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Home , Canary Wharf, Legal Quays, Limehouse, London Docks, Narrow Street, Pool of London

London Walk 4: Bridge to via

1 Station. The oldest station in London opened in 1830 by the London & Blackwall Railway which was 3.5 miles long. Pre-dated Euston by 7 months and is soon to be London's newest station as part of the £6bn Thameslink programme.

2 , the tallest building in the UK at 309m/1016', but only the 4th tallest in Europe and 87th tallest in the world. Cost £435m to build and owned by the State of Qatar. Built by Renzo Piano - the style is called "Neo- Futurism". The 828-metre (2,717 ft) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai has been the tallest building in the world since 2008. The Burj Khalifa has been classified as Megatall.

3 The Upper Pool. After the Elizabethan voyages of there was a boom in shipping in London and many wharves and warehouses were built to cater for the trade. However due to increasing smuggling and crime, Queen Elizabeth specified 20 quays on the north bank to be designated “Legal Quays” over which all cargo had to be discharged and cleared by Customs who collected duty.

Over the next century this monopoly became abused and many traders and shipping men complained of extortion pleading for more quays to be opened. By contrast at this time, Bristol had 4000’ of quays compared with London’s 1400’

Crime was rife with ships being raided and cargos sold before they reached the legal quays and by 1797 it was estimated that over £500,000 of cargo was being stolen annually. River Police were formed to combat this but the building of the enclosed docks proved to be the most effective deterrent – the West Docks were the first to be built in 1799 followed by the in 1800.

4 Hays Wharf & St. Olaf House. This is the oldest wharf in the upper pool and used to stretch all the way along to . Nicknamed "The Larder of London", it closed in 1969. St Olave House was built in 1931 by Goodhart-Rendel as the HQ of the Hays Wharfage Company and is classic Art Deco style.

5 London Bridge. This site dates backs to Roman times and was the first crossing of the Thames.

The medieval bridge stood for more than 600 years being replaced only in 1831 with one whose lights were cast from Napoleonic cannons. This bridge - lights and all - was famously then sold to America (Arizona), with the present bridge opening in 1973.

Adelaide House - Built 1925 when it was the tallest office building in the City at 131' (43m). Built in Art Deco style incorporating Egyptian motifs.

Billingsgate Fish Market first opened in 1850 but the present building dates from 1875 and is used for corporate events, filming etc. The fish market moved to Canary Wharf in 1982

Hays Galleria - The mechanical statue in Hays Galleria is called "The Navigators" designed by David Kemp in 1986. 6 HMS Belfast

Name: HMS Belfast Ordered: 21 September 1936 Builder: Harland and Wolff shipyard, Belfast, UK Yard number: 1000 Laid down: 10 December 1936

Launched: 17 March 1938 She was launched on St Patrick's Day

Completed: 3 August 1939 Commissioned: 5 August 1939 Decommissioned: 24 August 1963 Identification: Pennant number C35

Motto: Pro Tanto Quid Retribuamus (Latin: For so much, how shall we repay?)

Honours and awards:

 Arctic 1943  North Cape 1943 - assisting in the destruction of the German warship Scharnhorst  Normandy 1944 - Belfast took part in Operation Overlord supporting the Normandy landings.  Korea 1950–52

Status: Museum ship since 21 October 1971 General characteristics Class and type: Town-class light cruiser

 Displacement: 11,550 tons  Length: 613 ft 6 in (186.99 m) overall  Beam: 63 ft 4 in (19.3 m)  Complement: 781–881 (as flagship, 1939) Armament:  1939:  12 × 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XXIII guns (4×3)  To emphasise the range of the ship's armament, the forward six-inch guns of A and B  Turrets are aimed at the London Gateway service area on the M1 motorway, some 12½  miles away on the outskirts of London  12 × 4-inch (102 mm) Mk XVI dual purpose guns (6×2)  16 × 2-pounder (40 mm) anti-aircraft guns (2×8)  8 × 0.5-inch (13 mm) AA machine guns (2×4)  6 × 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes (2×3)  Aircraft carried: 2 × Supermarine Walrus (disembarked June 1943)[6] Aviation facilities:  2 × hangars  1 × catapult (removed 1945)

Saved from scrapping by HMS Belfast Museum Trust and opened in 1971 Opened to the public in October 1971, Belfast became a branch of the in 1978. A popular tourist attraction, Belfast receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.

7 City Hall

Home of Mayor of London and Assembly

As the most powerful directly-elected politician in the UK, it is important the Mayor is held publicly and democratically accountable. This function is performed by the

That is the job of the 25 London Assembly Members, Eleven represent the whole capital and 14 are elected by constituencies.

The building was designed by Foster Associates, who incidentally designed the Gherkin and was nicknamed the Pickled Onion within Foster Associates.

A 500-metre (1,640 ft) helical walkway, reminiscent of that in New York's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, ascends the full height of the building. At the top of the ten-storey building is an exhibition and meeting space called "London's Living Room", with an open viewing deck which is occasionally open to the public. The walkway provides views of the interior of the building, and is intended to symbolise transparency; a similar device was used by Foster in his design for the rebuilt Reichstag (parliament) in Germany.

The council chamber is located at the bottom of the helical stairway. The seats and desks for Assembly Members are arranged in a circular form with no clearly defined "head", podium, or chair where a speaker, council chairperson, or mayor might be seated. Raised tiers of seats for visitors or observers is located to one side.

In 2006 it was announced that solar photovoltaic cells would be fitted to the building by the London Climate Change Agency. This enhanced the environmentall efficient principles according to which the building was designed.

The unusual shape is due to the need to control the heat build-up that comes from exposure to sunlight in this glass building.

City Hall is designed to do this in a number of ways:

 in conventional terms, the building has no front or back – it’s a geometrically modified sphere. This minimises the surface area of the roof exposed to direct sunlight, which reduces the amount of heat build-up inside the building  the building's spherical shape means it has around 25 per cent less surface area than a cube of the same volume. This means that less heat escapes during the winter, and the building doesn't get too hot in the summer  the building leans back away from the river, to present as little surface area to the sun as possible. This also means that the building does not leave the river walking in shadow.  the floor plates at the back of the building are staggered inwards, providing natural shading for the floor beneath  Reusing ground water  Cold ground water to cool City Hall, which is very energy efficient.  the actually cold water is brought up to the building through bore holes, where it flows through beams on each floor to chill the office spaces  this reduces electricity consumption as we don’t need to refrigerate water or use air conditioning systems  after being used to cool the building this water is then used for flushing the toilets  The building runs its cooling on a quarter of the energy used by a typical modern office building. We manage this every day, for example:  the building is naturally ventilated, with user operated vents beneath every window  heat generated by computers and lights is recycled  recycled materials have been used to fit out the building, including recycled floor tiles in the public areas

8 Tower Bridge The first bridge below London Bridge and until the construction of the QEII Bridge at Dartford, it was the only bridge below London Bridge. Sir Joseph Bazalgette, of sewerage and Thames Embankment fame, proposed a design for a single arch bridge in 1879 but it was rejected because of insufficient headroom. In 1884 it was decided to build a bascule bridge. John Wolfe-Barry engineer (Henry Marc Brunel) and Sir Horace Jones (City Architect – , Smithfield), were appointed following a competition in which their design was chosen. Sir Horace Jones was coincidentally one of the judges. In 1885 an Act of Parliament was passed stipulating an opening span with 200ft clear width and headroom of 135 ft. it was also required to be in the Gothic Style. Construction started in 1887 and took eight years with five major contractors Jones died in 1886 and George D. Stevenson took over the project. Stevenson replaced Jones's original brick façade with the more ornate Victorian Gothic style, which makes the bridge a distinctive landmark, and was intended to harmonise the bridge with the nearby . The total cost of construction was £1,184,000 (equivalent to £122 million in 2015). The bridge is 800 feet (240 metres) in length with two towers each 213 feet (65 metres) high, built on piers. The central span of 200 feet (61 metres) between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 86 degrees to allow river traffic to pass. The bascules, weighing over 1,000 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimise the force required and allow raising in five minutes. The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each 270 feet (82 m) long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are 143 feet (44 m) above the river at high tide

Hydraulic electro-hydraulic since 1976 The bascules are raised around 1000 times a year.[26] River traffic is now much reduced, but it still takes priority over road traffic. Today, 24 hours' notice is required before opening the bridge. The opening times are published in advance on the bridge's website.

There is no charge for vessels.

When needing to be raised for the passage of a vessel, the bascules are only raised to an angle sufficient for the vessel to safely pass under the bridge, except in the case of a vessel with the Monarch on board, in which case they are raised fully no matter the size of the vessel

In December 1952, the bridge opened while a number 78 double-decker bus was crossing from the south bank. At that time, the gateman would ring a warning bell and close the gates when the bridge was clear before the watchman ordered the raising of the bridge. The process failed while a relief watchman was on duty. The bus was near the edge of the south bascule when it started to rise; driver Albert Gunter made a split-second decision to accelerate, clearing a 3 feet (0.91 m) gap to drop 6 feet (1.8 m) onto the north bascule, which had not yet started to rise. There were no serious injuries.

The aftermath of the Tower Bridge incident saw Albert Gunter becoming something of a minor celebrity. He received £10 from London Transport and £35 from the for his speed of thought that saved so many lives. Four months later, according to the Daily Express of 8th April 1953, Gunter, 46 from ‘can’t understand what the fuss is all about’, going on to say that at Garage ‘the boys still take it out of me. They call me Parachute Gunter and Waterwings!’

As his fame grew, the West London Observer reports how Albert Gunter was chosen to judge a driving competition at an event called ‘Better Roadmanship’ on the Serpentine Road in Hyde Park on July 25th 1953…

A most heart-warming story is how after seven months of being incapable of travelling on public transport alone due to the incident, a Miss May Walshaw finally conquered her fears by taking the same route with the same driver across the same bridge. And two weeks later she was married with Albert Gunter as her best man!

The Hawker Hunter Tower Bridge incident occurred on 5 April 1968 when a Royal Air Force Hawker Hunter FGA.9 jet fighter from No. 1 Squadron, flown by Flt Lt Alan Pollock, flew through Tower Bridge. Unimpressed that senior staff were not going to celebrate the RAF's 50th birthday with a fly- past, Pollock decided to do something himself. Without authorisation, Pollock flew the Hunter at low altitude down the Thames, past the Houses of Parliament, and continued on toward Tower Bridge. He flew the Hunter beneath the bridge's walkway, remarking afterwards that it was an afterthought when he saw the bridge looming ahead of him. Pollock was placed under arrest upon landing, and discharged from the RAF on medical grounds without the chance to defend himself at a court martial.

In May 1997, the motorcade of United States President Bill Clinton was divided by the opening of the bridge. The Thames sailing barge Gladys, on her way to a gathering at , arrived on schedule and the bridge was opened for her. Returning from a Thames-side lunch at Le Pont de la Tour restaurant with UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, President Clinton was less punctual and arrived just as the bridge was rising. The bridge opening split the motorcade in two, much to the consternation of security staff. A spokesman for Tower Bridge is quoted as saying: "We tried to contact the American Embassy, but they wouldn't answer the phone."

9 St. Katherine's Dock built by Thomas Telford in 1828 was one of the last enclosed docks to be opened and is now one of the few surviving after closure in the 1970s. The dock mainly catered valuable cargoes from Europe, the West Indies, Africa and the Far East such as sugar, rum, tea, spices, perfumes, ivory, shells, marble, indigo, wine and brandy.

10 Wapping Pier Head is situated on Wapping High Street and was once the main maritime entrance of the London Docks, spanning over 90 acres of land.

By 1805, when these docks were built, the area was covered in warehouses and elegant cottage dwellings belonging to the Dock Company senior officials, customs officers and wealthy merchants who would keep a watchful eye on the ships entering and leaving the docks.

When the docks operated, Wapping High Street was covered in wagons and teams of workers stood by to unload and load the ships constantly coming in and out of the docks. The riverside wharves and dock warehouses that lined either side of the high street, were connected by iron catwalks to facilitate the secure movement of merchandise between warehouses.

11 Wapping became an important location for riverside trade 1853 when warehousing privileges were extended beyond the enclosed docks to private riverside wharves all along the Thames. 12

The first on the site probably originated during the Wars of the Roses in the 1460s and was called The Hostel. During more peaceful times in 1533 it became known as The Red Cow, a reference to the bar maid working at the time. Once one of over three dozen along this street.

In the cellars of the inn are the dungeons where convicts were chained before deportation to Australia.

The notorious Judge Jeffreys was caught outside the ale house as he tried to escape disguised as a sailor on a collier bound for after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which overthrew King James ll. Presiding over the Bloody Assizes after Monmouth’s unsuccessful rebellion against James ll, Judge Jeffreys had taken great pleasure in sending hundreds to their execution, and in abusing their attorney’s, which was a costly mistake as one of them recognised him resulting in his capture.

In 1766 the pub became known as Ramsgate Old Town and by 1811 it had again took on a new identity known as The Town of Ramsgate. The reference to Ramsgate became about after the fishermen of Ramsgate who landed their catches at Wapping Old Stairs.

They chose to do so as to avoid the river taxes which had been imposed higher up the river close to . Ramsgate harbour of 1850 features in the pub sign and is also etched on the mirror near the entrance to the pub.

As for the Wapping Old Stairs next door, they also have a bloody history. If you visit during low tide, you can still see the post to which condemned pirates were chained to drown as the tide rose.

Sir Joseph Banks (British naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences) came here, with Captain Bligh to inspect the Bounty before purchasing it for the ill-fated voyage to Tahiti. Banks was promoting the transplanting of breadfruit from the South Pacific to the islands.

More happily, many returning sailors were met by their sweethearts on the Old Stairs at the end of a voyage.

The silent question that must have been on many sailor’s lips is answered by a verse on the wall of the pub

“Your Polly has never been faithless she swears, since last year we parted on Wapping Old Stairs.”

13 Thames Police

The Thames Police were formed in 1798 in response to the astonishingly high level of crime on the River. Merchants trading the goods that arrived and left through the Thames were losing some £500,000 of cargo stolen from vessels in the . To put it in context this is equivalent to £47m.

There were various specialisms amongst the river borne thieves in terms of what was stolen, what vessels were stolen from and quite esoteric ‘trades’ as it were such as the ratters.

A plan was devised by Patrick Colquhoun, was a Scottish merchant, statistician and magistrate, John Harriot, an Justice of the Peace and Master mariner and the Utilitarian Philosopher, Jeremy Bentham. Their plan was to establish the first regular preventive police force in , the Thames River Police, with express intention of preventing and detecting crime on the Thames thus crossing parish boundaries, which in itself was a innovation.

The proposal was put before the West India Planters Committee and the West India Merchants, who agreed to fund a one year trial and following government permission the forces was established on 2nd July 1798. Colquhoun was the Superintending Magistrate and Harriot the Resident Magistrate.

The force initially comprised 50 men to police some 33,000 workers of whom Colquhoun claimed some 11,000 were known criminals or ‘on the game’.

With a certain inevitability the force received a hostile reception by those dockyard and wharf workers who were indulging in nefarious activities.

A mob of 2000 attempted to burn down the police office with the police inside. The ensuing skirmish resulted in the first ‘line of duty’ death for the new force with the killing of Gabriel Franks.

After the first year Colquhoun reported that the force had “established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and rescuing several lives”. In 1800 the government enacted the Marine Police Bill transforming the force from a private to public agency. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment and that inspired the founding of similar forces in New York, Dublin and Sydney.

Taking a lease on what is now the site of the Wapping Police station a Superintendent of Ship Constables was appointed overseeing 5 surveyors to patrol the river day and night. The surveyors were rowed in open galleys by police watermen. Four surveyors also visited ships being loaded or unloaded, with Ship Constables (who were appointed and controlled by the Marine Police Force but paid for by ship owners) supervising gangs of dockers. A Surveyor of Quays with two assistants and 30 Police Quay Guards watched over cargoes on shore.

When we have lunch you will be able to see the various vessels used by the Marine Police Unit of the Service immeasurably different from when the force started.

As I mentioned initially the patrols were conducted in rowing boats and some remained in use until 1905. The impetus to change came in September 1878 when a steam collier collided with the pleasure steamer Princess Alice in Gallions Reach just past with the loss of 600 lives. The subsequent inquest and inquiry recommended that the Thames Division should have steam launches which were more suited to police duties. Such were introduced in the 1880’s and then motor launches were introduced in 1910.

The original Marine Police has been commemorated with police vessel names, John Harriot, Patrick Colquhoun and Gabriel Franks.

14 Olivers Wharf

The first warehouse to be converted into apartments in Wapping 1970-72.

Oliver's Wharf. F. & H. Francis. 1869-70. Wapping, London E1. Built for George Oliver "in the Tudor gothic style, this wharf handled general cargo but had special facilities for tea" (Craig et al. 45). Bought for redevelopment in 1972, it was the first warehouse in Wapping, and one of the first of all the old warehouses, to be converted into housing, yielding twenty-three very expensive luxury flats. It has been described as "the most architecturally sophisticated warehouse" in its street (Williamson et al. 228).

“The stunning one-time home of Cher, the strangely unageing pop megastar, has come on to the market in London’s occasionally fashionable East End. Cher’s old flat is in Oliver’s Wharf, one of the country’s first loft-style developments, which is Grade II-listed, on Wapping High Street. A huge sitting room and four bedrooms, plus a spiral staircase and exposed brickwork and beams, give the place a £2.25m price tag, from Cluttons. Oliver’s Wharf has proved good enough not just for Cher, but Sir Alec Guinness and Dire Straits’s Mark Knopfler, too.”

[Sunday Times] 9/3/2003

The 4 Bed Penthouse was recently advertised for sale at£ 3.95m and a 3 bed apartment £2.5m

15 Captain William Kidd (c. 22 January 1645 – 23 May 1701) was a Scottish sailor who was tried and executed for piracy after returning from a voyage to the Indian Ocean. Some modern historians deem his piratical reputation unjust, as there is evidence that Kidd acted only as a privateer.

Kidd's fame springs largely from the sensational circumstances of his questioning before the English Parliament and the ensuing trial. His actual depredations on the high seas, whether piratical or not, were both less destructive and less lucrative than those of many other contemporary pirates and privateers.

16 - Built by Marc and his son, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, between 1825 and 1843 and was the first tunnel to be built under a navigable river.

It ran into big problems with leakages and flooded on several occasions, sometimes with fatal consequences. IKB was nearly drowned on one occasion and was sent to Bristol to recuperate and where he heard of the competition to design a bridge across the Avon at Clifton.

Financial problems beset the work and it was abandoned for seven years. Brunel finally managed to raise money and it was opened for public viewing attracting 600-800 visitors per day during construction.

Now it is used by the Overground railway. It is still possible to see the tunnel construction from the platforms below where you can also hear a loud rushing of water!

17 Prospect of

There has been a pub on this site for nearly 500 years and it claims to be the oldest riverside in pub in London.

The tavern was formerly known as The Pelican and later as the Devil’s Tavern, on account of its dubious reputation. All that remains from the building’s earliest period is the 400-year-old stone floor. In former times it was a meeting place for sailors, smugglers, cut-throats and footpads.

Samuel Pepys, ‘Hanging’ Judge Jefferys and are all said to have drunk here. J.M.W. Turner is said to have frequented this pub and it is suggested that the painting the Fighting Temeraire (1839) may have been painted from the riverside balcony (Turner employed some artistic license – as he depicted the sunset in the East and one not two tugs towing the Temeraire) when the Temeraire, which took part in the Battle of Trafalgar 1805 was taken from its mooring sin the Medway to the breakers yard in

The current name was adopted in 1777 was taken from a Whitby-registered ship that used to moor close by, called the Prospect and became a local landmark.

In early C18th a sailor sold an unknown plant to a local market gardener – it later became known as the Fuchsia. Sir Hugh Willoughby sailed from here in 1553 in a disastrous Wharf Built originally for the East India Company, handled huge saltpetre imports, used in gunpowder manufacture and meat preservation. Later a major unloading site for colliers from the North East, this area was nicknamed 'The Madhouse' for its winding lanes. Dutch Coasters were still calling here in 1970s. The warehouses have now been converted into apartments.

18

Narrow Street is the spine of the area known as because of the combination of tides and currents made this point on the Thames a natural landfall for ships, the first wharf being completed in 1348 thus attracting settlement and trade. It was also one of the few healthy areas of dry land among the riverside marshes.

Lime kilns or oasts ("lymehostes") used in the production of mortar and pottery were built here in the fourteenth century. The area grew rapidly in Elizabethan times as a centre for world trade and by the reign of James I nearly half of the area's 2,000 population were mariners. The area supplied ships with ropes and other necessities; pottery was also made here for the ships.

It was from here below the Grapes that Sir Walter Raleigh set sail on his third voyage to the New World.

In 1661, Samuel Pepys wrote in his diary of a visit to a porcelain factory in Narrow Street alighting via Duke Shore Stairs while en route to view work on boats being built for herring fishing.

Ship chandlers settled here building wooden houses and wharves in the cramped space between street and river.

Narrow Street may take its name from the closeness of the original buildings, now demolished, which stood barely a few metres apart on each side of the street. In 1977 the north side of the street was demolished. Until then it was half its present width.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Narrow Street's harsh conditions and extreme poverty attracted the attention of early social reformers and latter political agitation for better working conditions led to the creation of some of London's earliest trade unions.

The same hustle and bustle and crowded architecture abutting onto the also attracted artists and writers.

Charles Dickens' godfather Christopher Huffam ran his sail-making business from Newell Street, Limehouse. Dickens used his local knowledge when writing ‘’ in which he calls the pub now called The Grapes ‘ The Six Jolly Fellowship Porters’ describing it as:

“A tavern of dropsical appearance… long settled down into a state of hale infirmity. It had outlasted many a sprucer public house, indeed the whole house impended over the water but seemed to have got into the condition of a faint-hearted diver, who has paused so long on the brink that he will never go in at all.”

James McNeill Whistler sketched and painted at locations on Narrow Street's river waterfront.

Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional detective Sherlock Holmes visits an in Limehouse looking for clues.

George Orwell's book Down and Out in Paris and London features a Limehouse lodging house.

On the south side of Narrow Street is a rare example of an early Georgian brick terrace. With the exception of the westernmost property (The Grapes public house) it was standing derelict and abandoned, but in 1964 the writer Andrew Sinclair bought and saved one of the houses and persuaded his Cambridge friends to buy the others. (Early Georgian houses can be distinguished from late ones in the way that the windows are not set back from the brick frontage.) The Grapes (formerly The Bunch of Grapes, and known to the young Charles Dickens) was notably bought in 2011 by actor Sir Ian McKellen, director Sean Mathias and Evening Standard owner, .

The street is home to a number of good pubs and restaurants, including The Narrow, a gastropub run by .

Booty's Riverside Bar, which closed in 2013, was an independently owned pub dating to the 16th century. In the 18th century Booty's was an engineering shop for the barge builders, Sparkes. In the 19th century it was re-fronted, and by the 1870s it was a licensed bar called The Waterman's Arms owned by Taylor Walker.

It was absorbed by Woodward Fisher, a lighterage firm run by Anne Fisher, popularly known as Tugboat Annie. She was a real-life London version of the protagonist in the film of that name. One of the great East End characters, she commanded a fleet of 200 barges.

Famous residents include or have included the actors Sir Ian McKellen and , and politicians , Cleo Rocos, and the author . It was also the home of the film director Sir , whose Narrow Street house, regarded as one of the best riverside houses in London, is still owned by his family.

19 (Regent's Dock), built in 1820 was the terminus of the Regent’s Canal/Grand Union Canal where canal cargoes were transhipped to lighters or ocean-going vessels.

20 The Grapes – Built in 1583. Limehouse was first settled as one of the few healthy areas of dry land among the riverside marshes. By Queen Elizabeth I’s time, it was at the centre of world trade and her explorer Sir lived there. From directly below The Grapes, Sir Walter Raleigh set sail on his third voyage to the New World.

In 1820 the young Charles Dickens visited his godfather in Limehouse and knew the district well for 40 years. The Grapes appears, scarcely disguised, in the opening chapter of his novel “Our Mutual Friend”:

“A tavern of dropsical appearance… long settled down into a state of hale infirmity. It had outlasted many a sprucer public house, indeed the whole house impended over the water but seemed to have got into the condition of a faint-hearted diver, who has paused so long on the brink that he will never go in at all.”

21 West India Dock - Built in 1803 closed 1980 was the first of the enclosed docks and catered for the sugar, molasses and rum trade with the West Indies. Canary Wharf was named after the tomato trade located between north and south docks now housing One .

Home to the Museum of Docklands

22 Canary Wharf development.

Principally banking employing 105,000 people. Started in 1988, the tallest building , was completed in 1991 and is 235m/771' tall.