–4 corpus 33, 45, 73–4, 227, 268, Court, Claude August 295–301 270–1 Cowper-Coles, Sir Sherard 288 dialogue between centre and periphery 268–9 Dalby, Simon 6 early challenges 52 Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of epistemic insurgency 36 Species 254 folktales and myth 66–7 De Lacy Evans, Colonel 127–8 friction 35 Dost Muhammad Khan and genealogical histories 66 ascendency 144–6 gossip and hearsay 247 Burnes’ negotiations 93 information not knowledge 137–8 Burnes’ preference for 103, 111–12 intelligence confusion 205–7 and Chattar Singh 206 investigative modalities 2–3, 49–51, consolidation of power 149–50, 115, 281–2 204–5, 214, 215 and local elites 65–6 crowned Amir 145–6 local informants 51, 64–6, 107, 246 de facto rule of Kandahar 216 military 224 death 226 newswriter system 106–7, 206, death rumours 221 217–18 failure of Burnes’ mission 167 pejorative representations 227–8 jihad against Sikhs 145–6 and policy formation 34, 37–8 leadership style 101–2 political sources 125–6 legitimacy as rule 121 post-First Afghan War 187–9, 204 limited authority 100–1, 208–9 preoccupation with espionage and Peshawar 142, 144, 159–62 activities 114–15 and Ranjit Singh 12 and professional institutions reclaims the throne 203 60, 268 revenues 146 quasi-causal representations 23–4, rise to power 67 38 Shah Shuja’s challenge 140–1, 143, and religious leaders 65, 67 144, 146 and the state 148–9 surrender 184 vakil ofﬁcial envoys 215–16, 217, takes Jalalabad 205–6 239, 247–8 takes Kabul 96 see also European explorers; political and trade 136 intelligence treaty with Britain 214–15, Colvin, John 123, 165 219, 221 commerce see trade tribal opposition 107, 108 communications technology 183, Dotterwich (mercenary) 295–301 229–30 Durand, Henry 15–16 Conolly, Arthur 295–301 Durrani federation 56–7, 78, 83–5, on Afghan character 59 108–9, 187–8 capture and killing 199, 200 and great game 11 East India Company (EIC) Herat as Persian 154 bureaucratization 81 Journey to the North of India 128 costs of First Anglo-Afghan War 16, on landscape 56 190–1 and Russia’s frontier states 198–9 declining role 124–5 constructivism 25, 30–1, 34–5, 269–70 limited contact with Afghanistan 72

328 Index

East India Company (EIC) (cont.) observational/travel modality 49–51 and Shah Shuja 134–5, 144–5 official indifference towards 52–3 trading networks 96–7, 135 summary 295–301 Edwardes, Major 206 see also colonial knowledge Edwards, David 68 exception 3, 22, 38–41, 193–4, 211, Edwards, Herbert 233 227 Ellenborough, Lord 125–6, 127, 130, see also civilization, degrees of; civi- 151–2 lization standard; violent Ellis, Henry 123, 153–4 geography Elphinstone, Mountstuart 295–301 Account of the Kingdom of Caubul Fane, Sir Henry 171–2 72–3, 77–8, 83, 103 Fatih Jang 203 and Afghan governance 87–91 Ferrier, J.P. 57, 302–4 Afghan perceived lawlessness 58, 59 First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–42) Afghan territorial limits 78–9, 245 aftermath 38–9 and Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1809) causes 12, 190–1 76–7 costs 16, 190–1 early expeditions 52 early British success 184–5 episteme 21–2, 73 Masson’s criticism 111 influence 62–3, 70 mobilization order 171–2 intellectualism 60–1 perceived Russian threat 119, legacy 91–2 126–34, 173–4 observational studies 77–8 policy debates 173–5 parallels with Scotland 49, 56–7 summary 1 and sirrocco wind 66–7 violent resistance to British Scottish enlightenment principles administration 185–7 60–1, 70 Fitih Khan, Wazir 68, 94–5, 150–1 and Suleiman mountains 55 Flashman, Captain 6–9 and tribal societies 56–7, 81–7 Forster, George 295–301 empire Foucault, Michel 33 and communications technology 183, Fox, Liam 8 229–30 France, imperial threat 76 and imperial history 25–30, 271 Fraser-Tytler, W. K. 240 nostalgia for 287–8 Frere, Sir Henry Bartle territorial ambiguity 229, 276–7 civilized/uncivilized distinction 254, epistemic communities 32, 33, 255 40, 236 colonial experience 250–1 epistemic insurgency 36 and Merv 253 Erzurum Treaty (1847) 201 on native agents 247–8 European explorers Punjab frontier policy 237, 251 biases and prejudices 48–9 frontier policy Biblical interests 55 administrative streamlining 251 and caravan (kafila) routes 65, Anglo-Russian discussions 243, 135–6 245–6 celebrity status 56 British debates 237–8 classical interests 54–5, 105 civilizing effect 253–5 cultural world 51–9, 68–9 entrepreneurial political officers evocative language 56 232–4 intellectual world 59–62, 69 militarization 40 knowledge entrepreneurs 45, 72, 268 Russian viewpoint 238

Index 329

scientific approach 252–3, 256, Herat 258–9 Afghan siege (1862) 225–6 frontiers British occupation 195, 196 Afghan–Persian 154, 195–6, 258 Masson advice 170–1 Afghanistan’s sovereign ambiguity Persian siege 123, 153–7 207–8 Perso-Afghan rivalry 212–20 ambiguity of empire 229 siege lifted 173 an uncivilized beyond 22–3 Hevia, James 11 Ottoman–Persian 201 Hindus 110, 223 site of anxiety 6–9 history Fur Dil Khan 110 Afghan political history 94–6 early 20th century 277–8 Geertz, Clifford 287 imperial history 25–30, 115 geography Honigberger, Martin 295–301 ambiguity of empire 229 Hopkins, Benjamin 12, 14, Burnes’ surveying expeditions 71, 83, 137 92–3, 137, 160 The Making of Modern Afghanistan geographic ambiguity 12–13, 58 18–19 impenetrability 193 Hopkirk, Peter 10 militarization 190 plains/mountains distinction 37 imperial history 25–30, 115, 271 symbolic power 50 India territorial limits 78–9, 151–2, 243–6, civil service reform 234–5 273–4 feared internal effect of Russian urban–rural divide 80–1 encroachment 130 violent geography 191–4, 210–11, Governor-General 124–5 219–20, 227, 275–6 rumours of subversion 171 geopolitics 6–7 Sepoy mutiny (1857) 230–2 Gerard, James 295–301 India Act (1784) 124–5 Ghani, Ashraf 282–3 India Act (1858) 231 Ghilzai tribe 85, 108, 109, 151, 185 Indus River 96–7, 151–2 Ghulam Haidar Khan 64, 146, 215, international law 180–2 217, 225 de facto/de jure rulership 217, 220 Gong, Gerrit 28 International Relations Gorchakov, Prince 238, 243 historical imagination 5–6 government, Elphinstone account and history 24–5 87–91 and imperial history 25–30, 271 great game thesis 10–15, 53, 115, 127, as a social science 30–1 266–7 Isacoff, Jonathan B. 5 Green, Henry 252, 254 Islam and Dost Muhammad Khan 109 Haas, Peter 32 Dost Muhammad Khan’s jihad Habibullah Khan 96 against Sikhs 145–6 Haji Khan 110, 140, 149, 184 growing influence 223–4 Hanifi, Shah Mahmud 19 Hazaras 98, 108 Harlan, Josiah 106, 295–301 and Kabul uprising 187 Haukim (governor) 88–9 pan-Islamic conspiracy fears 192–3, Hazaras 98, 108 248 Helmand–Arghandab Valley Authority Shia–Sunni divide 108 project (HAVA) 278–9 Sikh relations 159–60

330 Index

Izatullah Khan 64 Leech, Robert 137, 156, 157, 295–301 legibility 37–8, 47, 92, 147, 148, 152, Jabbur Khan, Nawab 55, 66, 108 163, 208–9 Jalalabad 146 Leslie (alias Rattray) 295–301 Jamrud, Battle of 159–60 Lewis, James see Masson, Charles jirgas 82 Lillingston, Charles 302–4 Johnson, Rob 15, 187 lohani merchants 65, 135 Johnson, Thomas H. 284–5, 287 Lord, Percival 295–301 Lumsden, Harry P. 302–4 Kalat 108–9 army commander 231, 232 Kamran, Shah of Herat 95, 102, 157–8, Kandahar mission 221–5, 227, 241 195–6 on Sher Ali 248 Kandahar Lumsden, P.S. 302–4 cosmopolitanism 80 Lynch, Major 188–9, 192 and Herat siege 157–8 Lytton, Lord independent status 110 and Central Asian insurrection 257 Lumsden–Bellew mission 221–5 decision leading to war 261 siege 143 meeting with Sher Ali over 1876 draft Kashmir 94–5 treaty 257–9 Kaufmann, General 249 relations with London 256–7 Kaye, John 10–11, 15–16, 126, 166 requests British mission in Kabul 257 Keene, Edward 27–8 scientiﬁc frontier viewpoint 256, Khan Bahadur Khan 218 258–9 Khan Khakar, Taj Muhammad 66 and Second Anglo-Afghan War cause Khanikoff, Nicholas 302–4 246 Kharg island 157, 172, 173, 194–5, 219 Sher Ali refusal to comply with Khiva, Russian expedition 131–2 ultimatum 261 Khyber Pass 58, 232 Sher Ali’s distrust of British 258 Kim (Kipling) 10, 115, 266 Kipling, Rudyard 7, 10, 115, 265–6, McChrystal, General Stanley 285, 286 267 MacDonald, Sir John 52–3, 128 knowledge Mackeson, Frederick 209 academic knowledge 281 Macnaghten, William Hay cultural awareness 286–7 Auckland secretary 123, 135 cultural understanding and policy and British neutrality 142 288–9 death 302–4 knowledge communities 32–4 Ghilzai tribe subsidies 185 knowledge entrepreneurs 45, 72, 268 Kabul uprising 186 limited modern scholarship on murder 186 Afghanistan 282–4 Ranjit Singh discussions 168 see also colonial knowledge; political Russophobia 165 intelligence McNeill, John 123, 127–8, 153–4, 156 Kohendil Khan 158, 204, 222 Mahmoud, Shah of Persia 153 Mahmud Khan 94–5 Laffey, Mark 26 Martin, Mike 289–90 Lake, Anthony 280 Mason, Chris 284–5, 287 land grants (tiyuls)84 Masson, Charles 295–301 language 61 abandons his disguise 57 Lawrence, Henry 241–2, 252 agent of Governor-General 122–3 Lawson, George 24 attitude to religious leaders 67

Index 331

background 105 Muhammad Amin Khan 239, 240 and Burns 71, 93, 105–6, 111 Muhammad Azim Khan 95–6, 146 and celebrity status 56 Muhammad Shah Khan 67 classical interests 54–5, 105 Muhammad Yusuf Khan 213–14, 216, deserter 54, 104–5, 106 217 on a divided Afghan polity 170–1 Muhammad Zaman Khan, Nawab 186, excursions 105–6, 107–8 203 failure of British mission in Kabul Munro, Thomas 81–2 167 munshi (secretary) 64 intelligence on Russia 131 Murray, Charles 217 kaﬁla (caravan) trading routes 135–6 local perspective 107 Napier, Sir Charles 237 newswriter status 106–7 Nepal, British information perceived lawlessness of Afghans 57 shortcomings 51–2 and Peshawar 161 Noah’s Ark 55 political skills 109 Noelle, Christine 145–6 pseudonym for James Lewis 45 nomadic populations 61, 274 recommends restoration of Shah non-interventionist policy 23, 139–40, Shuja 168–70 142, 144–5, 203, 207, 225 and religious leaders 65 Norris, J.A. 16 travelogue approach 59–60 Northbrook, Lord 251, 256–7 Metcalfe, Sir Charles 81–2, 130 Northcote–Trevelyn report 234 Michener, James, Caravans 7 Mihrdihl Khan 204 Ó Tuathail, Gearóid 275 military see army ontological security 122 Mir Yezdanbaksh 140 Onuf, Nicholas 30 Mirza Aghasi, Haji 195 oolooss (tribal unit) 82–3 Mohan Lal 64 Orientalism 23, 46–7, 69–70 monarchy academic orientalism 61–2 Dost Muhammad’s coronation Scottish Orientalism 60–1 145–6 Ottoman Empire 248 dynastic struggles 95–6, 99–101, outlaw states 3–4, 28, 280 107–10, 111–13 Elphinstone’s description 88–91 Palmerston, Lord 166, 212 key positions 88 Pashtuns 17–18, 56–7, 83, 284–5, 287, polygamy and succession issues 293 239–40 Pathans 231, 252 rights 88 Pensley (deserter) 295–301 Moorcroft, William 53–4, 60, 64, Persia 295–301 Afghan–Persian border 154, 195–6, Muhammad Afzul Khan 146, 238–9 258 Muhammad Akbar Khan Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1855) 214–15, brieﬂy takes the throne 203 219, 221 Ghilzai alliance 186 Anglo-Persian Treaty (1841) 194–5, Jalalabad governor 204–5 197 Jalalabad siege 203 Anglo-Russian cooperation 201–2 Jamrud battle 159 and Britain 155, 194–6, 197 and Macnaghten murder 193 Herat siege 123, 153–7 takes Jalalabad 146 Herat siege lifted 173 Muhammad Akram Khan 146 intelligence gathering 132–3

332 Index

Persia (cont.) Qais Abdur Rashid 66 Ottoman frontier 201 Qizilbash (Persian faction) 160, 162–3 perceived superiority to Afghans quasi-causal representations 23–4, 38 154–5 Quetta, British occupation 250, 252 Qizilbash 160, 162–3 war with Britain 219 race 29 Peshawar racial supremacy 254 Dost Muhammad efforts to recapture racism 29, 230 144, 159–62 Rahmdil Kahn 204 intrigues against Dost Muhammad rail transport 250 100–1, 107–8, 142 Ranjit Singh 12, 94–5, 140, 141–3, 205 Sikh control 96 Rashid, Ahmed 282–3 uncertain status 273 rational state 229–30, 270 Peter the Great 127 Rawlinson, Henry Petraeus, General David 285 Afghan Forward Policy 240–1 philology 61 on the Afghans 253–4 philosopher’s stone 55 British Consul in Baghdad 212–13 policy formation colonial expert 189 areas of contestation 119–22 on the Durranis 187–8 Burnes advice 103–4 on frontier policy 253 closure 2–3, 22, 38, 175, 270 and Perso-Afghan rivalry 212–13 and colonial knowledge 34, 37–8 on Sher Ali 248, 262–3 Forward Policy 240–1 religious leaders 65, 67 Masson advice 111–12 Rose, Sir Hugh 237 masterly inactivity 241–2 Royal Geographical Society 92–3 and military science 250–1 Royal United Services Institute 245, 251 non-interventionist policy 23, Rubin, Barnett 282–3 139–40, 142, 144–5, 203, 207, Russia 225 and Afghan civil war 240–1 and ontological security 122 Anglo-Russian Agreement (1873) political institutions 124–6 245–6, 255–6 see also frontier policy and Britain 40, 179, 275 political intelligence British frontier policy discussions British agents 249–50, 256–7 243, 245–6 deficiencies 246–9 and Central Asia 196, 197–9, 257 official memoranda 234–5 frontier policy 238 Russian 249–50 intelligence agents 132–3 political officers 20–2 and Khiva 131–2 positivist international law 180–2 perceived threat as cause of Anglo- Potter, Richard 104–5 Afghan War 119, 126–34, 173–4 Pottinger, Eldred 123, 156, 185, political intelligence 249–50 295–301 Russo-Turkish war 260–1 Pottinger, Sir Henry shared British outlook 196–203 and Afghan geography 71 Sher Ali’s concerns 255–6, 260–1 and celebrity status 56 see also great game thesis early expeditions 52, 93 intelligence-gathering 105–6, 126 Saddozai dynasty 99–100, 112 Pratt, Mary Louise 51 Safed mountains 55 Prinsep, Henry 134 Said, Edward 4, 46–7 Punjab 205 Salisbury, Lord 247, 248, 254

Index 333

Sandeman, Robert 232–3 refusal of Lytton ultimatum 261 Schmidt, Brian 27 refusal of Lytton’s 1876 draft treaty scientific frontier 252–3, 256, 258–9 257–9 scientific racism 230 see also civil war Scott, James C. 37–8, 148 Shere Dil Khan 101 and legibility 37–8, 47, 92 Sikhs Scottish enlightenment 60–1, 70 Afghan–Sikh relations 120, 121, 135, Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80) 159–60 255–61 Anglo-Sikh relations 12 and British agents in Kabul 256–7 Anglo-Sikh Wars 205 British withdrawal and divided Battle of Jamrud 159–60 sovereignty 277 and Kashmir 94–5 causes 246 possibility of rule in Kabul rejected and Central Asian tensions 257 168, 169 early signs 259–60 see also Peshawar; Ranjit Singh London resistance to involvement Simla Manifesto 172–3 261, 262–3 Simpson, Emile 290 Shah Shuja Simpson, Gerry 28 and Anglo-Afghan Treaty (1809) Sindh 97–8 76–7 sirdars (military) 88–9 assassination 203 sirrocco wind 66–7 attempts to reclaim throne 94, sovereignty 27–8, 29, 62, 74–6, 208–9 138–44 Soviet–Afghan war 282 and the British 121 state British financial support 134–5 concept 74–6 draft treaty with Ranjit Singh 141–3 outlaw states 3–4, 28, 280 exile 77 see also Afghan state overthrow 94 Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames 262–3 recalled from exile 95 Stewart, Rory 9, 55–6, 284 reinstatement 184, 185 Stirling, Edward 52–3, 295–301 restoration advised by British Stoddart, Charles 123, 156, 199 168–72 Stoler, Ann 127, 276 retirement 96 Suleiman mountains 55 weakness 92 Sultan Ahmad Khan 225 wish for British alliance 66, 103–4 Sultan Muhammad Khan 100–1 Shakespear, Richmond 199 Syed Muhammad Khan 213 Shams al-Din Khan 146 Syed Nur Muhammad 249, Sheil, Colonel 195–6, 213, 214 257, 260 Sher Ali Khan and British agents 249–50 Taliban 283–4, 290 British low opinion of 248 taxation 89, 91, 146 British moves against 260 territorial limits civil war 238–9, 244 of Afghanistan 78–9, 151–2, 243–6, concerns over Russia 255–6, 260–1 273–4 distrust of British 258 see also geography heir apparent 225 Tolstoy, Leo, Hadji Murad 7 nominal ruler 226–7 Torrens, Henry 165 Rawlinson opinion 248, 262–3 Toynbee, Arnold J. 278

334 Index

trade vakil ofﬁcial envoys 215–16, 217, 239, British interest 134–8 247–8 Indus corridor 96–7 Vambery, Arminius 302–4 lohani merchants 65, 135 Ventura, Jean Baptiste 295–301 networks 96–7 Vigne, Godfrey 54, 55, 56, 66, 198, routes 102 295–301 tool of expansion and control 120 violent geography 191–4, 210–11, Trebeck, George 295–301 219–20, 227, 275–6 tribal society Vitkevitch, Ivan 132, 167, colonial knowledge 36 295–301 contested value judgements 47–8 vizier 88 groupings 61 jirgas 82 Wade, Claude, Captain oolooss (tribal unit) 82–3 Ludhiana political ofﬁcer 106, 123, taxonomy 81–7, 293 126 uprisings 209–10 and Masson’s identity 106 tribes and Peshawar 161 Achikzai 57, 86 and Shah Shuja 134 Barakzai 68, 99, 112, 150–1 and Shah Shuja’s attempt to regain Ghilzai 85, 108, 109, 151, 185 throne 138–44 Yusufzai 85 trade interests 136 see also Durrani federation Weldes, Jutta 38 Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt 35 Wight, Colin 25 Tucker, George 193–4 Wilks, Mark 81–2 Turkey, Russo-Turkish war 260–1 Willock, Henry 132, 133, 154 Wolff, Joseph 295–301 United States Wood, John 295–301 counter-insurgency (COIN) strategy Wyllie, John 239–40 285–7, 289–90 Helmand–Arghandab Valley Yapp, Malcolm, Strategies of British Authority project (HAVA) 278–9 India 129 Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Yapurt, Frederick William Field Manual 285 302–4 and rogue states 280–1 Yar Muhammad Khan 195, 213 troop withdrawal 9 Yule, George 242–3 Urquart, David, England, France, Yusufzai tribe 85 Russia and Turkey 128 Uzbeks 98 Zaeef, Abdul Salam 283