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G Protein‐Coupled Receptors S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2019) 176, S21–S141 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1 , Arthur Christopoulos2 , Anthony P Davenport3 , Eamonn Kelly4, Alistair Mathie5 , John A Peters6 , Emma L Veale5 ,JaneFArmstrong7 , Elena Faccenda7 ,SimonDHarding7 ,AdamJPawson7 , Joanna L Sharman7 , Christopher Southan7 , Jamie A Davies7 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK 2Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia 3Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK 4School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK 5Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Anson Building, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK 6Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK 7Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20 is the fourth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews of the key properties of nearly 1800 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide represents approximately 400 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14748. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ion chan- nels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2019, and supersedes data presented in the 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. Conflict of interest The authors state that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose. © 2019 The Authors. British Journal of Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The British Pharmacological Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Overview: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of membrane proteins in the human genome. The term "7TM receptor" is commonly used interchangeably with "GPCR", although there are some receptors with seven transmembrane domains that do not signal through G proteins. GPCRs share a common architecture, each consisting of a single polypeptide with an extracellular N-terminus, an intracellular C-terminus and seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TM1-TM7) linked by three extracellular loops (ECL1-ECL3) and three intracellular loops (ICL1-ICL3). About 800 GPCRs have been identified in man, of which about half have sensory functions, mediating olfaction (˜400), taste (33), light perception (10) and pheromone signalling (5) [1479]. The remaining 350 non-sensory GPCRs mediate signalling by ligands that range in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins; they are the targets for the majority of drugs in clinical usage [1642, 1772], although only a minority of these receptors are exploited therapeutically. The first classification scheme to be proposed for GPCRs [1129] divided them, on the basic of sequence homology, into six classes. These Searchable database: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/index.jsp G protein-coupled receptors S21 Full Contents of ConciseGuide: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14748/full S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2019) 176, S21–S141 classes and their prototype members were as follows: Class A (rhodopsin-like), Class B (secretin receptor family), Class C (metabotropic glutamate), Class D (fungal mating pheromone receptors), Class E (cyclic AMP receptors) and Class F (frizzled/smoothened). Of these, classes D and E are not found in vertebrates. An alternative classification scheme "GRAFS" [1890] divides vertebrate GPCRs into five classes, overlapping with the A-F nomenclature, viz: Glutamate family (class C), which includes metabotropic glutamate receptors, a calcium-sensing receptor and GABAB receptors, as well as three taste type 1 receptors and a family of pheromone receptors (V2 receptors) that are abundant in rodents but absent in man [1479]. Rhodopsin family (class A), which includes receptors for a wide variety of small molecules, neurotransmitters, peptides and hormones, together with olfactory receptors, visual pigments, taste type 2 receptors and five pheromone receptors (V1 receptors). Adhesion family GPCRs are phylogenetically related to class B receptors, from which they differ by possessing large extracellular N-termini that are autoproteolytically cleaved from their 7TM domains at a conserved "GPCR proteolysis site" (GPS) which lies within a much larger (320 residue) "GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing" (GAIN) domain, an evolutionary ancient mofif also found in polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1)-like proteins, which has been suggested to be both required and sufficient for autoproteolysis [1743]. Frizzled family consists of 10 Frizzled proteins (FZD(1-10)) and Smoothened (SMO). The FZDs are activated by secreted lipoglycoproteins of the WNT family, whereas SMO is indirectly activated by the Hedgehog (HH) family of proteins acting on the transmembrane protein Patched (PTCH). Secretin family, encoded by 15 genes in humans. The ligands for receptors in this family are polypeptide hormones of 27-141 amino acid residues; nine of the mammalian receptors respond to ligands that are structurally related to one another (glucagon, glucagon-like peptides (GLP-1, GLP-2), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)) [811]. GPCR families Family Class A Class B (Secretin) Class C (Glutamate) Adhesion Frizzled Receptors with known ligands 197 15 12 0 11 Orphans 87 (54)a - 8 (1)a 26 (6)a 0 Sensory (olfaction) 390b,c -- -- Sensory (vision) 10d opsins - - - - Sensory (taste) 30c taste 2 - 3c taste 1 - - Sensory (pheromone) 5c vomeronasal 1 - - - - Total 719 15 22 33 11 aNumbers in brackets refer to orphan receptors for which an endogenous ligand has been proposed in at least one publication, see [455]; b[1634]; c[1479]; d[2109]. β Much of our current understanding of the structure and function of GPCRs is the result of pioneering work on the visual pigment rhodopsin and on the 2 adrenoceptor, the latter culminating in the award of the 2012 Nobel Prize in chemistry to Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka [1121, 1244]. Pseudogenes Below is a curated list of pseudogenes that in humans are non-coding for receptor protein. In some cases these have a shared ancestry with genes that encode functional receptors in rats and mice. ADGRE4P, GNRHR2, GPR79, HTR5BP, NPY6R, TAAR3P, TAAR4P, TAAR7P, TAS2R12P, TAS2R15P, TAS2R18P, TAS2R2P, TAS2R62P, TAS2R63P, TAS2R64P, TAS2R67P, TAS2R68P, TAS2R6P. A more detailed listing containg further information can be viewed here. Olfactory receptors Olfactory receptors are also seven-transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors, responsible for the detection of odorants. These are not currently included as they are not yet associated with extensive pharmacological data but are curated in the following databases: The gene list of olfactory receptors at HGNC, and curated by HORDE and ORDB. Searchable database: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/index.jsp G protein-coupled receptors S22 Full Contents of ConciseGuide: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.14748/full S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2019/20: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2019) 176, S21–S141 Further reading on G protein-coupled receptors Kenakin T. (2018) Is the Quest for Signaling Bias Worth the Effort? Mol. Pharmacol. 93: 266-269 Roth BL et al. (2017) Discovery of new GPCR ligands to illuminate new biology. Nat. Chem. Biol. 13: [PMID:29348268] 1143-1151 [PMID:29045379] Michel MC et al. (2018) Biased Agonism in Drug Discovery-Is It Too Soon to Choose a Path? Mol.
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