The Most Frequent Fricative Error in Javanese and Sundanese In

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 The Most Frequent Fricative Error In Javanese And Sundanese In Ethnographical Method, Why Not? Muhamad Nazarudin Asyidiq, Nenden Sri Fujiya, Pajrian Noor, Didik Murwantono

Abstract-- This study investigates some errors of fricative pronunciation gained by Javanese and Sundanese students. The main purpose is to find out the error frequency and the most error fricative from both tribes. The researchers employed a qualitative ethnography method design. The data were collected by using students’ recording. Furthermore, the data were transcribed and counted to get the error frequency. For the students, the researchers involved 10 students that have 5 students in each tribe. Some students came from Ahmad Dahlan University and Galuh University. The result of this study showed that Javanese and Sundanese students made some errors in pronouncing English fricative words, whereas the most error sounds appeared in /z/ for Javanese and /ʃ/ for Sundanese. This study concludes that the Sundanese is difficult with pronounce /ʃ/ and Javanese is difficult with pronouncing /z/. This study recommends to the students from both tribes to learn more about the fricatives, and also for the teachers and lecturers to understand the weaknesses of their students’ fricatives ability and find the best way to solve it.

Index Terms- Fricative error; Javanese; Sundanese; ethnograpical method. ——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION subjects of his enquiry and his own experience. It is linked to English is one of the foreign languages that Indonesia is used interactional sociolinguistics and linguistic ethnography, with in almost every region. It is already familiar that wherever and its highly contextual, critical and complex approach to study whenever we go, we always face English. Further, it is also language, which are likely to be especially hospitable to essential that we are able to communicate with people from debate about the need for an esthetic analytical and diverse language and cultural backgrounds effectively in this theoretical element [7]. globalized 21st century [1]. In order to communicate with This research focuses therefore on the occurrence of errors in other countries and nationalities each country learned the pronunciation of English fricative sounds by Javanese and English. Our willingness to communicate with people from Sundanese students. When the vocal tract is limited other cultures is one of the determining factor for successful somewhere in its length to create a noisy sound if air is forced intercultural communication [2], [3]. Many people therefore try through restriction, a frictional consonant is produced [8]. In to learn English hard in order to communicate with others. this case, some of sundanese and Javanese students are The number of Indonesian speakers is regarded as high, as a dominan made errors in pronouncing English fricative sound. result of the large number of ethnic groups in Indonesia. For instance, sundanese students changed the sound (f) into Based on BPS data [4], Indonesia has 31 large ethnic groups (p), (v) is changed into (ph). Further, Javanese students and many more minor or subethnic groups, totaling 1,300. changed the sound (ð) into (d). Based on the problem Moreover, almost 80 % of people in Indonesia over 5 years aformentioned, it is worth to know how many frequence error old use at least one local language in their daily life [5]. This of Sundanese and Javanese students in pronouncing English means that the local language is like Indonesia's first fricative sound. Further, it could show the teacher and lecturer language that the speaker in a certain region uses. The that there are some ethnics in Indonesia such as Javanese Javanese language is Java, and the Sundanese language is and Sundanese in which there are some students face Sundanese. English pronunciation is one of the problems difficulties in pronouncing English fricative sound. Thus, it’s faced by the Indonesian people. As [6] stated that the becoming a task for teacher and lecturer to teach and to find students learning English often make mistakes and commit the best way for Sundanese and Javanese students in errors while learning English, thus many kinds of errors arise teaching speaking or pronounciation. Previously, there were for students learning English because they do not master some past studies focus on this present topic. Those previous English well. Indonesia is one of the countries facing these studies are dealing with Sundanese and Javanese students’ difficulties. Sundanese and Javanese people are typically error, yet they are in different field. The first previous study Sundanese and Javanese as their mother tongue and is from (Fauzi, 2014) the focus of this study is on freshman Indonesian as their lingua franca, and English as an outsider. students who have Sundanese cultural background to know In congruent with this, socio-linguistics can also apply to the the accuracy of their word pronunciation. The second study is from [10] study about interpersonal meaning in exchange ———————————————— of call centre conversation who focused on appraisal and  Muhamad Nazarudin Asyidiq is currently pursuing master’s degree voice quality. [11] specifically the constraints to the program in English education in Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia. beginning of the syllable on the entry clusters of the E-mail: [email protected]  Nenden Sri Fujiya is currently pursuing master’s degree program in consonant string (for example bl in black) were examined. English education in Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia. Finally, [12] the aim of the study is to examine how the E-mail: [email protected]. Javanese and Sundanese vowel systems hinder the  Didik Murwantono, Universitas Islam Sutan Agung Semarang”. email perception of ten English vowels. However, from the whole address : [email protected] previous studies there are no study that differentiate one ethnic group with another. Hopefully, this study fill up the gap

4384 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 and give a new innovation in studying frquence error of Although it's more difficult to do it from the mouth. Sometimes Sundanese and Javanese students. it looks weird. The origin of Sundanese is called "Cacarakan" According to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA, 2015), and the origins of Javanese, which existed for the first time, there are common consonants in English, such as / p /, / b /, / are ancient Javanese or also called the Kawi language. They t /, / d /, / k /, / g /, / g /, / f /, / v /, / s /, / z /, / ӡ /, / t ʃ /, / d ӡ /, / have their own structure and system. Clearly, this will affect θ /, / ð /, / m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / h /, / I /, / r /, / w /, / j /. In the English, as in a study by [17]Hassan, he claimed that the production of the consonant, parts of the mouth are the presence of native language sounds affects the sound of the tongue, lips, teeth, tooth comb, palate and cavity and tongue. target language. When they speak English, there are some These are called articulation points [13]. Consonants are systems/functions that miss or miss their grammar, and sounds that are made more or less closely by articulators. pronunciation is also a style of speech when they try to speak Consonant sounds are classified in three dimensions, such as spoken English. Sundanese is one of many ethnic groups in voice acting, place of articulation, articulation style. Voice Indonesia. He has his own language called bass sound [18]. It acting refers to the activity of the vocal cords when the vocals becomes the official language of West Java, spoken by more are widely spaced, the consonants are said to have no voice than 48 million people from West Java (Sensus Penduduk when they are close to each other and vibrate, the Tahun 2010). A characteristic feature of the Sundanese who consonants are said to sound. The place of articulation refers have difficulty pronouncing the phonemes / f / or / v / is / p /, to the area in one of the resonant cavities (larynx, mountains) the only explanation related to the Sundan’s inability to where the joints resist a certain stricture or obstruct the pronounce / f / or / v / is the state of the Sunda language and passage of air. In the production of speech sounds, organs in the literary archaeologist. a few hundred years ago. The the upper part of the mouth can be described as places or English Influence [17] says that he claims that the presence of points of articulation [14]. The place of articulation is the sounds of the mother tongue affects the sounds of the determined by seven types. There are bilabial, labiodental, target language. When they speak English, there are some interdental, alveolar, palatine, velor, glottal. A method of systems / functions that miss or miss their grammar, and articulation means a method of arranging articulators in the pronunciation is also a style of speech when they try to speak formation of the vocal tract. The types of articulation are as spoken English. Sundanese students often have difficulty follows: The method of articulation refers to how articulators pronouncing words containing frictional sounds. They are are installed so that resonance is possible.The manner of indicated that they mispronounce such sounds. This articulation used in producing the set of sounds [f, v, ð, s, z, ʒ, happened all the time and even tended to be repeated by ʃ, h], involves almost blocking the airstream, and having the Sundans who studied English. According to [19] on the air push through the narrow opening. As the air is pushed analysis of Sundanese pronunciation errors in fricative sound. through, a type of friction is produced and the resulting The researcher found that almost all respondents who sounds are called fricatives (Sahulata, 1988). Fricative are participated in his study have three of four types of errors, sounds that are produced with a close approximation between such as: 1. All respondents are over-generalized when the articulators, which allows the air to escape with some pronouncing sound to both consonants and vowels, for friction. The escaping air is turbulent and is called friction. example [v] the last sound is pronounced [F], as in the Here are the examples: ‘fish’ /fɪʃ/, ‘veal’ /viːl/, ‘thin’ /θɪn/, ‘this’ Indonesian alphabet system. 2. Respondents tended to /ðɪs/, ‘send’ /send/, ‘zinc’ /zɪŋk/, ‘vision’ /vɪʒ. ə n/, ‘share’ /ʃer/, change the sounds [f] and [v] with the sound [p]. The main ‘high’ /haɪ/. The [h] is classified as a fricative because of the reason was in their native alphabet system, they do not hissing sound produced by air or noise at the glottis. recognize frictional sound. 3. Basically, the respondent According to (Wulandari, 2019), Indonesia as a multicultural changed the sound [v] to the original sound of the word using country, has many cultural backgrounds in different ways with the sound [f], originating from the same manner and place of more than one hundred native languages. Most Indonesians, articulation. A fricative sound occurs when two vocal organs such as Javanese, Sundanese, Betavi, Batak, etc., speak come together enough for air to be heard between them [20]. their native and national languages which they learn in In Javanese accents, they use emphasis in several phonetics, school. The largest native language is Javanese, and then such as; b, d, g, j, ʤ and ð. Some words in this language, as Sundan is the second largest native language in Indonesia. a rule, are pronounced more heavily, and this greatly There is no doubt that when Indonesians learn a new influences their speech, especially in their pronunciation. language, their mother tongue and national language will Based on [21] in his study, he stated that students who spoke influence the way they learn. This condition will lead to new Javanese as Javanese were still focused on phonetics, which language problems, because people have learned new explored the following: / b /: 26, 67%, / d /: 80%, / g /: 16, languages besides their first language. Javanese and 67%, / h /: 13, 34%, / ð /: 83, 34%. The conclusion of the 6 Sundanese are different from target languages. It will be phonetics is that there are 2 difficult phonetics, such as / d / difficult when they reproduce new sounds with their speech and / ð /. This result is also strengthened [22], he noted that organs adapted to their native language, while the way of the problem in language learning is adding new sounds. This creating the target language is different. These barriers force means that in learning a third language there are difficulties them to learn to reproduce sounds as native speakers. For with the pronunciation of new sounds that never appear in example, they hear or listen to how native speakers speak, their native language. Factors that cause errors in which will encourage them to imitate how they move the pronunciation of English words are the influence of native speech organ. [16] argues that this practice is a matter of language and age on English studies, as well as differences teaching the movements of speech organs, also called oral in phonetic transcription. exercises. They must touch the speaker when they say the word. Watching and listening carefully is a way to imitate.

the researchers put it in another table to compute tribe group analysis. Furthermore, the number of error fricative was also analyzed from the most to the least. Finally, the data were interpreted. The researchers 2 METHODOLOGY analysed the data descriptively. The computation of error fricative could 2.1. The Study Design be seen in table 2. This study aimed to investigate the errors of the fricative TABLE 2 pronunciation produced by Javanese students and THE ERROR FRICATIVE COMPUTATION Sundanese students. The researchers have used the n error n sound n qualitative ethnographical method because this study Sounds in a in each n participant % sound examined carefully the language of local people that exist in group sentence Indonesia. Cresswel [23] stated that ethnography study about 6 6 5 30 20% culture and sharing behaviour. The researchers provided a f text that contains seven sentences. In each sentence, there v 4 5 5 25 16% were several fricative words. The fricative sounds in each θ 6 5 5 25 24% word were six sounds (/f/), five sounds /v/, /θ /, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /h/), six sounds (/z/), and four sounds (/ð/). This text was ð 5 4 5 20 25% shared to the students to acquire their sounds transcription. z 6 6 5 30 20%

7 5 5 25 28% 2.2 Research Participant ʃ The participants derived from undergraduate students in two ʒ 3 5 5 25 12% different universities. The first university originated from H 0 5 5 0 0 Sundanese region of West Java Province (n=5), although the second one came from Javanese region (n=5) in Yogyakarta Total 37 41 5 180 18% Province that has chosen randomly. The total of participant Max ʃ 7 28% was 10 students. All students were invited to participate reading the fricative text and sending their audio transcription Min h 0 0% Total through Whatsapp application. 20,56% error

2.3 Research Procedure The researchers have chosen eight sentences in which have 3 FINDINGS 41 of total sounds of English fricative. The text was The researchers found 41 fricative sounds to deal with the represented into each table for analysing each participant. In results of this study. We found that 18,89% of the 180 total each column, there were six sounds /f/ , five sounds /v/, /θ /, sound errors were made by the Javanese students. /ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /h/), six sounds (/z/), and four sounds (/ð/). After Furthermore, the most error frequency of Javanese students arranging the table and the data of record were collected, the were /z/ there were 37% sounds such as has, crazy, zebra, researchers heard the students’ sounds transcription and designer, and shoes. Meanwhile, the least mispronounce was highlighted the error fricative sounds by the Dictionary of /ʒ/ there were 24% out of 25 total sounds. Even more, the Cambridge Advanced Learners’ application and the facility sound /h]/ was clear of mispronounce or 0% sound. In detail, from phottransedit.com to investigate the errors of fricative five students mispronounced one sound /f/, no students sounds from Javanese and Sundanese students’ missed on /v/, 9 students mispronounced sound / / , four transcription. Furthermore, the total of errors had been students was wrong in /ð/, then /ʃ/, 6 students mispronounce, computed to get the average result from both student groups. /ʒ/ was mispronounced by six students. Each the production of sound analysis from audio transcription was represented into each table. The example 4 DISCUSSION could be seen in table 1. There were 10 students have been recorded so that the researchers could analyze their pronunciation in term of TABLE 1 fricative sounds. The researchers found that the Javanese ANALYSIS TABLE IN ONE PARTICIPANT students made 18,89% of the 180 total sound errors. The Fricative Sound number in each Wrong most was /z/ sound in which 37% error sounds such as has, Sounds sentence pronunciation crazy, zebra, designer, and shoes. Meanwhile, the least f 6 0 mispronounce was /ʒ/ in which 24% out of 25 total sounds. v 5 1 0% sound in /h/ was clear. This lack of phonological sound θ 5 0 was congruent with Haman [24] indicating that there was a ð 4 1 positive correlation between L1 and phonological processing z 6 0 on L2. Meanwhile, the analysis results from Sundanese ʃ 5 3 ʒ 5 0 students showed that they made errors 20.56% out of 180 h 5 0 total sounds from a whole sentence. Furthermore, the most Total 41 5 error frequency was / ʃ/ there were 28% out of 25 total Individual error 12,20% sounds. The example words /ʃ/ were wish and champagne. However, this findings contradicted with Khotimah’s and The formulas of analysis table in one participant were total of wrong Risdianto’s finding [25], they found that the students who pronunciation (sum in each wrong pronouncing), total sound in sentence (sum up in each sentence), and individual error (total of wrong come from Sundanese often made some errors in pronunciation/ total sound in sentence). After all the individual analysis, pronouncing the sounds [f] and [v]. Even it was found by 4386 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Fauzi’s study (2014) and Dedeh’s study [26] indicating that mispronounce was /ʒ/ there were 24% out of 25 total sounds. there were some fricatives sound in some borrowing words This study found that there was no mispronounce in sound [h] such as finansial, Viking, and fasilitias. The Sundanese that was 0% sound. For further information, the researchers students sometimes read these words be pinansial, piking, showed the result of Javanese and Sundanese student data and pasilitas. These errors were caused by the lack of their on the following table 3. pronunciation practice as Rahmatika’s finding [27]. In the meantime, of the 25 total sounds, 24% were the least mispronounce. The study showed there was no 0 percent sound mispronouncement in sound [ h ]. Meanwhile, the least

TABLE 3 TOTAL OF ERROR ANALYSIS AND THE MOST MISPRONOUNCE IN JAVANESE AND SUNDANESE Error In Percentage Total Total Sounds Sound in Javanese Sundanese Each student Sound Sundanese Javanese Sentence f 1 6 6 5 30 20% 3% v 0 4 5 5 25 16% 0% 9 6 5 5 25 24% 36% ð 4 5 4 5 20 25% 20% z 11 6 6 5 30 20% 37% ʃ 3 7 5 5 25 28% 12% ʒ 6 3 5 5 25 12% 24% h 0 0 5 5 0 0% 0% Total 34 37 41 5 180 18% 17% Max 11 /z/ 7 /ʃ/ 28% 37%

Min 0 /h/ 0 /h/ 0% 0%

Total 18,89% 20,56% Error

The second important argument in this analysis was that the 5 CONCLUSION mistakes in pronouncing fricative English probably assumed This study did not compare the amount of mispronouncement other factors influenced it. The tendency may be to mimic, between Javanese students and Sundanese students, but misinterpret and confuse. The second was because the showed that there were some sounds that Javanese and students spoke the word as it was written in spelling. The use Sundanese did not pronounce easily. It was proved by this of speaking a word may be hindered by imitating others when research that the students of Javanese made errors 18.89% he or she says the word. The pronunciation error happened out of 180 total sounds from the whole sentences and the when the speaker imitated. In fact, ambiguity could be a key students of Sundanese made errors 20.56% out of 180 total element in error pronouncement. It happened because the sounds from the whole text. Overall, Javanese students have students didn't hear words in their mother tongue, particularly the most frequency of errors which they misinterpret / θ / certain fricatives. As we know, Javanese students lived in which was 11 sounds. Meanwhile, the most error frequency of different communities where their language was not as frictive Sundanese students which they mispronounced was / ʃ / the as English. Ramelan [28] claimed it as “ear-training”. When total was seven sounds. In addition, the weakness in English students did not use those words to pronounce, they were pronunciation skill was important for English students to willing to speak as they were written in spelling. However, the understand, so they can use correct pronunciation in the orthographic writing was not consistent to be pronounced. pronunciation of fricative English words. The study suggested Sometimes it represents more than one sound, like letter a in that teachers could consider the level of errors in speaking English, which in various words represents different sounds. English so that teachers could find the best way to teach In addition, the researchers had a notion that certain English English transfers could affect the pronunciation capacity of the students in English. These are negative and positive transfer [10]. This was because the second language could be 6 REFERENCES affected by the first language (L1) of the speakers (L2). [1] Y. K. Cao and W. Wei, “Willingness to communicate from an English as an International Language (EIL) perspective: The case of Macau,” System, vol. 87, no. September, p. 102149, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.system.2019.102149.

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