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The Most Frequent Fricative Error in Javanese and Sundanese In INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 The Most Frequent Fricative Error In Javanese And Sundanese In Ethnographical Method, Why Not? Muhamad Nazarudin Asyidiq, Nenden Sri Fujiya, Pajrian Noor, Didik Murwantono Abstract-- This study investigates some errors of fricative pronunciation gained by Javanese and Sundanese students. The main purpose is to find out the error frequency and the most error fricative from both tribes. The researchers employed a qualitative ethnography method design. The data were collected by using students’ recording. Furthermore, the data were transcribed and counted to get the error frequency. For the students, the researchers involved 10 students that have 5 students in each tribe. Some students came from Ahmad Dahlan University and Galuh University. The result of this study showed that Javanese and Sundanese students made some errors in pronouncing English fricative words, whereas the most error sounds appeared in /z/ for Javanese and /ʃ/ for Sundanese. This study concludes that the Sundanese is difficult with pronounce /ʃ/ and Javanese is difficult with pronouncing /z/. This study recommends to the students from both tribes to learn more about the fricatives, and also for the teachers and lecturers to understand the weaknesses of their students’ fricatives ability and find the best way to solve it. Index Terms- Fricative error; Javanese; Sundanese; ethnograpical method. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION subjects of his enquiry and his own experience. It is linked to English is one of the foreign languages that Indonesia is used interactional sociolinguistics and linguistic ethnography, with in almost every region. It is already familiar that wherever and its highly contextual, critical and complex approach to study whenever we go, we always face English. Further, it is also language, which are likely to be especially hospitable to essential that we are able to communicate with people from debate about the need for an esthetic analytical and diverse language and cultural backgrounds effectively in this theoretical element [7]. globalized 21st century [1]. In order to communicate with This research focuses therefore on the occurrence of errors in other countries and nationalities each country learned the pronunciation of English fricative sounds by Javanese and English. Our willingness to communicate with people from Sundanese students. When the vocal tract is limited other cultures is one of the determining factor for successful somewhere in its length to create a noisy sound if air is forced intercultural communication [2], [3]. Many people therefore try through restriction, a frictional consonant is produced [8]. In to learn English hard in order to communicate with others. this case, some of sundanese and Javanese students are The number of Indonesian speakers is regarded as high, as a dominan made errors in pronouncing English fricative sound. result of the large number of ethnic groups in Indonesia. For instance, sundanese students changed the sound (f) into Based on BPS data [4], Indonesia has 31 large ethnic groups (p), (v) is changed into (ph). Further, Javanese students and many more minor or subethnic groups, totaling 1,300. changed the sound (ð) into (d). Based on the problem Moreover, almost 80 % of people in Indonesia over 5 years aformentioned, it is worth to know how many frequence error old use at least one local language in their daily life [5]. This of Sundanese and Javanese students in pronouncing English means that the local language is like Indonesia's first fricative sound. Further, it could show the teacher and lecturer language that the speaker in a certain region uses. The that there are some ethnics in Indonesia such as Javanese Javanese language is Java, and the Sundanese language is and Sundanese in which there are some students face Sundanese. English pronunciation is one of the problems difficulties in pronouncing English fricative sound. Thus, it’s faced by the Indonesian people. As [6] stated that the becoming a task for teacher and lecturer to teach and to find students learning English often make mistakes and commit the best way for Sundanese and Javanese students in errors while learning English, thus many kinds of errors arise teaching speaking or pronounciation. Previously, there were for students learning English because they do not master some past studies focus on this present topic. Those previous English well. Indonesia is one of the countries facing these studies are dealing with Sundanese and Javanese students’ difficulties. Sundanese and Javanese people are typically error, yet they are in different field. The first previous study Sundanese and Javanese as their mother tongue and is from (Fauzi, 2014) the focus of this study is on freshman Indonesian as their lingua franca, and English as an outsider. students who have Sundanese cultural background to know In congruent with this, socio-linguistics can also apply to the the accuracy of their word pronunciation. The second study is from [10] study about interpersonal meaning in exchange ———————————————— of call centre conversation who focused on appraisal and Muhamad Nazarudin Asyidiq is currently pursuing master’s degree voice quality. [11] specifically the constraints to the program in English education in Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia. beginning of the syllable on the entry clusters of the E-mail: [email protected] Nenden Sri Fujiya is currently pursuing master’s degree program in consonant string (for example bl in black) were examined. English education in Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia. Finally, [12] the aim of the study is to examine how the E-mail: [email protected]. Javanese and Sundanese vowel systems hinder the Didik Murwantono, Universitas Islam Sutan Agung Semarang”. email perception of ten English vowels. However, from the whole address : [email protected] previous studies there are no study that differentiate one ethnic group with another. Hopefully, this study fill up the gap 4384 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 and give a new innovation in studying frquence error of Although it's more difficult to do it from the mouth. Sometimes Sundanese and Javanese students. it looks weird. The origin of Sundanese is called "Cacarakan" According to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA, 2015), and the origins of Javanese, which existed for the first time, there are common consonants in English, such as / p /, / b /, / are ancient Javanese or also called the Kawi language. They t /, / d /, / k /, / g /, / g /, / f /, / v /, / s /, / z /, / ӡ /, / t ʃ /, / d ӡ /, / have their own structure and system. Clearly, this will affect θ /, / ð /, / m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / h /, / I /, / r /, / w /, / j /. In the English, as in a study by [17]Hassan, he claimed that the production of the consonant, parts of the mouth are the presence of native language sounds affects the sound of the tongue, lips, teeth, tooth comb, palate and cavity and tongue. target language. When they speak English, there are some These are called articulation points [13]. Consonants are systems/functions that miss or miss their grammar, and sounds that are made more or less closely by articulators. pronunciation is also a style of speech when they try to speak Consonant sounds are classified in three dimensions, such as spoken English. Sundanese is one of many ethnic groups in voice acting, place of articulation, articulation style. Voice Indonesia. He has his own language called bass sound [18]. It acting refers to the activity of the vocal cords when the vocals becomes the official language of West Java, spoken by more are widely spaced, the consonants are said to have no voice than 48 million people from West Java (Sensus Penduduk when they are close to each other and vibrate, the Tahun 2010). A characteristic feature of the Sundanese who consonants are said to sound. The place of articulation refers have difficulty pronouncing the phonemes / f / or / v / is / p /, to the area in one of the resonant cavities (larynx, mountains) the only explanation related to the Sundan’s inability to where the joints resist a certain stricture or obstruct the pronounce / f / or / v / is the state of the Sunda language and passage of air. In the production of speech sounds, organs in the literary archaeologist. a few hundred years ago. The the upper part of the mouth can be described as places or English Influence [17] says that he claims that the presence of points of articulation [14]. The place of articulation is the sounds of the mother tongue affects the sounds of the determined by seven types. There are bilabial, labiodental, target language. When they speak English, there are some interdental, alveolar, palatine, velor, glottal. A method of systems / functions that miss or miss their grammar, and articulation means a method of arranging articulators in the pronunciation is also a style of speech when they try to speak formation of the vocal tract. The types of articulation are as spoken English. Sundanese students often have difficulty follows: The method of articulation refers to how articulators pronouncing words containing frictional sounds. They are are installed so that resonance is possible.The manner of indicated that they mispronounce such sounds. This articulation used in producing the set of sounds [f, v, ð, s, z, ʒ, happened all the time and even tended to be repeated by ʃ, h], involves almost blocking the airstream, and having the Sundans who studied English. According to [19] on the air push through the narrow opening. As the air is pushed analysis of Sundanese pronunciation errors in fricative sound. through, a type of friction is produced and the resulting The researcher found that almost all respondents who sounds are called fricatives (Sahulata, 1988). Fricative are participated in his study have three of four types of errors, sounds that are produced with a close approximation between such as: 1.
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