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PNABF455.Pdf 4 ~~~ ~g 7 7; t.-t * 'N The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics is a nonprofit scientific educational institute receiving support from donors through the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Donors to ICRISAT include governments and agencies of Australia, Pelgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, India, Italy. Japan, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, People's Republic of China, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America, and the following international and private organizations: Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, Asian Develop­ ment Bank. International Development Research Centre. International Fertilizer Development Center, International Fund for Agricultural Development, The European Economic Community, The Ford Foundation. The Leverhulme Trust, The Opec Fund for International Development, The Population Council, The Rockefeller Foundation, The World Bank, and the United Nations I)eveiopment Pro­ gramme. Information and conclusions in this publication do not necessarily reflect the position of the aforementioned gowernments, agencies, and international and private organizations. Cover: AutonatKi tieatherstationat ICR ISA T Sahelian Center,Niani'. Niger(top) andgeneral view of a drought-stress experiment emploving the line-source sprinkler irrigation technique (bottom) at ICR ISA T Center, India. Agrometeorology of Groundnut Proceedings of an International Symposium ICRISAT Sahelian Center Niamey, Niger 21-26 August 1985 Sponsored by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) USAID Title XII Collaborative Research Support Program on Peanuts (Peanut CRSP) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) $ International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India 1986 Correct citation: ICRISAT (International Crops Research Insitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1986. Agrometeorology ofgroundnut. Proceedings of an International Symposium, 21-26 Aug 1985, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. Symposium Coordinator M.V.K. Sivakumar Scientific Editors M..K. Sivakumar and S.M. Virmani PublicationEditor S.R. Beckerman Technical Reviewers E.T. Kanemasu D. Rijks The opinions in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of ICRISAT. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICRISAT concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of or discrimination against any product by the Institute. ISBN 92-9066-112-7 Contents Foreword C.R. Jackson vii Opening Session Welcoming Addresses International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics L.D. Swindale 3 Ouverture officielle du Symposium Son Excellence Monsieur Illa Maikassoua 5 World Meteorological Organization D. Rijks 7 Food and Agriculture Organization M. Fr~re 9 Institut national de recherches agronomiques du Niger Daouda Toukoua 11 Agrometeorology of Groundnut in the Semi-Arid Tropics: Need, Relevance, and Objectives of the Symposium S.M. Virmani 13 Groundnut: The Unpredictable Legume? Production Constraints and Research Needs D.G. Cummins 17 Agrometeorological Research in Developing Strategies for Improved Food Production E.T. Kanemasu 23 Discussion 31 Session I: Global Groundnut Production Agroclimatological Characteristics of the Groundnut-Growing Regions in the Semi-Arid Tropics S.M. Virmani and Piara Singh 35 Biological Constraints to Increased Groundnut Production in the Semi-Arid Tropics R.W. Gibbons 47 Discussion 63 Session II: Water Relations of Groundnut Alimentation en eau de l'arachide en zone tropicale semi-aride C. Dancette et F. Forest 69 Studies on Water Relations of Groundnut M.V.K. Sivakumar and P.S. Sarma 83 Responses of Groundnut Genotypes to Drought J.H. Williams, R.C. Nageswara Rao, R. Matthews, and D. Harris 99 Discussion 107 Session III: Climatic Requirements of Groundnut Agroclimatological Factors Affecting Phenology of groundnut C.K. Ong 115 Creation variitale d'arachide adapt~e aux contraintes pluviom~triques des zones semi-arides J-L.B. Khalfaoui et D. Annerose 127 Physiological Response of Groundnut to Temperature and Water Deficits-Breeding Implications D.L. Ketring 135 Discussion 145 Session IV: Climate and Groundnut Production Aflatoxine, rosette et rouille de l'arachide Enviionnement climatique propice Aileur presence et d~veloppement C. Picasso 151 Incidence of Aflatoxin in Groundnits as Influenced by Seasonal Changes in Environmental Conditions-A Review R. E. Pettit 163 Insect Damage to Groundnut in Semi-Arid Tropical Africa P.E. Lynch, A.P. Ouedrago, and I. Dicko 175 Role of Agrometeorological Factors in Postharvest Quality of Groundnuts T.H. Sanders, P.D. Blankenship, R.J. Cnle, and J.S. Smith 185 Cropping Systems with Groundnut: Resource Use and Productivity R.W. Willey, M. Natarajan, M.S. Reddy, and M.R. Rao 193 Discussion 207 Session V: Applications to Groundnut Cultivaton Weather-sensitive Agricultural Operation, in Groundnut Production: The Nigeriar. Situation J.Y. Yayock and J.J. Owonubi 213 Le suivi agrom~t6orologique op6rationnel des cultures pour la prevision des r&oltes M. Frire 227 Disease-Forecasting Method for Groundnut Leaf Spot Diseases D.H. Smith 239 Modeling Growth and Yield of Groundnut K.J. Boote, J.W. Jones, J.W. Mishoe, and G.G. Wilkerson 243 Discussion 255 Index of Meteorological Parameters for Agrometeorological Information D. Rijks 257 Plenary Session Summaries and Recommendations 261 Report of Planning Meetings J.S. Kanwar 267 Report on the Pre-Symposium Training Workshop M.V.K. Sivakumar 271 Appendix 1 273 Appendix 2 274 Appendix 3 276 Appendix 4 277 Participants 278 "U Foreword Groundnut is an important crop that can supply oil and protein to the peoples of Africa and give additional cash income to bolster the meager personal incomes of farmers. In the recent past groundnut was a crop of preeminence in the semi-arid tropics of Africa. Repetitive drought and diseases have reduced the farmers' ability to produce reliable and profitable yields; aflatoxin and other quality factors have made Africa's crop less attractive on the World market. A resurgence of groundnut production is needed and this was clearly the basis for the International Symposium on Agrometeorology of Groundnut. Because weather­ related factors were involved in the reduction of the groundnut crop, it is vital that research renew the crop's vigor based on a clear understanding of climatological settings where success may be achieved. Our knowledge has attained a level that will pcrmit us to develop methods and models of groundnut that have strong predictive value. It is now our task to use all of our knowledge of climate, water relationships, and soils in concert with other necessary research disciplines to discover new ways for successful groundnut culture. This symposium, involving as it did many disciplines, was an important event for Africa. I hope these proceedings will be of help to both researchers and agricultural planners throughout the semi-arid tropics. C.R. Jackson Director, ICRISAT Sahelian Center and West Africa Programs vii Opening Session Chairman: B. Coly Rapporteur: M.C. Klaij Co-chairman: M. Boulama Welcoming Addresses L.D. Swindale International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics I extend to you my welcome to this International Symposium on the Agrometeorol­ ogy of Groundnut on behalf of ICRISAT and all the technical sponsors who have organized this meeting and brought this enlightened group together. The government of Niger will itself extend an official welcome at the conclusion of my address. I wish to congratulate the sponsors on what has obviously been a well-organized and a well-arranged meeting. The response from the participants isvery encouraging. I would also like to thank the local organizers, local ICRISAT, INRAN, and AGRHYMET staff for the arrangements that they have made to ensure the success of this conference. This is a very important occasion for ICRISAT because it is the first time that we have been significantly involved in developing an international scientific conference here in Niger. Previously we have had internal ICRISAT meetings to which some people from outside ICRISAT have been invited, and we have also been responsible for helping to organize regional meetings here in the Sahelian region. But this isthe first time we have had the responsibility to help assemble people from all parts of the world to discuss an interesting subject that isrelevant to all parts of the world and particularly to the Sahelian region. This is the first time, but ccrtainiy not the last, because when the ICRISAT Sahelian Center isfully developed, I expect that we will be able to have international meetings of this caliber, probably once a year. And I hope, Mr. Minister, that you will find it an interesting prospect that Niamey will become the Mecca for international scientific meetings concentrating particularly on agricultural problems of the Sahelian region. As you well know, groundnut is a very important crop and I will not enlarge upon it's importance as it will be discussed by many of you over the next few days. It is one of ICRISAT's
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