Cholas : Agriculture, Irrigation, Guild Organization
5.1 Do you know
Description Image Source
“Agriculture is the foundation of Inscription and Coins are main Indian economy since very early times. source of information to Majority of Indian population is understand the economy of the dependent on agriculture for their Chola period subsistence”. Early Agrarian Settlement
“The early Tamils raised crops, domesticated cattle for farm use and developed suitable farming implements. Inscription and Coins are main They had also adopted tank irrigation of source of information to their lands and whenever the monsoon understand the agriculture and failed and tank got dried up, they led dug irrigation methods of the Chola wells for tapping sub-soil water. They had period also attempted to study all aspects of Water Tank agriculture relating to seeds, their storage and vigor.”
5.2 Timeline
Timelines Image Description
848 CE Vijayalaya founded the medieval Chola dynasty
985-1014 CE Rajaraja I became ruler of the Imperial power of the Cholas
Rajaraja I
1012 CE Rajendra I became ruler
Suryavarman of Kambhoja sought friendly relation with the 1002-50 CE Cholas
The Chola port Kaveripattinam was very active in maritime 1st century CE trade
1077 CE An embassy from the Chola reached Chinese court
1246-1279 CE Rajendra III, last ruler of the later Cholas
5.3 Glossary
Staring Related Term Definition Character Term C Chitrameli- A agricultural guild involved in the transaction of Nagarattar Periyanatar agricultural products
E Ekabhogam Individual ownership right of land Ghanabhogam
E Erram Mote, a device used for lifting water from well Kamalai
K Kinarus Wells for Irrigation Vati
M Manigramam Popular trade guild of south India vanika- gramam
M Maramat Cleaning and maintenance work eri-ayam
M Meli Handle of Ploughshare Kolu
N Nanjai Wet land, suitable for Paddy cultivation Punjai
T Tarrukkol Whip in the hands of peasant while ploughing Nukattani
T Tataka Big water tank Eri
T Tumbu Sluices that releases water from a tank or eri Madagu
U Udaiyar Possessor of Land Alvan
U Ur-podu Common land of Village ur-manjikam
V Vaykkal Long canal carry water from river and tank to irrigation Marukal fileds
5.4 Web links
Web links https://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/chola_dynasty www.historytuition.com/modern India/Cholas https://collectingmoneythings.wordpress.com https://cs.magill.ca/arwest/link-suggestions/wped_2008/Chola_Dynasty.html www.jstor.org/stable/44140195 www.gatewayforindia.com/articles/cholas.shtml https://www.pinterest.ccom www.indianetzone.com/42/coins_chola_empire.htm www.history discussion.net/Indian History/Empire/Chola Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chola-government www.preservearticle.com/short -notes-on revenue system-during-chola-dynasty
5.5 Bibliography
Bibliography Appadorai.A, Economic Conditions in South India, 1000-1500 AD, 2 Vols., University of Madras, Madras, 1936. Burton Stein, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India, Delhi, 1980. Chandrasekharan.P, Agrarian System of Tamilnadu from A.D. 850-1300; Manju Publication, Rajapalayam, 2004.
James Heitzman, Gifts of Power, Lordship in an Early Indian State, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1997.
Jeyaseela Stephen.S, (ed.), The Land, Peasantry and Peasant Life in India, New Delhi, 2008.
Kanakalatha Mukund, The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel, Orient Black Swan, Hyderabad, 1999.
Kanakasabhai.V, The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1989 (reprint).
Kandasamy. L.S, “Agricultural Heritage of the Tamils”, in S.V.Subramanian and V.Veeramani (eds.), Cultural History of the Tamils, Madras, 1981.
Kenneth R. Hall, Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Colas, Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, 1980. Lallanji Gopal and V.C.Srivastava, History of Agriculture in India up to 1200 A.D., New Delhi, 2008. Leonard.A.G, Tamil Nadu Economy, New Delhi, 1988. Mavali Rajan.K, Medieval Tamil Society and Agrarian Slavery, Kolkata, 2014.
Meera Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of south India, Manohar, New Delhi, 1988.
Nilakanta Sastri. K.A, A History of South India, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Madras, 1975.
Nilakanta Sastri. K.A, The Colas, University of Madras, Madras, 1955. Noboru Karashima, A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2014. Noboru Karashima, South Indian History and Society: Studies from Inscriptions A.D. 850-1800, OUP, New Delhi, 1984. Rajan Gurukkal, “From Clan and Lineage to Hereditary Occupations and caste in early South India”, in Dev Nathen (ed.), From Tribes to Caste, Simla, 1997. Rajayyan. K, Early Tamil Nadu: History, Society and Culture, Madurai, 1994. Raman. K.V, “Irrigation in South India (up to 1300 A.D.): Techniques and Management” in Lallanji Gopal and V.C.Srivastava, History of Agriculture in India up to 1200 A.D., New Delhi, 2008. Srinivasan. T.M, Irrigation and Water Supply in South India, Madras, 1991.
Subbarayalu.Y, South India under the Cholas, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2012.
Subbarayalu.Y, Studies in Chola History, Chennai, 2001.
Subramanian. N, Social and Cultural History of Tamilnadu, Udumalpet, 1956.
Venkayya. V, Irrigation in Southern India in Ancient Times, ASI Annual Report, 1903-04. Vijay Ramasamy, “The History of Agriculture in South India” in Lallanji Gopal and Srivastava.V.C, (eds.), History of Agriculture in India up to 1200 A.D., New Delhi, 2008.