City University of New York – Graduate Center. Spring 2018.
PH.D. PROGRAM IN HISTORY and M.A in Middle Eastern Studies at the CUNY Middle East and Middle East American Center (MEMEAC). Room:.
Course Number: Hist. 88110/MES 73500 Mondays: 6:30 – 8:30 PM.
Course Teacher: Simon Davis, [email protected]
Office Phone: (718) 289 5677.
Modern Imperialism and the Making of the Modern Middle East.
This course surveys how interaction with increasingly influential foreign interests, and responses to them, both assimilative and resistant, shaped leading currents in Middle Eastern experience from the late eighteenth century onwards. Themes include imperialism in historical interpretation, perceptions and framings of the region, forms of political, economic, cultural and social change, and in Middle Eastern intra-regional, international and global relations. Each session will feature a discussion on a theme preceded by suggested readings from course texts, related published documents, and specialized scholarly journal articles assigned for discussions on each topic. Students will each complete a research essay chosen from a number of given titles and reading lists, a number of smaller critical exercises and a final examination.
Course texts: The following are suggested as empirical companion-primers. Each has its own style and emphases.
Cleveland, William, A History of the Modern Middle East, (Boulder, CO; Westview, 2008). Topically wide-ranging, touches usefully on most relevant topics, but is a little woolly on evidentiary specifics, despite its length. [ISBN – 13 9780813340487]
Gelvin, James, The Modern Middle East: A History. (Oxford; Oxford U.P., 2008). Accessible, concise, breezy introduction to most principal discussion points, but colloquial, beyond academic limits of acceptability at times. [ISBN- 13 0195167894]
Hardy, Roger, The Poisoned Well: Empire and Its Legacy in the Middle East, (Oxford; Oxford U. P., 2016). Journalistic, narrative rather than theoretical but critical and vivid. A useful impressionistic companion to deeper explorations. [ISBN- 9780190623203]
Our ten discussion topics will be:
1. The ‘New’ Imperialism and Historical Understanding: Theory, Literature and Debates.
Preparatory Readings: (via JSTOR unless otherwise noted)
Dueck, Jennifer, ‘The Middle East and North Africa in the Imperial and Post-Colonial Historiography of France’, Historical Journal, 50, 4 (2007).
Lenin, Vladimir I., Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism, (1917) http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1916lenin-imperialism.html
Gallagher, John and Robinson, Ronald, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade,’ Economic History Review, 6, 1 (1953).
Chakravorty Spivak, Gayatri, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ in Nelson, Cary and Grossberg, Laurence, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture,, (London; Macmillan, 1988), via http://www.maldura.unipd.it/dllags/docentianglo/materiali_oboe_lm/2581_001.pdf 2. Inventing the Middle East: Culture, Commerce, Geopolitics and Imperialist Categorizations of the Region.
Preparatory Readings:
Khalil, Osamah F. ‘The Crossroads of the World: U.S. and British Foreign Policy Doctrines and the Construct of the Middle East, 1902-2007.’ Diplomatic History 38.2 (2014).
Mills, Amy, ‘Critical Place Studies and Middle East Histories: Power, Politics, and Social Change,’ History Compass, 10, 10 (2012):
Ze’evi, Dror, ‘Back to Napoleon? Thoughts on the Beginning of the Modern Era in the Middle East,’ Mediterranean Historical Review, 19, 1 (2004). (Via ebscohost.com)
Deringil, Selim, " 'They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery': The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 45, 2 (2003).
3. Exchange Across Oriental Frontiers: Movement, Materialization and the Transformation of Imperial Relationships, 1789-1914.
Preparatory Readings:
Barak, On, ‘Outsourcing: Energy and Empire in the Age of Coal, 1820–1911,’ International Journal of Middle East Studies, 47, 3 (2015).
Cain, P. J., ‘Character and Imperialism: The British Financial Administration of Egypt, 1878-1914.’ Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History, 34, 2 (2006).
Cronin, Stephanie, ‘Importing Modernity: European Military Missions to Qajar Iran,’ Comparative Studies in Society & History, 50.1, (2008).
Hunter, F. Robert, ‘Tourism and Empire: The Thomas Cook & Son Enterprise on the Nile, 1868-1914,’ Middle Eastern Studies, 40.5, (2004).
4. The First World War as Formative Threshold of the Contemporary Middle East.
Preparatory Readings:
Aksakal, Mustafa, ‘Holy War Made in Germany? Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad’, War in History, 18, 2 (2011). (via EBSCO host).
Burman, John, ‘British Strategic Interests Versus Ottoman Sovereign Rights: New Perspectives on the Aqaba Crisis, 1906,’ Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 37, 2 (2009).
Johnson, Robert, ‘The De Bunsen Committee and a Revision of the ‘Conspiracy’ of Sykes–Picot,’ Middle Eastern Studies, 54, 4, (2018).
Rosen, Jacob. ‘Captain Reginald Hall and the Balfour Declaration’. Middle Eastern Studies 24, 1 (1988).
5. The Colonialist Moment and Its Discontents; Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, 1918-1941.
Preparatory Readings:
Berridge, W.J., ‘Imperialist and Nationalist Voices in the Struggle for Egyptian Independence, 1919-22,’ Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History, 42.3 (2014): Darwin, John. "An Undeclared Empire: The British in the Middle East, 1918-39,” Journal Imperial and Commonwealth History 27, 2 (May 1999).
Satia, Priya, ‘Developing Iraq: Britain, India and the Redemption of Empire and Technology in the First World War’, Past & Present, 197, (2007). (via Project Muse).
Thomas, Martin, ‘French Intelligence-Gathering in the Syrian Mandate, 1920-40,’ Middle Eastern Studies 38, 1 (2002).
6. Oil and ‘Corporatist’ Modes of Empire; the Persian Gulf and Global Integration, 1901-1990.
Preparatory Readings:
DeNovo, John, ‘The Movement for an Aggressive American Oil Policy Abroad, American Historical Review, 61, 4 (1956).
Jones, Toby, ‘America, Oil, and War in the Middle East,’ Journal of American History, 99, 1 (2012).
Painter, David, ‘Oil and the Marshall Plan,’ Business History Review, 58, 3 (1984).
Vitalis, Robert, ‘Black Gold, White Crude: An Essay on American Exceptionalism, Hierarchy, and Hegemony in the Gulf,’ Diplomatic History, 26, 2 (2002).
7. Zionism and Its Consequences in Colonialist and Post-Colonialist Context, 1918-1993.
Preparatory Readings:
Aaronsohn, Ran, ‘Settlement in Eretz Israel —A Colonialist Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography,’ Israel Studies, 1, 2 (1996).
Lloyd, David, ‘Settler Colonialism and the State of Exception: The Example of Palestine/Israel,’ Settler Colonial Studies, 2, 1 (2012).
Roberts, Nicholas H., ‘Re-Remembering the Mandate: Historiographical Debates and Revisionist History in the Study of Palestine,’ History Compass, 9, 3 (2011).
Reuveny, R, ‘Fundamentalist Colonialism: The Geopolitics of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,’ Political Geography, 22, (2003).
8. ‘Contested Space’: the Second World War and its Implications – Britain’s ‘Decline Revival and Fall’, Nationalist Horizons and Superpower Rivalry, 1938-1971.
Preparatory Readings:
Davis, Simon, ‘The Persian Gulf in the 1940s and the Question of an Anglo-American Middle East’, History, 314, 1 (2010).
Franzén, Johan, ‘Losing Hearts and Minds in Iraq: Britain, Cold War Propaganda and the Challenge of Communism, 1945-58,’ Historical Research, 83, 222, (2010).
Holt, Maria, ‘Memories of Arabia and Empire: An Oral History of the British in Aden,’ Contemporary British History, 18, 4, (2004). Orkaby, Asher, ‘The Yemeni Civil War: The Final British–Egyptian Imperial Battleground,’ Middle Eastern Studies, 51, 2, (2015).
9. ‘Pax Americana?’ Liberal Internationalism and Reciprocal Neo-Dependency in the Post-War Middle East, 1941-1991.
Preparatory Readings:
Chamberlin, Paul, ‘A World Restored: Religion, Counterrevolution, and the Search for Order in the Middle East,’ Diplomatic History, 32, 3 (2008).
Little, Douglas, ‘A Puppet in Search of a Puppeteer? The United States, King Hussein, and Jordan, 1953- 1970’, International History Review, 17, 3 (1995).
Makdisi, Ussama, ‘After Said: The Limits and Possibilities of a Critical Scholarship of U.S.-Arab Relations.’ Diplomatic History, 38, 3 (2014).
Odom, William E., ‘The Cold War Origins of U.S. Central Command,’ Journal of Cold War Studies, 8, 2 (2006).
10. The Middle Eastern Encounter with Modern Imperialism: Scholarly, Structural and Ideological Legacies in the Era of Globalization.
Preparatory Readings:
Aydin, Cemil, ‘Beyond Civilization: Pan-Islamism, Pan-Asianism and the Revolt against the West,’ Journal of Modern European History, 4, 2 (2006).
Choueiri, Youssef M., ‘The Middle East: Colonialism, Islam and the Nation State,’ Journal of Contemporary History, 37, 4 (2002).
Cole, Juan and Kandioto, Deniz, ‘Nationalism and the Colonial Legacy in the Middle East and Central Asia: Introduction,’ International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34, 2 (2002).
Huntington, Samuel P., ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’ Foreign Affairs, 72, 3 (1993).
Learning Objectives: students will understand the main events, context, currents and debates on outside power and influence in the formation of the modern Middle East. They will write an academic paper of about 4000 words on a selected topic, producing an original analytical synthesis based on current leading scholarship. They will also evaluate and discuss the context and significance of selected primary documents in translation, developing this into an appreciation of historiographic methods and discourse, as they relate to the region. They will thereby establish a robust foundation for further higher degree studies.
Course Work and Assessment: Course marks will be compiled as follows: Term paper, 40%; final examination, 40%; course work 20%. The latter will be comprise attendance, contribution to class discussions and working atmosphere, and short document, article and book analyses in class.
Research Essays. Students must complete one, to be submitted no later than class session 13. The following twelve titles, with attached reading suggestions are recommended for students to choose from, although they may originate a title and sources of their own, by agreement with the course instructor. 1. How, why and with what consequences was the Middle East constructed as a geopolitical and cultural entity in the modern period?
Adelson, Roger, London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902-1922.
Behad, Ali Belated Travelers: Orientalism in the Age of Colonial Dissolution.
Blouet, Brian W. ‘The Imperial Vision of Halford Mackinder,’ The Geographical Journal, 170, 4 (2004).
Buheiry, Marwan R. The Formation and Perception of the Modern Arab World.
Davison, R. H. ‘Where is the Middle East?’ Foreign Affairs, 38, 4 (1960).
Collins, Paul and , Gertrude Bell and Iraq: A Life and Legacy.
Charles Tripp, (eds)
Hopwood, Derek Tales of Empire: The British in the Middle East, 1880-1952.
Hourani, Albert Western Attitudes towards Islam.
Khalil, Osamah, America's Dream Palace: Middle East Expertise and the Rise of the National Security State
Keddie, Nikki, ‘Is There a Middle East?’ International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4, 3 (1973).
Lewis, Bernard, Islam and the West.
Long, Andrew, Reading Arabia: British Orientalism in the Age of Mass Publication, 1880–1930.
Lockman, Zachary, Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism.
Mackenzie, John, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts.
Mitchell, Timothy, Colonizing Egypt.
Mills, Amy, ‘Critical Place Studies and Middle East Histories: Power, Politics, and Social Change,’ History Compass, 10, 10 (2012):
Netton, Ian Richard. Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage.
Said, Edward Orientalism.
Sharafuddin, M. Islam and Romantic Orientalism: Literary Encounters with the Orient.
Smith, G.C., ‘The Emergence of the Middle East,’ Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 3 (1968).
2. Assess the Challenges Faced by Middle Eastern Reformers and the Extent of Their Relative Success Up to 1918.
Ahmad, Feroz, The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics. Aksakal, Mustafa, The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War. Amanat, Abbas, Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah and the Iranian Monarchy, 1836-1896.
Bakhash, Shaul, Iran: Monarchy, Bureaucracy and Reform Under the Qajars, 1858-1896.
Barkey, Karen, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.
Cetinsaya, Gokhan, The Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890-1908.
Cuno, Kenneth, The Pasha’s Peasants: Land, Society, and Economy in Lower Egypt, 1740-1858.
Deringel, Selim, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909.
Fahmy, Khaled, All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army, and the Making of Modern Egypt.
Fortna, Benjamin C., Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire.
Hanioglu, M. Sükrü, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Hunter, F. Robert, Egypt Under the Khedives, 1805-1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy.
Kayali, Hasan, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918.
Makdisi, Ussama, The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon.
Mentzel, Peter, Transportation Technology and Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire, 1800-1923.
Martin, Vanessa, Islam and Modernism: The Iranian Revolution of 1906.
Owen, Roger, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800-1914.
Provence, Michael, The Last Ottoman Generation and the Making of the Modern Middle East.
Rogan, Eugene, The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East.
3. What motives and policies drew the European powers into Middle Eastern affairs and with what main consequences by the end of the First World War?
Al-Enazy, Askar H., The Creation of Saudi Arabia: Ibn Saud and British Imperial Policy, 1914-1927. Andrew, Christopher, The Climax of French Imperial Expansion, 1914-1924. and Kenya-Foster, A.S.,
Bobrof, Ronald, Roads to Glory: Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish Straits.
Brecher, F.W., ‘French Policy Toward the Levant 1914-1918’, Middle Eastern Studies, 29, 4 (1993).
Busch, Briton C., Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1894-1914. Fisher, John, Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle East, 1916-1919.
Fromkin, David A Peace to End All Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914-1922.
Gallagher, J., Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism. Robinson, R., and Denny, A. .
Johnson, Robert, The Great War and the Middle East: A Strategic Study.
Kalb, Judith E., Russia's Rome: Imperial Visions, Messianic Dreams, 1890-1940. Kent, Marian, (Ed.), The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire.
Idem., Moguls and Mandarins: Oil, Imperialism and the Middle East in British Foreign Policy, 1900-1914.
McKale, Donald, War By Revolution: Germany and Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War One.
McMurray, Jonathan, Distant Ties: Germany, the Ottoman Empire and the Construction of the Baghdad Railroad.
Matthew, William, ‘The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate, 1917–1923: British Imperialist Imperatives,’ British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 40, 3 (2013).
Meleady, Conor, ‘Negotiating the Caliphate: British Responses to Pan-Islamic appeals, 1914–1924,’ Middle Eastern Studies, 52, 2 (2016).
Paris, Timothy, Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule; the Sherifian Solution.
Onley, James, ‘Britain’s Informal Empire in the Gulf, 1820–1971,’ Journal of Social Affairs, 22, 87 (2005).
Siegel, Jennifer, Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia.
Satia, Priya, Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain's Covert Empire in the Middle East. Tibawi, A. L., Anglo-Arab Relations and the Question of Palestine, 1914-1921.
Westrate, Bruce, The Arab Bureau: British Policy in the Middle East, 1916-1920.
4. How did varying forms of imperialism, nationalism, and traditionalism try to reconstruct the Middle East between 1918 and 1948?
Baron, Beth, Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender and Politics.
Beinin, Joel and Workers on the Nile: Nationalism, Communism, Islam, and the Egyptian Working Lockman, Zachary Class, 1882- 1954.
Dodge, Toby, Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation Building and a History Denied. El-Eini, Roza, Mandated Landscape: British Rule in Palestine, 1929-1948.
Gershoni, Israel, and Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East. Jankowski, James (eds.),
Ghazal, Amal N., Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism: Expanding the Crescent from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (1880s-1930s).
Ghods, M. Reza, ‘Iranian Nationalism and Reza Shah’, Middle Eastern Studies, 27, 1 (1991).
Idem., ‘Government and Society in Iran, 1926-34’, Ibid. 27, 2 (1991) .
Katouzian, Homa, State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis.
Khalidi, Rashid, et al. (eds.) The Origins of Arab Nationalism.
Khoury, Philip, Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945.
Kostiner, Joseph, The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916-1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State.
Lia, Brynjar, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise Of an Islamic Mass Movement 1928-1942.
Long, Charles W.R., British Pro-Consuls in Egypt, 1914-1929: The Challenge of Nationalism.
Marsot, Afaf, Egypt’s Liberal Experiment: 1922-1936.
Mitchell, Richard P., The Society of the Muslim Brothers.
Shepherd, Naomi, Ploughing Sand: British Rule in Palestine, 1917-1948.
Simon, Reeva S. Iraq Between the Two World Wars: Creation and Implementation of a Nationalist Ideology.
Thompson, Elizabeth, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon.
Watenpaugh, Keith D., Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class.
5. To what comparative extent was the course of Zionism to 1952 a fulfillment of or a liberation from imperialist and colonialist projections?
Avineri, Shlomo, The Makings of Modern Zionism; Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State.
Heller, Joseph, The Birth of Israel, 1945-1949: Ben Gurion and His Critics.
Karsh, Ephraim, Fabricating Israeli History: ‘The New Historians’.
Kleman, Aaron (ed.) Zionist Evidence Before the Peel Commission, 1936-1937. Knox, Edward D. The Making of a New Eastern Question: British Palestine Policy and the Origins of Israel, 1917-1925.
Laqueur, Walter Z. A History of Zionism.
Morris, Benny, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Crisis Revisited.
Mann, Barbara, A Place in History: Modernism, Tel Aviv, and the Creation of Jewish Urban Space.
Naor, Arye, ‘Jabotinsky's New Jew: Concept and Models,’ Journal of Israeli History, 30, 2 (2011)..
Pappe, Ilan, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine.
Penkower, Monty N. The Emergence of Zionist Thought.
Piterberg, Gabriel, ‘The Zionist Colonization of Palestine in the Comparative Context of Settler Colonialism,’ in The Returns of Zionism: Myths, Politics and Scholarship in Israel. Roberts, Nicholas H., ‘Re-Remembering the Mandate: Historiographical Debates and Revisionist History in the Study of Palestine,’ History Compass, 9, 3 (2011).
Rogan, Eugene and The War For Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. Shlaim, Avi, (eds.)
Rodinson, Maxime, Israel: A Colonial Settler State?
Shamir, Ronen, Colonies of Law: Colonialism, Zionism, and Law in Early Mandate Palestine.
Shindler, Colin, The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right.
Shafir, Gershon Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914.
Shapira, Anita, Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948.
Sternhell, Ze’ev, The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State
Simons, Chaim Herzl to Eden: A Historical Survey of Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine, 1895- 1947.
Sufian, Sandra, Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Mandatory Palestine, 1920-1947.
Vital, David Zionism, the Formative Years.
Idem., Zionism, the Crucial Phase.
6. How were ideas of ‘an unselfish American policy’ juxtaposed with self-interest in United States approaches to the Middle East during and after the Second World War, and with what results?
Abrahamian, Ervand, ‘The 1953 Coup in Iran’, Science and Society, 65, 2 (2001). Bill, James The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations.
Burns, William, Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt, 1955-1981.
Citino, Nathan J. , Envisioning the Arab Future: Modernization in U.S.–Arab Relations, 1945– 1967.
Davis, Simon, Contested Space: Anglo-American Relations in the Persian Gulf, 1941-1947.
Doran, Michael, Ike's Gamble. America's Rise to Dominance in the Middle East.
Fain, W. Taylor, American Ascendance and British Retreat in the Persian Gulf Region.
Gaziorowski, Mark, The 1953 Coup D’État in Iran’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 19, 3 (1987).
Hahn, Peter, Crisis and Crossfire: The United States in the Middle East Since 1945.
Karlsson, Svante Oil and the World Order: American Foreign Oil Policy.
Khalil, Osamah, America's Dream Palace: Middle East Expertise and the Rise of the National Security State.
Little, Douglas, American Orientalism; the United States in the Middle East Since 1945.
Lucas, Scott, Divided We Stand; Britain, the United States and the Suez Crisis.
Petersen, Tore T., The Middle East Between the Great Powers: Anglo-American Conflict and Cooperation, 1952-7.
Schoenbaum, David, The United States and the State of Israel.
Stivers, William America’s Confrontation with Revolutionary Change in the Middle East.
Vitalis, Robert, When Capitalists Collide: Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt.
Idem., America’s Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier.
Yaqub, Salim, Imperfect Strangers: Americans, Arabs, and U.S.–Middle East Relations in the 1970s,
7. What were the main premises of national liberation under secular revolutionary Arab leaders and parties and what were the main challenges facing them under post-war regional and global circumstances?
Beattie, Kirk, Egypt During the Nasser Years: Ideology, Politics and Civil Society.
Davis, Eric, Memories of State: Politics, History and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq.
Dawisha, Adeed, Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Dodge, Toby and Iraq at the Crossroads: State and Society in the Shadow of Regime Simon, Steven (eds.) Change.
Gordon, Joel, Nasser: Hero of the Arab Nation.
Hinnebusch, Raymond, Syria: Revolution From Above.
Jankowski, James, Nasser’s Egypt, Arab Nationalism and the United Arab Republic.
Kienle, Eberhard, Ba’ath vs. Ba’ath: The Conflict Between Syria and Iraq.
Luciani, Giacomo, (ed.) The Arab State.
Makiya, Kanan, Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq.
Mayfield, James, Rural Politics in Nasser’s Egypt.
Mejcher, Helmut, et al. (eds.) The Struggle for a New Middle East in the 20th Century: Studies in Imperial Design and National Politics. Mufti, Malik, Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq.
Sluglett, Marion-Farouk, Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship. and Sluglett, Peter,
Springborg, Robert, Mubarak’s Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order.
Tripp, Charles, The Power and the People: Paths of Resistance in the Middle East.
Van Dam, Nikolaos, The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad and the Ba’ath Party.
Waterbury, John, The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes.
8. What formative influence did imperialist interventions and local reactions to them have on state building, development and revolutionary currents in Iran after 1890?
Abrahamian, Ervand Iran Between Two Revolutions.
Idem., The Iranian Mojahedin.
Amuzegar, Jahangir, Iran’s Economy Under The Islamic Republic.
Alvandi, Roham, Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War.
Ansari, Ali, Modern Iran: The Pahlavis and After.
Anwzegar, Jahangir The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis’ Triumph and Tragedy. Azimi, Fakhreddin, The Struggle for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule.
Bharier, Julian, Economic Development in Iran, 1900-1970.
Elm, Mostafa, Oil, Power and Principle; Iran’s Oil Nationalization and its Aftermath.
Farazmand, Ali The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reforms and Regime Politics.
Foran, John (ed.) A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran.
Hooglund, Eric, Land and Revolution in Iran, 1960-1980.
Katouzian, Homa Mussadiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran.
Keddie, Nikki Roots and Results of Revolution: An Interpretative History of Modern Iran.
Idem., Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891-92.
Milani, Moshen The Making of Iran’s Islamic Revolution: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic.
Rahnema, Said and Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State .
Schrab, Behdad
Shahnavaz, Shahbaz, Britain and Southwest Persia, 1880-1914: A Study in Imperialism and Economic Dependence.
9. How far was the collapse of the Lebanese State into Civil War after 1975 Determined by Historical Legacies of Imperial and Colonial Rule?
Abraham, A.J. The Lebanon War.
Corm, Georges, Géopolitique du Conflit Libanais: Étude Historique et Sociologique.
Choueri, Youssef (ed.), State and Society in Syria and Lebanon.
Cobban, Helena , The Making of Modern Lebanon.
Dueck, Jennifer, The Claims of Culture at Empire’s End: Syria and Lebanon Under French Rule.
Firro, Kais, Inventing Lebanon – Nationalism and the State under the Mandate.
Fisk, Robert, Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War.
Gendzier, Irene, Notes From the Minefield: United States Intervention in Lebanon and the Middle East, 1945-1958. Hamizrachi, Beate, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt: Major Saad Haddad and Ties with Israel.
Haugbolle, Sune, War and Memory in Lebanon.
Hanf, Theodor, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon: Decline of a State and Rise of a Nation.
Hiro, Dilip, Lebanon: Fire and Embers: a History of the Lebanese Civil War.
Khalaf, Samir, Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Communal Conflict.
Khazen Farid, Al- The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976.
Picard, Elizabeth, Lebanon: A Shattered Country: Myths and Realities of Wars in Lebanon.
Jansen, Michael, The Battle of Beirut: Why Israel Invaded Lebanon.
Salibi, Kamal, A House of Many Mansions: the History of Lebanon Reconsidered.
Traboulsi, Fawwaz, A History of Modern Lebanon.
Zamir, Meir, The Formation of Modern Lebanon.
10. ‘Wallowing in oil money and medieval stupor, a seed-bed for Islamic fundamentalists’: how far is this a meaningful summation of how Arabian Peninsula was left by the final withdrawal of British presence by 1971?
Allen, Calvin H. and Oman Under Qaboos: From Coup to Constitution, 1970-1996. Rigsbee, Lynn,
Bismarck, Helene von, British Policy in the Persian Gulf, 1961–1968: Conceptions of Informal Empire.
Carapico, Sheila, Civil Society in Yemen: the Political Economy of Activism in Modern Arabia.
Crystal, Jill, Oil and Politics in the Gulf; Merchants and Rulers in Kuwait and Qatar.
Dresch, Paul, A History of Modern Yemen.
Dietrich, Christopher, Oil Revolution: Anticolonial Elites, Sovereign Rights, and the Economic Culture of Decolonization.
Gause, F. Gregory, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States. Hinchcliffe, Peter, Without Glory in Arabia: The British Retreat from Aden John T. Ducker, and Maria Holt.
Kedourie, Sylvia (ed.), Special Edition, ‘From Aden to Abu Dhabi – Britain and State Formation in Arabia, 1962-1971, Middle Eastern Studies, 53, 1 (2017).
Joyce, Miriam, Ruling Shaikhs and Her Majesty’s Government, 1960-1969.
Kechichian, Joseph, ‘The Role of the ‘Ulama in the Politics of an Islamic State: the Case of Saudi Arabia’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 18, 1 (1996).
Longva, Anh Nga, Walls Built on Sand: Migration, Exclusion and Society in Kuwait.
Mawby, Spencer, British Policy in Aden and the Protectorates 1955-67: Last Outpost of a Middle East Empire.
Rasheed, Madawi, Al-, A History of Saudi Arabia.
Idem. (ed.), Transnational Connections and the Arab Gulf.
Rabi, Uzi, The Emergence Of States In A Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'id Bin Taymur, 1932-1970.
Smith, Simon C., Britain’s Revival and Fall in the Persian Gulf: Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States, 1951-71.
Zahlan, Rosemary, The Making of the Modern Gulf States.
11. What are the main ideological currents contesting the post-colonial Middle East and with what main implications?
Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic.
Ahmed, Leila, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.
Ayubi, Nazih, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World.
Burke, Edmund, and Struggle and Survival in the Middle East. Yaghoubian, David, (eds.),
Doumato, Eleanor, et al. (eds.) Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East: Gender, Economy, and Society.
Enderlin, Charles, Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East.
Henry, Clement, M. and Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. Springborg, Robert, Horowitz, Dan, and Israel in Trouble in Utopia: The Overburdened Polity of Israel, Lissak, Moshe,
Kepel, Gilles, Beyond Terror and Martyrdom: the Future of the Middle East.
Kienle, Eberhard, A Grand Delusion: Democracy and Economic Reform in Egypt.
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