Herbaxylaredd

HERBAXYLAREDD Interdisciplinary exploitation of the federal Herbarium and Xylarium for tropical forest management Victor Deklerck (Royal Museum for Central Africa, Ghent University) – Samuel Van den Abeele (Meise Botanic Garden, Université libre de Bruxelles) – Adeline Fayolle (Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech) – Hans Beeckman (Royal Museum for Central Africa). Axis 3: Cultural, historical and scientific heritage Project BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD – Interdisciplinary exploitation of the federal Herbarium and Xylarium for tropical forest management NETWORK PROJECT HERBAXYLAREDD Interdisciplinary exploitation of the federal Herbarium and Xylarium for tropical forest management Contract - BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD FINAL REPORT Promoters and researchers: Hans Beeckman, Maaike De Ridder and Tom De Mil (Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium) Steven Janssens and Samuel Vanden Abeele (Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Adeline Fayolle, Dakis-Yaoba Ouédraogo, Julie Aleman and Anaïs Gorel (Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium) Joris Van Acker, Jan Van den Bulcke and Victor Deklerck (Ghent Univeristy, St. Pietersnieuwstraat 33, 9000 Gent, Belgium)) Jean-Pierre Mweru Mate and Bhély Angoboy Ilondea (École régionale post-universitaire d‟aménagement et de gestion intégrés des forêts et territoires tropicaux, Campus UNIKIN, BP 15373 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo) Edgard Espinoza (U.S. National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Lab, 1490 East Main Street, Ashland Oregon 97520-1310, U.S.A.) Authors: Victor Deklerck (Royal Museum for Central Africa, Ghent University) Samuel Vanden Abeele (Meise Botanic Garden, Université libre de Bruxelles) Adeline Fayolle (Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech) Hans Beeckman (Royal Museum for Central Africa) BRAIN-be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 2 Project BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD – Interdisciplinary exploitation of the federal Herbarium and Xylarium for tropical forest management Published in 2020 by the Belgian Science Policy Office WTCIII Simon Bolivarlaan 30 Boulevard Simon Bolivar B-1000 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 (0)2 238 34 11 - Fax: +32 (0)2 230 59 12 http://www.belspo.be http://www.belspo.be/brain-be Contact person: Maaike Vancauwenberghe Tel: +32 (0)2 238 36 78 Neither the Belgian Science Policy Office nor any person acting on behalf of the Belgian Science Policy Office is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The authors are responsible for the content. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without indicating the reference : Deklerck V., Van den Abeele S., Fayolle A., Beeckman H. HERBAXYLAREDD: Interdisciplinary exploitation of the Federal Herbarium and Xylarium for tropical forest management. Final Report. Brussels : Belgian Science Policy Office 2020 – 122p. (BRAIN-be - (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks)) BRAIN-be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 3 Project BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD – Interdisciplinary exploitation of the federal Herbarium and Xylarium for tropical forest management TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 6 CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 KEYWORDS ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 1. INTRODUCTION 7 2. STATE OF THE ART AND OBJECTIVES 9 3. METHODOLOGY 13 3.0 RESEARCH MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................................ 13 3.1 LINKING THE TERVUREN XYLARIUM AND THE MEISE HERBARIUM ..................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Validation of the botanical identity 15 3.2 MEASUREMENT OF PLANT AND WOOD TRAITS ................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1 Leaf, seed and whole tree traits 16 3.2.2 Genetic analysis 18 3.2.3 Wood biological traits 21 3.2.4 Wood technological traits 22 3.2.5 Metabolites in wood 32 3.3 DISTRIBUTION MAPPING ..................................................................................................................................... 34 3.4 FUNCTIONAL STRATEGY ..................................................................................................................................... 36 3.4.1 Functional traits co-variation 36 3.4.2 Functional traits and growth 37 3.4.3 Functional traits and species distribution 39 3.5 WOOD TECHNOLOGY OF LESSER USED SPECIES .............................................................................................. 39 3.5.1 Paradoxical species 39 3.5.2 High-value species for trade 40 3.5.3 Species for bio-energy 40 3.6 IDENTIFICATION KEYS/ATLASES ......................................................................................................................... 41 3.6.1 Visual keys 41 3.6.2 Atlases with complete trait information 41 4. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43 4.1 LINKING THE TERVUREN XYLARIUM AND THE MEISE HERBARIUM ..................................................................... 43 4.1.1 More reliable reference collections made available (Vanden Abeele et al., in prep.) 43 4.1.2 Botanical field identifications need additional verification (Janssens et al., in prep.) 47 4.2 MEASUREMENTS OF PLANT AND WOOD TRAITS ................................................................................................. 51 4.2.1 Leaf, seed and whole tree traits 51 4.2.2 Genetic analysis 58 4.2.3 Wood biological traits 65 4.2.4 Wood technological traits 73 BRAIN-be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 4 Project BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD – Interdisciplinary exploitation of the federal Herbarium and Xylarium for tropical forest management 4.2.5 Chemical fingerprinting of wood allows for identification and gives towards geographical provenance 82 4.3 DISTRIBUTION MAPPING ..................................................................................................................................... 95 4.3.1 Niche evolution within Erytrophleum (Gorel et al., 2019a) 95 4.3.2 The extent of forest and savanna distribution 97 4.3.3 Distribution maps of Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Prioria balsamifera and Staudtia kamurensis 99 4.4 FUNCTIONAL STRATEGY ................................................................................................................................... 100 4.4.1 Trait evolution within the Erythrophleum genus 100 4.4.2 Functional strategy and growth 102 4.4.3 Reproductive traits and phenology 103 4.5 WOOD TECHNOLOGY OF LESSER USED SPECIES ............................................................................................ 105 4.6 IDENTIFICATION KEYS/ATLASES ....................................................................................................................... 105 4.6.1 Visual keys 105 4.6.2 Atlases with complete trait information 106 4.7 FUTURE RESEARCH ............................................................................................................................................ 107 5. DISSEMINATION AND VALORISATION 108 6. PUBLICATIONS 111 6.1 PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 111 6.2 MANUSCRIPTS IN PRESS, REVIEW, SUBMITTED OR PREPARATION ....................................................................... 113 6.3 DOCTORAL THESIS ............................................................................................................................................. 114 6.4 MASTER THESIS ................................................................................................................................................. 114 6.5 REPORTS, GUIDES AND BOOKS ........................................................................................................................... 115 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 116 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 122 BRAIN-be (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks) 5 Project BR/143/A3/HERBAXYLAREDD – Interdisciplinary exploitation of the federal Herbarium and Xylarium for tropical forest management ABSTRACT Context The Tervuren xylarium and the Meise herbarium are part of the Belgian scientific heritage. They include botanical collections from Central-Africa resulting of more than one century of fieldwork. They constitute by far the most important reference collections for Central-African plants. The actual scientific focus of the Tervuren xylarium is forest ecology and management, whereas for the Meise herbarium it is taxonomy and phylogeny. In de last decade, the demand for scientific support of policy actions in the domains of climate changes and illegal timber trade has been substantially rising.

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