The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics
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Article-755-623839.Pdf
دوﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ 9د ، ش 1 (ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ 43 )، ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ و اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ 1397 ، ﺻﺺ 81 - 111 ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﻨﺰ در ﺑﺎب اول ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺳﻌﺪي؛ روﻳﻜﺮد ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن ﺷﻴﺮي1 ، ﻧﺠﻤﻪ ﻧﻈﺮي2 ، ﻧﻮﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ ﭘﻮر3* 1 . اﺳﺘﺎد ﮔﺮوه زﺑﺎن و ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ، ﻫﻤﺪان، اﻳﺮان 2 . اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه زﺑﺎن و ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻫﻤﺪان، اﻳﺮان 3 . داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي زﺑﺎن و ادﺑﻴﺎت ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻫﻤﺪان، اﻳﺮان درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: /4/24 96 ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: /8/6 96 96 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻫﺪف اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﺎده ﺳﺎزي روش ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘ ﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻟﮕﻮ ﻳﺎ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳ ﻲ ﻛﻨﺸﻲ و ﺗﻨﺸﻲ و ﻧﺸﺎن دادنِ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن زﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻛﻮر در ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻃﻨﺰ ﺑﺎب اول ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺳﻌﺪي اﺳﺖ واز اﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ، ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ. ﻣﻘﺼﻮد از ﻃﻨﺰ، ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻳﺒﻪ آﻣﻴﺰِ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑ ﺎ ﻫﺪف اﺻﻼح اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ و ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن زﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ در ز ﺑﺎن ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد و ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰل و ﻫﺠﻮ ﻓﺮق دارد. روش ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﭘﻲ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮدن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و درﻳﺎﻓﺖ آن اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي ﻣﻌﻨﺎدار روﺑﻪ روﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ و ﻧﻮع ارﺗﺒﺎط آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ را در ﻧﻈ ﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد . ﺳﭙﺲ ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﺖ وﺟﻮي ﺻﻮرت ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ دارﻧﺪ، ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازد ﺗﺎ اﺛﺒﺎت آن ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺷﻮد. ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ در ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻃﻨﺰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻛﻨﺸﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺸﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺑﻌﺎد ﻓﺸﺎره اي (ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻲ، دروﻧﻲ) و ﮔﺴﺘﺮه اي (ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ، ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ) ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺎل را ﻣﻲ آﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺪﻳﻊ را ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد. -
Notes on Peirce's Semiotics and Epistemology
DIAGRAMMATIC THINKING: NOTES ON PEIRCE’S SEMIOTICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY Luis Radford In this paper, I discuss the role of diagrammatic thinking within the larger context of cognitive activity as framed by Peirce’s semiotic theory of and its underpinning realistic ontology. After a short overview of Kant’s scepticism in its historical context, I examine Peirce’s attempt to rescue perception as a way to reconceptualize the Kantian “manifold of senses”. I argue that Peirce’s redemption of perception led him to a se- ries of problems that are as fundamental as those that Kant encountered. I contend that the understanding of the difficulties of Peirce’s epistemol- ogy allows us to better grasp the limits and possibilities of diagrammatic thinking. Keywords: Culture; Diagrammatic thinking; Kant; Peirce; Perception; Semiotics Pensamiento Diagramático: Notas sobre la Semiótica y la Epistemología de Peirce En este artículo se discute el papel que desempeña el concepto de pen- samiento diagramático en el contexto de la actividad cognitiva, tal y como es concebida dentro del marco de la teoría semiótica de Peirce y su subyacente ontología realista. Luego de presentar una visión general del escepticismo kantiano en su contexto histórico, se examina el esfuer- zo de Peirce por rescatar la percepción, esfuerzo que lo lleva a indagar de manera innovadora el “multiespacio de los sentidos” del que habla- ba Kant. Se mantiene que este esfuerzo lleva a Peirce a una serie de problemas que son tan fundamentales como los que Kant encontró en su propio itinerario epistemológico. Se sostiene que la comprensión de las dificultades intrínsecas a la epistemología de Peirce nos permite cernir mejor los límites y posibilidades de su pensamiento diagramático. -
Semiotics As a Cognitive Science
Elmar Holenstein Semiotics as a Cognitive Science The explanatory turn in the human sciences as well as research in "artifi- cial intelligence" have led to a little discussed revival of the classical Lockean sub-discipline of semiotics dealing with mental representations - aka "ideas" - under the heading of "cognitive science". Intelligent be- haviour is best explained by retuming to such obviously semiotic catego- ries as representation, gmbol, code, program, etc. and by investigations of the format of the mental representations. Pictorial and other "sub-linguisric" representations might be more appropriate than linguistic ones. CORRESPONDENCE: Elmar Holenstein. A-501,3-51-1 Nokendal, Kanazawa-ku Yoko- hama-shl, 236-0057, Japan. EMAIL [email protected] The intfa-semiotic cognitive tum Noam Chomsky's declaration that linguistics is a branch of psychology was understood by traditional linguists as an attack on the autonomous status of their science, a status which older structuralism endorsed by incorporating language (as a special sign system) into semiotics. Semiotics seemed to assure that genuinely linguistic relationships (grammatical and semantic relationships) were not rashly reduced to psychological or biological relationships (such as associations or adaptations). If it is looked at more closely in conjunction with the general development of the sciences in the 20th Century, the difference between Chomsky (1972: 28), who regards linguistics as a subfield of psychol- ogy, and Ferdinand de Saussure (1916: 33), for whom it is primarily a branch of "semiology", comes down to the fact that Saussure assigns linguistics in a descriptive perspective to universal semiotics, whereas Chomsky assigns it in an explanatory perspective to a special semiotics. -
Neural Systems of Visual Attention Responding to Emotional Gestures
Neural systems of visual attention responding to emotional gestures Tobias Flaisch a,⁎, Harald T. Schupp a, Britta Renner a, Markus Junghöfer b a Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box D 36, 78457 Konstanz, Germany b Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, Münster University Hospital, Malmedyweg 1, 48149 Münster, Germany abstract Humans are the only species known to use symbolic gestures for communication. This affords a unique medium for nonverbal emotional communication with a distinct theoretical status compared to facial expressions and other biologically evolved nonverbal emotion signals. While a frown is a frown all around the world, the relation of emotional gestures to their referents is arbitrary and varies from culture to culture. The present studies examined whether such culturally based emotion displays guide visual attention processes. In two experiments, participants passively viewed symbolic hand gestures with positive, negative and neutral emotional meaning. In Experiment 1, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements showed that gestures of insult and approval enhance activity in selected bilateral visual associative brain regions devoted to object perception. In Experiment 2, dense sensor event related brain potential recordings (ERP) revealed that emotional hand gestures are differentially processed already 150 ms poststimulus. Thus, the present studies provide converging neuroscientific evidence that emotional gestures provoke the cardinal signatures of selective visual attention regarding brain structures and temporal dynamics previously shown for emotional face and body expressions. It is concluded that emotionally charged gestures are efficient in shaping selective attention processes already at the level of stimulus perception. Introduction their referents is arbitrary, builds upon shared meaning and convention, and consequently varies from culture to culture (Archer, In natural environments, emotional cues guide visual attention 1997). -
Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This Collection Was the Gift of Howard J
Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This collection was the gift of Howard J. Garber to Case Western Reserve University from 1979 to 1993. Dr. Howard Garber, who donated the materials in the Howard J. Garber Manuscript Collection, is a former Clevelander and alumnus of Case Western Reserve University. Between 1979 and 1993, Dr. Garber donated over 2,000 autograph letters, documents and books to the Department of Special Collections. Dr. Garber's interest in history, particularly British royalty led to his affinity for collecting manuscripts. The collection focuses primarily on political, historical and literary figures in Great Britain and includes signatures of all the Prime Ministers and First Lords of the Treasury. Many interesting items can be found in the collection, including letters from Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning Thomas Hardy, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, King George III, and Virginia Woolf. Descriptions of the Garber Collection books containing autographs and tipped-in letters can be found in the online catalog. Box 1 [oversize location noted in description] Abbott, Charles (1762-1832) English Jurist. • ALS, 1 p., n.d., n.p., to ? A'Beckett, Gilbert A. (1811-1856) Comic Writer. • ALS, 3p., April 7, 1848, Mount Temple, to Morris Barnett. Abercrombie, Lascelles. (1881-1938) Poet and Literary Critic. • A.L.S., 1 p., March 5, n.y., Sheffield, to M----? & Hughes. Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon (1784-1860) British Prime Minister. • ALS, 1 p., June 8, 1827, n.p., to Augustous John Fischer. • ANS, 1 p., August 9, 1839, n.p., to Mr. Wright. • ALS, 1 p., January 10, 1853, London, to Cosmos Innes. -
Culture Report Eunic Yearbook 2011 Culture Report Eunic Yearbook 2011
CULTURE REPORT EUNIC YEARBOOK 2011 CULTURE REPORT EUNIC YEARBOOK 2011 Cultural relations are the glue that holds alliances together. The geopolitics of the 21st century mean we need to see a revival of cultural diplomacy. China and India are already expanding their external cultural policies. Despite Europe‘s huge cultural diversity, the EU has still not developed an adequate cultural strategy for its foreign policy. The establishment of the European External Action Service (EEAS) provides an opportunity to tighten up and co-ordinate the EU‘s existing cultural foreign policy. In this edition of the Culture Report, 30 authors from 20 different countries examine what this all means. Foreword: Crisis and new awakenings by Sebastian Körber 4 CHAPTER 1: EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVES A Brave New World - Globalisation as Europe’s touchstone by Yang Lian 8 All talk and no action by Mai’a K. Davis Cross 20 Art at the heart of mainstream entertainment – an interview by Regis Debray with Frédéric Martel 28 Seizing the day by André Azoulay 38 The cultural revolution by Reem Kassem 45 A gateway to two worlds by Julie Chénot 48 Welcome to the real world by André Lemos 54 A union of double standards by Mahir Namur 60 2 Contents Moving the chairs in the global boardroom by Rajeef Balasubramanyam 64 Europe‘s forgotten fringes by Jurko Prochasko 70 Peeking through the open window by Hela Kamarou 78 CHAPTER 2: EUROPE IN THE WORLD THE WORLD IN EUROPE Now is the time by Robert Palmer 86 Common spaces by Gerhard Sabathil 96 A necessity, not a luxury by Marietje Schaake -
Opposition a Linguistic and Psychological Analysis
Theoretical Backup Two for the Lexicon of Finnegans Wake: Volume Fifty-Six C. K. Ogden The only professional British linguist who succeeded to provide a recording of the voice of James Joyce, and the very first translator of Ludwig Wittgenstein into English. Opposition A Linguistic and Psychological Analysis. Edited by C. George Sandulescu Recommended Reading: C. K. Ogden: The Meaning of Meaning C. K. Ogden: Opposition C. K. Ogden: Basic English Bucureşti 2013 This “theoretical insert”, Volume 55, Volume 56, and Volume 57, is dedicated to Professor CARLA MARENGO— a most remarkable teacher of English Literature, and thorough researcher of Joyce. Monte Carlo, Noël 2013 George Sandulescu The Turin Shroud Press Release Noël 2013 Theoretical Backup for the Lexicon of Finnegans Wake Edited by C. George Sandulescu Charles Ogden (1889-1957) was Charles Ogden (1889-1957) este a linguist and a language philosopher: cunoscut ca lingvist şi filosof al to him the word was as real as any other limbajului: cuvântul, pentru el, era o object in his hands. He demonstrated realitate concretă. Acest lucru l-a this by recording the very voice of demonstrat atunci când a înregistrat pe James Joyce himself. The reading was disc vocea lui James Joyce însuşi. made in August 1929 at King’s College, Înregistrarea a fost făcută în august London. By mentioning the year of that 1929 la King’s College, Londra. Tot în recording, we inevitably notice that the primul sfert al secolului XX s-au mai first quarter of the twentieth century petrecut o sumă de evenimente grouped together quite a number of importante. -
Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution Introduction In his poem, The Second Coming (1919), William Butler Yeats captured the moment we are now experiencing: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. As we see the deterioration of the institutions created and fostered after the Second World War to create a climate in which peace and prosperity could flourish in Europe and beyond, it is important to understand the role played by diplomacy in securing the stability and strengthening the shared values of freedom and democracy that have marked this era for the nations of the world. It is most instructive to read the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, in which he encouraged Americans not only to do good things for their own country, but to do good things in the world. The creation of the Peace Corps is an example of the kind of spirit that put young American volunteers into some of the poorest nations in an effort to improve the standard of living for people around the globe. We knew we were leaders; we knew that we had many political and economic and social advantages. There was an impetus to share this wealth. Generosity, not greed, was the motivation of that generation. Of course, this did not begin with Kennedy. It was preceded by the Marshall Plan, one of the only times in history that the conqueror decided to rebuild the country of the vanquished foe. -
Piller Language-Ideologies.Pdf
Language Ideologies INGRID PILLER Macquarie University, Australia Many people from around the world are likely to agree on the following: English is the most useful language for global commercial, scientific, and cultural exchange. The best kind of English is spoken by native speakers, particularly those from the United King- dom and the United States of America, and everyone else should try to emulate their English. American English sounds professional and competent, while African Ameri- can English sounds streetwise and cool and Indian English sounds nerdy and funny. While most readers will recognize these commonsense assumptions about English as a global language, it is also easy to see that they are nothing more than beliefs and feelings and that they are impossible to confirm or refute. This is most obvious in the case of value judgments about accents: Whether you think that Indian English is funny or not depends on who you are and what your experiences with Indian English are. If you are a speaker of Indian English, it is unlikely that you consider it funny; conversely, if you regularly interact with Indian speakers of English, you are unlikely to find the way they talk funny. On the other hand, if your main exposure to Indian English is through the character of Apu in the animated television series The Simpsons,youarelikelyto find Indian English very funny. While it is relatively easy to see through the idea that “Indian English is funny,” it is a bit more difficult to question some of the other assumptions in the introductory example, such as its many language names: The meaning of terms like “English,” “Amer- icanEnglish,”“AfricanAmericanEnglish,”or“IndianEnglish”isnotasstraightforward as it may seem. -
Improving Communication Based on Cultural
IMPROVING COMMUNICATION BASED ON CULTURAL COMPETENCY IN THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT by Walter N. Burton III A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida May 2011 IMPROVING COMMUNICATION BASED ON CULTURAL COMPETENCY IN THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT by Walter N. Burton III This dissertation was prepared under the direction of the candidate's dissertation advisor, Dr. Patricia Darlington, School of Communication and Multimedia Studies, and has been approved by the members ofhis supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters and was accepted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: ~o--b Patricia Darlington, Ph.D. ~.:J~~ Nannetta Durnell-Uwechue, Ph.D. ~~C-~ Arthur S. E ans, J. Ph.D. c~~~Q,IL---_ Emily~ard, Ph.D. Director, Comparative Studies Program ~~~ M~,Ph.D. Dean, The Dorothy F. Schmidt College ofArts & Letters ~~~~ Dean, Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee Prof. Patricia Darlington, Prof. Nennetta Durnell-Uwechue, Prof. Arthur Evans, and Prof. Angela Rhone for your diligent readings of my work as well as your limitless dedication to the art of teaching. I would like to offer a special thanks to my Chair Prof. Patricia Darlington for your counsel in guiding me through this extensive and arduous project. I speak for countless students when I say that over the past eight years your inspiration, guidance, patience, and encouragement has been a constant beacon guiding my way through many perils and tribulations, along with countless achievements and accomplishments. -
20 LANGUAGE IDEOLOGY AS a CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK to ANALYZE ISSUES RELATED to LANGUAGE POLICY and LANGUAGE EDUCATION Valentina
Revista Científica de la Facultad de Filosofía – UNA (ISSN: 2414-8717) Vol. 6, enero-julio 2018 (1), pp. 20-42. LANGUAGE IDEOLOGY AS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK TO ANALYZE ISSUES RELATED TO LANGUAGE POLICY AND LANGUAGE EDUCATION Valentina Canese1 Abstract This article discusses how the notions of language ideology and language ideologies may be used as analytical tools to examine issues related to language policy and language education. First of all, it provides an overview of language ideology as a field of study. Following, it presents a discussion of language ideology in language policy and planning as well as language teaching. Subsequently, the article presents an overview of how language ideology may be used in research methodology as a conceptual framework to analyze issues related to language in education providing examples of how these concepts have been applied by different authors including this article‘s author. The article concludes that the notions presented may be powerful tools to be applied with caution as biases derived from our own positioning of members of a nation or a linguistic group may affect how we approach phenomena related to language and ideology. Key Words: language policy, language education language teaching, language ideology Key Words: language policy, language education language teaching, language ideology LA IDEOLOGÍA LINGÜÍSTICA COMO MARCO CONCEPTUAL PARA ANALIZAR TEMAS RELACIONADOS A LA EDUCACIÓN Y LAS POLÍTICAS LINGÜÍSTICAS Resumen Este artículo aborda la manera en que las nociones de ideología o ideologías lingüísticas pueden ser usadas como herramientas analíticas para examinar temas relacionados a la educación y a las políticas lingüísticas. Primeramente, presenta una visión general de la ideología lingüística como campo de estudio. -
The Contribution of John Rupert Firth to the History of Linguistics and the Rejection of the Phoneme Theory Angela Senis
The contribution of John Rupert Firth to the history of linguistics and the rejection of the phoneme theory Angela Senis To cite this version: Angela Senis. The contribution of John Rupert Firth to the history of linguistics and the rejection of the phoneme theory. ConSOLE XXIII (23rd Conference of the Student Organization of Linguistics in Europe), SOLE, Jan 2015, Paris, France. pp.273-293. hal-01515010 HAL Id: hal-01515010 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01515010 Submitted on 30 Apr 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The contribution of John Rupert Firth to the history of linguistics and the rejection of the phoneme theory. Angela Senis This article is meant to show how central Firth’s particular position towards the phoneme is, in terms of constitution of the concept of phonaesthesia as a direct answer to the flaws he denounced in the phoneme. The rejection of the phoneme theory then led to the constitution of a whole and coherent theory of language now known under the name Contextual theory of meaning or even Firthian linguistics. It has eventually resulted in the creation of an independent school of thinking, the London School of Linguistics that has influenced many generations of British linguists.