Prayer for the Dead from Ambrose to Gregory The

CEU eTD Collection

PRAYERFOR THE DEAD FROMAMBROSE TO GREGORY THE GREAT (THEOLOGY AND LITURGY) MA ThesisStudies inMedieval Central European University

Laszlo IllesLaszlo Kaulics May 2011 Budapest

CEU eTD Collection

PRAYER FORPRAYER TO DEAD FROM THE AMBROSE Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in Thesis submitted totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU of the ______of theMasterArts degree of in (THEOLOGY AND(THEOLOGY LITURGY) Chair, Examination CommitteeChair, Examination

Laszlo IllesLaszlo Kaulics Thesis Supervisor (Hungary) May 2011 Examiner Examiner Budapest by

Medieval Studies

GREGORY GREAT THE

CEU eTD Collection

PRAYER FORPRAYER GREGORY TO DEAD FROM GREAT THE AMBROSE THE Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in Thesis submitted totheDepartmentThesis submitted ofMedieval Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU of the ______of theMasterArts degree of Studies inMedieval (THEOLOGY AND(THEOLOGY LITURGY)

Laszlo IllesLaszlo Kaulics External Exam (Hungary) Budapest May2011 by

iner

Studies,

CEU eTD Collection

PRAYER FORPRAYER GREGORY TO DEAD FROM GREAT THE AMBROSE THE Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval ______of theMasterArts degree of Studies inMedieval (THEOLOGY AND(THEOLOGY LITURGY) ______External Supervisor Laszlo IllesLaszlo Kaulics

Supervisor (Hungary) Budapest May2011 by

CEU eTD Collection Budapest, 2011 May 23 an for education higher of institution other any to academic degree. form this in submitted the been of has part no thesis that declare also I copyright. institution‘s or person‘s any on infringes thesis and unidentified no that declare I bibliography. and notes in credited properly as information research external such my only on and based work, own my exclusively is thesis present the that herewith declare undersigned, the I,

Laszlo Illes Kaulics Illes Laszlo

illegitimate use was made of the work of others, and no part of the of part no and others, of work the of made was use illegitimate

candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies Medieval in degree MA the for candidate

______Signature

CEU eTD Collection myand to students. Special thanks family a teachers both from seminars thesis MA the at received I advice the and Rasson Judith Prof of corrections linguistic the workshops, thesis MA the at Perczel István Prof of remarks helpful and research, my supervised who Geréby, Greatly support. and advice Györgyfeedback, invaluable with me provided Prof to gratitude my express to wish I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS nd friends whosupported me during studies. my nd friends

appreciated were also the also were appreciated

CEU eTD Collection PRAYERSDEAD FOR THE CHAPTER TWO T TO FROMFOURTH THE PRAYERSDEAD FOR THE CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTI OFLIST ABBREVIATIONS OFLIST FIGURES 2.1. The sources 1.4. Grego 1.3. Peter Chrysologus 1.2. 1.1. Ambrose of Milan 2.1.3. Sacramentarium Veronense 2.1.2. defunctorum)2.1.1. Ordo agatur 49(Ordo in obsequium qualiter 1.4.4. Conclusion Interim1.4.3. Heaven,Hell and Place the and1.4.2. Supplications theoffering the Eucharist of 1.4.1. The riddle ofthe 1.2.6. Conclusion 1.2.5. The purifying fire 1.2.4. 1.2.3. The role of merits 1.2.2. The ofsalvation: Baptism primary condition 1.2.1. The sources 1.1.4. 1.1.3. Interim1.1.2. Heaven,the Hell, and State

AugustineHippo of

Prayers inpractice De Ualentiniani obitu De excessu Satyri Incipit demigrationeanimae ry the Greatry the ON

......

...... Dialogues

......

HE HE CENTURIESSIXTH ...... IN EARLYROMANLITUR AS RECORDEDIN LATIN

...... TABLE OFTABLE CONTENTS

...... in ......

...... MS. MS......

...... i ......

Phillipps 1667......

......

...... PATRISTIC SOURCES SOURCES PATRISTIC GIES ......

......

18 15 13 11 10 10 10 53 53 52 52 50 50 48 47 42 39 39 35 34 33 28 27 24 20

iii iv

CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX CONCLUSION 2.4. The theological contents Masses2.3. The for Structure theDeceased ofthe Funeral2.2. The Structure Rites ofthe 2.1.4. The

...... Commendatio Animae Commendatio

......

in the MS in the MS ......

...... ii

Vaticanus Reginensis Latinus 316Vaticanus Reginensis Latinus ......

......

82 73 68 63 62 58 56

CEU eTD Collection

Figure 1.

The structuretheThe funeral of rites L IST OFIST FIGURES iii

CEU eTD Collection Ver Vat SC: Ph O: NPNF: Nicene and Post MPL:Latina Migne Patrologia IGP:Inserted Gregorian FC: Fathers of Series theChurch DR: CSEL: ScriptorumEcclesiasticorum Corpus Latinorum LatinaCCSL: Series Christianorum Corpus : Ordo 49 (Ordo qualiter agatur in obsequium defunctorum) obsequium in agatur qualiter (Ordo 49 Ordo : : Incipit demigrationeanimae Sources Chrétienne Deus,(Commendatio apudquem Animae The Holy Bible, Douay Sacramentarium Veronense, 316. Ottob.

Lat. 312.

- s Passage NiceneFathers

– Rheims Version

LIST OFLIST ABBREVIATIONS

in MS. Verona,MS. Biblioteca Capitolare, 85.

MS. Berlin,MS. Deutsche

) iv

in MS. MS. in

Rome, VaticanRome, Library,Lat. Regin.

Staatsbibliothek,

in MS Rome, Vatican Library, VaticanRome, MS in

Phillipps 1667. Phillipps

CEU eTD Collection the by as For life. of justification to men all unto one, Rom.5:17 just.‖ made be of shall many one, of obedience justice the by also so the sinners; made were many man, by one of disobedience also so condemnation; to men offe the by as Therefore, Christ. Jesus one, through life in reign shall justice, of and gift, the of and ofgrace, abundance receive who morethey much one; through reigned death man'soffence oneby ―For if 15:21 Cor. made 1 alive.‖ Ch be shall all in also so die, all Adam in as And dead. the of resurrection the man a by and death, came man a by ―For http://www.academic Vulgata Sacra 2011); May 20 accessed 1899. quotations: English the for Bible me.‖ through except Father the approach can 2 1 summarizes thereason ma for the extremeby case baptism blood,i.e., martyrdom. of thr or water by baptism conventional through either initiated be could One previously. bodyChurch this of member becomea not had he if Eucharist the of offering sacrificial the or No dead. the for pre indispensable an became it Christ, to belonging one‘s of manifestation visible the is baptism As Christ. great thosea tolive struggling helpfor virtuouslife onearth. a constitutes heavenin souls the of intercession the similarly however, judgement, for waiting directions. both in effectively entity single a Sanctorum constitute life this of boundaries the beyond other the Christ counter

Col 1:18; Eph 1:22 Eph 1:18; Col ―Jesus saith to him: I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No man cometh to the Father, but by me. Nobody Nobody me. by but Father, the to cometh man No life. the and truth, the and way, the am I him: to saith ―Jesus http://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Douay 1 , of which the living and the dead the and living the which of , h floig ryr rm h sixth the from prayer following The Testamen New the of books The mutual a enables which ecclesiology, to tied closely is dead the for prayer The - cie eainhp ewe te iig n te ed Te hrh s h bd of body the is Church The dead. the and living the between relationship active - 19. –

, eds. Robert Weber and Roger Gryson, 5th ed. ed. 5th Gryson, Roger and Weber Robert eds. ,

which is united by the offering of the Eucharist and in which prayer works works prayer which in and Eucharist the of offering the by united is which - dead person could benefit from prayers of the of prayers from benefit could person dead - 23. - condition for salvation and consequently also for the efficacy of the prayers prayers the of efficacy the for also consequently and salvation for condition bible.com/start/wiss

For the Latin biblical quotations I use the 2007 edition of the Stuttgart Stuttgart the of edition 2007 the use I quotations biblical Latin the For

The The

king for thedead. supplications

The prayers of the living in a mysterious way can help the dead dead the help can way mysterious a in living the of prayers The - 22. Holy Bible, Douay Bible, Holy

- bibelausgaben/vulgata/ INTRODUCTION

Jn. 14:6: Jn 14:6: 14:6: Jn 14:6: Jn.

are also members also are ts 2

- Rheims rfs ta slain s ny osbe through possible only is salvation that profess 1

– - Rheims Version Rheims etr Vrn Scaetr succinctly Sacramentary Verona century - 1899

(last accessed 15 May2011) 15 accessed (last the use I Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2007. 2007. Bibelgesellschaft, Deutsche Stuttgart: -

American .

The pilgrim church on earth and earth on church pilgrim The . Baltimore: John Murphy Company, Company, Murphy John Baltimore: .

89 dto o te Douay the of edition 1899 living - Edition

members of the Church Church the of members - DRA – -

nce of one, unto all all unto one, of nce Bible/#books the

Vulgata: Vulgata: Communio – Rheims Rheims Biblia Biblia ough ough

(last (last rist rist CEU eTD Collection 4 (Rome, 1 1956) Sifrin P. L.Eizenhoefer, requiescat illius tui famuli anima ut placatus, ac propitius 3 andsins theirheaven. entrance into to wanted people living indicates,prayer this as Therefore, herself. or himself by it for eligible one be would no although people, some to salvation grants he way mysterious a in Therefore well. o his for pay to order in hell, to go everybodywould justice, do to onlywanted IfGod eternaldamnation. into one drives rather it reward, heavenly the receiving of possibility the away takes it consequently God, of betrayal Lawscontinue i.e.they s ofGod, people breaking the donotstop enter them although Paradise, of gates closed the opened and Abraham of Bosom to underworld the from just the of souls the brought has He namely nature, human fallen the redeemed has resurrection and death incarnation, his by Christ However, underworld. the th consequenceof not.‖ sinneth who man no is ―there and sin to inclination an have people that agreed everybody Nevertheless, fall. the for responsible are persons individual the extent theologians Neverth patristic race. human spotless the morally the all The stained and it. history of course the changed for had parents first the of prepared sin the that acknowledged has God which heaven, the from

1Kings 8:46 1Kings quaesumus, presta, post mortem: uitae remedia tuis fidelibus contulisti qui deus, sempiterne Omnipotens of fall the Since is: behind rationale The yourthe share redemption. of in expiated already sins his that with repose should yours of servant this propitiously of soul the and graciously you, beseech we grant, death: after faithfuls the remedy conferred God,who O omnipotenthas o andeternal

–

. Even though this goal should engage every Christian‘s mind all through goalthis life,every all Christian‘s one‘s mind engage though should . Even Prayer 1138 in 1138 Prayer help those, who had already died by beseeching God for the forgiveness of their their of forgiveness the for God beseeching by died already had who those, help

e fall was the appearance of death, after which everybody‘s soul was sent to sent was soul everybody‘s which after death, appearanceof the was fall e Sacramentarium Veronense, Veronense, Sacramentarium

Sacramentarium Sacramentarium

r her sins. However, God is not only just, but merciful as merciful but just, only not is God However, sins. her r 3

Veronense Veronense 3

a peccatis omnibus expiata[m] in tuae redemptionis sorte redemptionis in tuae expiata[m] omnibus peccatis a eless it was a debated question; whether to what what to whether question; debated a was it eless Rerum ecclesiasticarum documenta, Series major. Fontes, major. Series documenta, Rerumecclesiasticarum 2 in MS. Verona, Biblioteca Capitolare, 85, ed Mohlberg, Mohlberg, ed 85, Capitolare, Biblioteca inVerona, MS.

Adam and Eve, humanity has been excluded excluded been has humanity Eve, and Adam inning. As sinning isanopen As inning. f life upon your f life upon 4 it

Another significant Another

is still not easy not still is

the

to CEU eTD Collection 169 2000) In Ages‖ Middle Early 6 deceased. the for prayers of efficacy the for arguments in the reference as a notappear it does as period Patristic the suchin 5 t is dead the for prayers Christian for evidence first The passage. above the of view dead‖ the of cult of form no has ―Judaism that assertion Douglas‘ Mary find cannot one the prayers historyThe of liturgical thetheological asattested for dead, in and sources the of army,Jewish bodiesof ordered thefallen the gathered tobe t inorder commander the Maccabeus, Judas Idumea, of governor the Gorgias against battle a after Hence, Palestine. of usurpers Hellenistic late the against brothers Maccabee the by led independe for fight nation‘s Jewish the It narrates in Judaism. texts apocryphal of level the Can Christian the into incorporated was which Maccabees, the centu second in present

Mary Douglas ―An Anthropology of Afterlife‖ cited in G. Constable, Constable, G. in cited Afterlife‖ of Anthropology ―An Douglas Mary d the for prayer a as 1:18 Tim. 2 take scholars Some This detailed account suggests account detailed This already was it since Christianity, of feature unique a not is dead the for prayer The classicus biblicallocus The dead,12: 40 thatthey loosedfrom may(2Macc. sins. be the for pray to thought wholesome and holy a therefore is It grace them. great for up had laid godliness, with asleep fallen had who the that considered he because And dead,) the for pray to vain and superfluous seemed have would it sl were that the the that hoped not had he concerning if (For resurrection, religiously and well thinking dead, the of sins the for offered of sins be to sacrifice Jerusalemfor silverto drachms of gathering, thousand twelve he the of because happened, had what eyes their before saw they as forasmuch sin, from themselves keep to people the exhorted Judas valiant most the But forgotten. be might committed just the betakingth blessed all they Then so And hidden. were that things the discovered Jews: had who Lord, the of judgment the forbiddeth law the which Jamnia, of idols the ofdonaries the of some slain the of coats the under theyfoundAnd -

195.

any further examples in either the Jewish or Christian Bible. Christian or Jewish the either in examples further any emselves to prayers, they besought him, that the sin which had been had which sin the that him, besought they prayers, to emselves al Mdea Rm ad h Crsin West Christian the and Rome Medieval Early

ry Jewish culture. There is a reference to its use in the First Book of Book First the in use its to reference a is There culture. Jewish ry

that it was not an isolated practice in Jewish Jewish in practice isolated an not was it that eceased Onesiphorus, however, this was not considered as considered not was this however, Onesiphorus, eceased hs ta wr san Ad aig a making And slain. were that those 3

―The , ed. Julia M. H. Smith, (Leiden: Brill, Brill, (Leiden: Smith, H. M. Julia ed. , - on of the Bible, but Bible, the of on 46.) Commemoration ain should rise again, again, rise should ain

o be buried 6

is too far too is

5 of the of

. Nevertheless,

- fetched in fetched

Dead stayed at stayed society;

omb in the the in nce nce

CEU eTD Collection Lukken, 9 8 39 1992) 7 the Gregory Pope and Ravenna, subject, the on consult I whom authors two other the on detected also be can impact His study. this from omitted be not could Hippo of Augustine his to due Italy, from sources on focus to decided have I Although topic. this with dealing treatises posterity left has who 313 after Christianity after their death. heaven, into entrance direct d rapidly Consequen the for prayer exclusiveness. old its lacking was Church the of morality the century fourth the of end the by persecutions, by strengthened was centuries three first the of Church m were Christians‖ ―newborn cases many In conversions. of quality the to detrimental also was which numbers, in Christianity second century. abou nothing Greek is the There Christendom. in of Thmuis part speaking of Serapion of Sacramentary the and Didascalia the Alexandria, Latin C of Cyprian of writings the in echoed was message same The ( century. third the of turn the from writings Tertullian‘s and inscriptions

oratio Tertullian, In the first centuries of Christianity only martyrs were believed go to heaven immediately after death: death: after immediately heaven to go believed were martyrs only Christianity of centuries first the In Heikki Kotila, Kotila, Heikki - speaking world, and in the works of Cyril of Jerusalem, Epiphanius of Salamis, Cyril ofCyril Salamis, of Epiphanius Jerusalem, of Cyrilof works the in and world, speaking ) and the Eucharist ( Eucharist the and ) hv coe t sat y eerh ih mrs, h frt ersnaie f Latin of representative first the Ambrose, with research my start to chosen have I of growth rapid the was 313 in Milan of Edict Constantine‘s of consequence One Original Sin in the Roman liturg Roman the in Sin Original - 40. ropped in the new tolerant age, tolerant new the in ropped De exhortatione castitatis exhortatione De

Memorai mortuorum:Commemoration of the Departed in Augustine Augustine in Departed the of mortuorum:Commemoration Memorai (sinfully

departed) dead became of great importance. The numbers of martyrs of numbers The importance. great of became dead departed) oblatio 9

hrfr te wr mr i ne o te ryr o te l the of prayers the of need in more were they therefore

11.1 Great. They are the only ecclesiastical authors from fifth from authors ecclesiastical only the are They Great. y ) are the two ways to help the deceased obtain salvation. obtain deceased the help to ways two the are )

(Leiden: Brill, 1973), (Leiden: Brill, - otivated by other factors than faith. Therefore, while the the while Therefore, faith. than factors other by otivated 2, cited in Kotila, ibid.,40. in Kotila, cited 2,

which also meant that fewer people were entitled to to entitled were people fewer that meant also which 4

unparalleled influence in Latin Christianity, Latin in influence unparalleled

96. i, oee, eoe h ed f the of end the before however, it, t

Peter

hyoou, erpltn of metropolitan Chrysologus, arthage and Arnobius in the the in Arnobius and arthage 7

He attests that prayerthat attests He ( Rome: Augustinianum, Augustinianum, l, the tly, iving G. M. M. G. – 8 -

CEU eTD Collection 10 towards mercy overflowing abundant, of concept the from move the that thinks He history. his/her sins,althoughgrave continued sins tobeconsidered irremissibl of weight and number the to an according suffered by one where followed fire, by death, purification after individual immediately soul each for judgement individual an of idea Peter Augustine, Ambrose, in reflected Chrysologus is theology This just. most the for even all, for clea be to more had they because others, than more th However, Pau a on based purgation fiery of notions some conceived was this Great the Gregory purged be to had first heaven, enter to them allowed and mercy had God whom upon however, Those,together. Christ of Seat Judgement the of front in stand together resurrection general the at bodies their receive departed The sanctorum‖. ―communio the judgement, and resurrection joint the event, communitarian a implied idea unti anguish or rest of sort some by characterised ―place‖ a in wait to thought were people Originally, centuries. seventh and fourth the between change radical a underwent also afterlife the about for purgatorial thelifting suffering. of supplications aspect, new completely a introduce Dialogues Gregory‘s salvation, one‘s and sins of forgiveness the for supplications as prayers the interpret authors three first the While dead. the for prayers to allusions find can one writings whose in Italy century sixth and

These are all the references from the secondary literature. secondary from the theall references are These Peter Brown has looked for the causes of this radical change in the field of political of field the in change radical this of causes the for looked has Brown Peter propag to theology Christian of history the in first the was Great the Gregory dev the with hand in Hand is this that note to important is It Judgment. Last the at decided be will fate their l ,

and sourceswell. liturgical as

purgation was purgation

still conceived of as communal as of conceived still

elopment of notions about the prayer for the dead, beliefs beliefs dead, the for prayer the about notions of elopment

as an amnesty an as

nsed from, it was still a compulsory event compulsory a still was it from, nsed ie mg o te felf i 1 in afterlife the of image line - like eve like . Although some people suffered suffered people some Although . of nt,

their remaining sins. Until Until sins. remaining their al e. though it mingled with mingled it though

and they and

Cor ate the the ate .

3. 3. 10

CEU eTD Collection 13 12 11 morts les pour prière scholarship. byjustified influenceLatin hisimmense inthe survi MS liturgical no Unfortunately, centuries. eighth to sixth the from Rome from originating sources four at look will I Therefore, dead. the for Masses and funerals of records actual the namely th of side theoretical the represent the Dialogues theGreat. ofGregory the for prayers propose L judgement. any individual communitarianwithout prior salvation act individual an than communal, a privat a had h that true creation‖ God‘s of level every transform to ability God‘s of symbol the not was 3 Cor 1 of fire purgative the Augustine for that true is It debatable. is shift this making in Gregory millennium. the where East, the in place take not did change a such that accident no fire, was it that believes cleansing He West. the in the power secular of weakening the in reflects purgation‖ of dose ―certain a prescribed or damnation of sentence ei which individual, the of trial juridical a of notion the to community, the

They contain not only theorizing, but some specific prayers and references to the rules of practi of rules the referencesto and specificprayers some but theorizing, not only Theycontain 55. ibid. Brown, Peter h ms toog rsac i ti fed a be un been has field this in research thorough most The statetheThe researchof thepresent purpose of work and mostly they invaluable, are subject the to contributions authors‘ four these Although

ved from North from ved e rather conceived it as a fire, c fire, a as it conceived rather e e responsibility. However, Brown seems to ignore that for Augustine for that ignore to seems Brown However, responsibility. e 11 The two fundamental studies are J. Ntedika‘s J. are studies fundamental two The The End of the Ancient Other the Ancient of End The

eetees hs rsnain f uutn a a ielgcl opno of companion ideological an as Augustine of presentation his Nevertheless, same as the as same

and D. Sicard‘s D. and

stopping - Africa, but still Augustine‘s comparison to the Roman liturgies is is liturgies Roman the to comparison Augustine‘s still but Africa,

―wise

of the pains pains the of e issue; e

fire‖ of Origen and Clement of Alexandria, which ―was a ―was which Alexandria, of Clement and Origen of fire‖

La liturgie de la mort dans l'église latine des origines a a origines des latine l'église dans mort la de liturgie La World

n ta h awy mitie te oin f a of notion the maintained always he that and leansing the sins of the of sins the leansing 13 , 53 ,

in one should not ignore the practical side either, side practical the ignore not should one - 6

speaking world.speaking

the cleansing fire, which play a crucial role in in role crucial a play which fire, cleansing the

Roman Empire survived for another another for survived Empire Roman L‟évocation de l‟au de L‟évocation

each person each ast but not least, butnot ast etkn n Francophone in dertaken

12 . oevr ti also is it Moreover, ther ended with a a with ended ther , for which for , - ce as well.as ce delà dans la la dans delà it he did not didnot he was more more was

one

CEU eTD Collection description ofthe theBosom Hell and ofAbraham. and dead the for prayer appeared ofthe prayers inthethemselves. text the on speculations the of part formed also they Consequently the of onthe structure thetheologicaldiscussions which primarily of motivated Testament, angle the New the in quotations scriptural of plethora a is there 12, Macc 2 in soldiers Jewish fallen the Latinindispensable, liturgical sources En into little of translation the for need a is there Moreover, context. historical proper their in dead the for prayer the on teachings writers‘ ecclesiastical the study liturgical the of exploration the besides thus, purgatory; of doctrine later the of light the in them analysing anachronistically, authors or disagree some points. on message, same the carry they whether see to and sources of types two the in themes common the of survey comparative on studies a of lack a is some there however, Augustine), (mostly subject are the of treatment authors‘ individual there Furthermore, subject. the of aspect liturgical the emphasises carolingienne. reforme la

The parable of the Rich Man and Poor and Man Rich the of parable The no are there though Even passages Crucial bible (theological) ecclesiastical Latin the approached have scholars many Moreover, after Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom: And he cried, and said: Father Father said: and cried, he And bosom: his in Lazarus and off, afar Abraham saw he torments, in was he when eyes his up lifting And hell. in buried was he into angels the by carried was and died, beggar the that pass, to came it And sores. his licked and came, named beggar, certain dogs the moreover him; give did one no and table, man's rich the a from fell that was there And who Lazarus, day. every sumptuously and linen; fine feasted and purple in clothed was who man, rich certain a was There - ie ad t fee a esetv t lo ars t O to afresh look to perspective a offered it and life, lay at his gate, full of sores, Desiring to be filled with the crumbs crumbs the with filled be to Desiringsores, of full gate, his at lay

hl te is co first the While

w fed. hrfr, h proe f hs td i t lo for look to is study this of purpose the Therefore, fields. two

bible Abraham's bosom. And the rich man also died: and died: also man rich the And bosom. Abraham's

passages on the prayer for the dead, except the story of of story the except dead, the for prayer the on passages - theological connections, in this paper this in connections, theological glish. ncentrates on the patristic sources, the second second the sources, patristic the on ncentrates

7 Lazarus in the Gospel of Luke gives a detailed a gives Luke of Gospel the in Lazarus

- nw, u fr hs subject this for but known, ld T saet et, too. texts, estament

I also intend to intend also I

CEU eTD Collection promisedtheChrist thief toenterwas theParadise,although baptised. he not since deceased, the for prayers of efficacy the for baptism of necessity the on discussions for thedoctrinePurgatory. of referenc biblical important most the became it Ages Middle High the in Finally, purgation. post on views novel his of basis the constituted it Great the Gregory for Then, atten Ambrose‘s The Lucan story of the Good Thief at the crucifixion of Jesus gave material for long long for material gave Jesus of crucifixion the at Thief Good the of story Lucan The on passage Pauline following The hc i li: hc i Crs Jss Nw i ay a bid pn this upon build man‘s man Every any stubble: if hay, shall it because it, declare Lordshall the of day the For wood, manifest. be shall work Now, stones, Jesus. precious Christ silver, gold, is foundation, b which lay, can laid: man is no foundation which other For thereupon. buildeth he how heed take man every let But thereon. buildeth another and foundation: the have laid I architect, wise a as me, to given is that God of grace the to According believe,risefrom ifone again the(Lk dead. 16:19 they will neither prophets, the and Moses not hear they If him: to said he And the from them to went one if but Abraham: father No, said: to he But said them. hear them Abraham let prophets; the And and Moses torments. have They him: of place this into come also they lest them, ho father's my to him send wouldst thou that thee, beseech I father, Then, said: he And hither. come thenceyou,from nor cannot,hence to from pass would theythat who so chaos: ar thou and comforted; is he now but And things, evil Lazareth flame. likewise and lifetime, this in tormented am I for thy in goodthings receive didst thou rememberthat Son, him: to Abrahamsaid tongue: my cool to water, in finger he that Lazarus, send and me, on mercy have Abraham, to thee, day this thousha same Isay Amen thy him: saidto into remember me when AndJesus kingdom. come thoushalt Lord, Jesus: to the said he And evil. under no done hath condemned man this but deeds; art thou justly, indeed seeing we And God, condemnation? fear thou dost Neither saying: him, rebuked answering, other the But us. and thyself save Christ, be thou If saying: him, blasphemed hanged, were who robbers those of one And a be shall receive himself he shall but loss: yetsaved, 3:10 soasby(1Cor fire. he suffer shall thereupon, he burn, built work hath mans any If he reward. which abide, work man‘s any fire.be in revealed t tormented. And besides all this, between us and you, there is fixed a great a fixed is there you, and us between this, all besides And tormented. t tion, but it was scrutinized more deeply in Augustine‘s Augustine‘s in deeply more scrutinized was it but tion,

And the fire shall try every man‘s work, of what sort it is. If is. it what ofsort work, every man‘s shalltry fire And the

s, o I ae ie rtrn Ta h my etf unto testify may he That brethren, five have I for use, lt bewith meinparadise.lt - 15) the purifying fire fire purifying the

our of reward due the receive we for

- (Lk 16:39 31) dead, they will do penance. do will they dead,

may dip the tip of his of tip the dip may was already the focus of of focus the already was - 43 )

e iiae Dei Civitate De t that ut - mortem f mortem iery iery e . CEU eTD Collection some writings, notablyit most also dead the of resurrection the on passage Pauline the Finally into the air, and so shall we be always with the Lord. Wherefore, comfort ye comfort one another(1Thess words. 4:12 withthese Wherefore, Lord. the with always be we shall so and air, the into Christ, meet to clouds alive, the in them are with together up who taken be shall left, we are who Then first. rise shall Christ, in of are who trumpet dead the the and with God: and archangel, an of voice the with and commandment, with heaven from down come shall himself Lord the For slept. have who them coming the unto remain who alive, are who we Jesus, through slept thatLord, the haveof word the youin unto saywe Forthis him. bringwith God will who them so even again; rose and died, Jesus that sorrowf not be you that asleep, are that them concerning brethren, ignorant, you have not will we And

wasAugustine‘s Sermon thetopic of 172. ul, even as others who have no hope. For if we believe we if For hope. no have who others as even ul, 9

- 17)

of the Lord, shall not prevent not shall Lord, the of appeared in the the in appeared

CEU eTD Collection 161 1953) Ambrose Wissenschaften der Akademie 17 protector. ofa need werein 16 22. 15 416 Church,1954), the Fathersof greetings‖ Faustinus, to Ambrose ―73. translation No. 82, Vol. CSEL, Faller, O. ed. arbitror commendandam domino eius animam oblationibus magis 14 is source earliest letter the in and homilies two in remarks passing few a only had a practical he that sorrow such felt own his had he before decades two as experience, personal a but theorizing only not was This loss. of feelings human than greater was mercy God‘s for hope his therefore and dead sorrow of sense any without person callous a were he if as Ep.49.), (aka correspondence Ambrose‘s of volume second the

The son of Eusebius, the bishop of Bol of bishop the Eusebius, of son The He withdrew from society and moved into a cave on a distant mountain while the orphans of his late sister sister late his of orphans the while mountain distant a on cave a into moved and society from withdrew He Itaque non tam deplorandam quam prosequendam orationibus reor nec maestificandam lacrimis tuis, sed sed tuis, lacrimis maestificandam nec reor orationibus prosequendam quam deplorandam tam non Itaque Ambrose of Milan, Milan, of Ambrose

PRAYERSDEAD FOR THE Ambrose did not devote a separate treatise to the prayer for the dead, rather dead, the for prayer the to treatise separate a devote not did Ambrose 1.1.1. Sources Faustinus, to advice this give not did Ambrose 1.1 the to soul her commend but tears, yourLord by with her for lament not should you that believe I prayer. with followed rather, but, mourned be not should she think I Funeral Orations, Funeral - brother. On the other hand, hand, other the On brother. 262. . Ambrose Mila of

side :

FROM THE FOURTH TO T TO FROMFOURTH THE On the Death of Satyrus, of Death the On

as well, to well, as e xes fars Satyri fratris excessu De prayers

trans. John J. Sullivan and Martin R. P. McGuire (New York: Fathers of t of Fathers York: (New McGuire R.P. Martin and Sullivan J. John trans. abdicated 15) 209 1955), , - . 419. , 14

but rather because he firmly believed in the resurrection of the of resurrection the in believed firmly he because rather but . (Vienna 1. change hisreckless behaviour.

AS RECORDED

ogna: C. Favez, Favez, C. ogna: his social responsibilities social his he he CHAPTER ONE - Ötrecice kdme e Wissenschaften der Akademie Österreichische : 325; English translation: Saint Gregory Nazianzen and Saint Saint and Nazianzen Gregory Saint translation: English 325; was not simply mourning his sister, but sister, his mourning simply not was , ed. ed. , 17 Letters,

10 th e sermon on his brother‘s de brother‘s his on sermon e . alr CE, o. 3 ( 73. Vol. CSEL, Faller, O.

HE HE CENTURIESSIXTH La consolation Latine Chrétienne Latine consolation La

trans. M. M. Beyenka, FC, Vol. 26. (New York: York: (New 26. Vol. FC, Beyenka, M. M. trans. IN LATIN PATRISTIC S PATRISTIC IN LATIN 15 . Ambrose of Milan, Milan, of Ambrose .

the addressee of the eighth letter in letter eighth the of addressee the

16 to Faustinus quoted above quoted Faustinus to

Therefore, Ambrose‘s advice Ambrose‘s Therefore, Epistulae Vienna: Österreichische Österreichische Vienna:

ath

(Paris: Vrin, 1937) 1937) Vrin, (Paris: ,

, 1968); English English 1968); ,

he apparently he OURCES OURCES dated to dated , lib. 2, epist.8., epist.8., 2, lib. had ,

he Church, Church, he he made made he to bury bury to . The The . 375 .

CEU eTD Collection 99. 21 20 19 Orations, Wissenschaften 18 bring the until Judgement Last the after even suffering generaleitherandrest sufferresurrection thewill until ofthepeople purification their for earth on suffered already have who those and saints the except Ps on homily Inhis contexts. different conflicting Hell onHeaven, views surprised be not should one Therefore, subjects. theological other or eschatology concerning either however, thinker, systematic a not was He writings. incorporate he and reader them preventing late few increasingly worldview. eschatological ― Valentinian Emperor sh scattered particularly becauserelation thedeceased, ofthe personal familial to contains tone close a II). (Book later days seven mass commemorative the at delivered sermon a and I) (Book sermon funeral the of combination a is work present The LetterFaustinus to

The idea of earthly punishment for sins appeared in Peter Chrysologus and Gregory the Great as well. as Great the Gregory and Chrysologus in Peter ofsinsappeared earthly for punishment idea The ofMilan, Ambrose Ambrose, Ambrose, Idem, wt it with s Ambrose use Ambrose though extensive, an on founded was afterlife an of hope Ambrose‘s 1.1.2

trans. Roy J. Defe trans.Roy J. e bt Ualentiniani obitu De Hom. in Ps 1 Ps in Hom. ort al ort . Heaven, Hell 15) 329 1955), ,

h Oieit ocp o uiesl avto ad mrs sek ee more even speaks Ambrose and salvation universal of concept Origenist the lusions to the prayers the to lusions from Letters, ,‖ s

, cited in Brian E. Daley Daley E. Brian in cited , dated tothe secondofdated 394 half the Pauline allegory of purifying fire (1Cor fire purifying of allegory Pauline the - II

rrari (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1953), 265 Church,1953), the of Fathers (NewYork: rrari fourth - edn Gek hooia tetss Aboe was Ambrose treatises. theological Greek reading ,

6; nls tasain Sit rgr Nzazn n Sit Ambrose Saint and Nazianzen Gregory Saint translation: English 367; trans. M. M. Beyenka, FC, Vol. 26. (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1954), 416. Church,1954), the (New of Fathers 26. York: FC, Vol. Beyenka, M. trans.M. 18

d , H

includes

ed. , and h tahns f i get re cneprre it hs own his into contemporaries Greek great his of teachings the ws Crsin ihp a ere eeee ad n o the - of one and exegete, learned a bishop, Christian a was e

century the . alr CE, o. 3 (Vienna 73. Vol. CSEL, Faller, O. ,

and the Interim Interim and the Interim on . ,

W 1 he suggests that almost every almost that suggests he 1 t e he second source, second he sen ihp wo a n lnusi problems linguistic no had who bishops estern eaae p separate The Hope of the Early Church Early the of Hope The 11 S tate

ir purification is purification ir S

tate. 19 aragraph.

contains the

hl t While a

homily homily by the variety of his sometimes sometimes his of variety the by

ial, h tid ore the source, third the Finally, e is bo, hc hs a has which book, first he : Österreichische Akademie der der Akademie Österreichische : - 302.

. complet quotation

then from 392 from 3:10 (Cambridge: CUP, 1991), 98 1991), CUP, (Cambridge:

one - be saved or continue continue savedbe or 15), though in very in though 15),

is bu is ed

well a cited above . 21 not systematic not on the death of of death the on rnt after death death after rnt

T his passage his - informed

. Funeral Funeral 20 .

The few - ,

CEU eTD Collection 27 1.3. chapter See: ofParadise. from the entrance haswhich removed Christ sword flaming the itas interprets an for even or longer or shorter a 26 for fire the in tested oftime. period everlasting be to has everyone that namely, passage, Pauline the 25 Church 24 23 sta 22 or immediately heaven to go saints whether world, next of theory consistent and developed fully a have fate:eternal either glo promptuaria ( ―storehouses‖ these in stay souls Accordingly, all. for obligatory though divided, insist he rather Heaven, to access direct saints‘ Eve. and Adam expelled he the through every that thinks He metaphor. to enter heaven time. before that namel opposite, death after joy heavenly to access direct greatestand at themartyrs saints comingthe believers the second and will bejudged justice keep to order in damnation to opposite Origenist, an was he that all at mean not every that hope his expresses heThief, damnat eternal of possibility ideas such of boldly Ambrose, Ambrose, Ambrose, Ambrose, Daley, Ambrose, Hom. 3 in Ps 118 Ps in 3 Hom. , 98, 101. 98, , When speaking about the eschatology of Ambrose on Ambrose of eschatology the about speaking When Ps on homily third his In The Hope of the Early Early Church, the of Hope The view to Augustine‘s to view Hom. in Ps 51.56 Ps in Hom. De Bono Mortis 10.45 Bono De 39.17 Ps in Hom. Hom. in Ps 36.26 Ps in Hom. c utl h dy f eurcin pyhlgcly niiaig hi approaching their anticipating psychologically resurrection, of day the until ) herub‘s flaming sword which God has placed at the entrance to the Garden after after Garden the to entrance the at placed has God which sword flaming herub‘s

y , , cited in Daley, in cited ,

that every that

in the homily on Ps. 39. Ps. on homily the in or eternalry, suffering.

.; .; in, Daley, cited , cited in Daley, in cited , Hom. in Luc 7:4f, Hom. in Ps 118.20.12 Ps in Hom. 7:4f, Luc in Hom.

26 ion, but basing his argument on the Lucan narrative of the Good Good the of narrative Lucan the on argument his basing but ion, - one

theory ?

, cited in Daley, cited ,

The Hope of the Early Churc Early the of Hope The nhs treatise his In

one will take part of the Last Judgement Last the of part take will

99. .

, including the saints, before saints, the including ,

of 118 Ambrose gives a new interpretation interpretation new a gives Ambrose 118

The Hope of the Early Church, Early the of Hope The one . The Hope Hope The

double Ambrose repeats several times that only the sinful sinful the only that times several repeats Ambrose . 24

can be saved by God‘s mercy bysavedGod‘s be can but his God of mercy undoubtedly represents undoubtedly mercy of God his but

However, he is also equally ready to confess the confess to ready equally also is he However, 22 27 The Hope of the Early Church the of Hope The 12

- s on the existence of an interim place which is which place interim an of existence the on s He does not deny the existence of Hell and the and Hell of existence the deny not does He

On Good Death, Good On predestination

of the Early Church Early the of salvation and damnation mechanisms in the in mechanisms damnation and salvation h , 98.; cf. Peter Chrysologus in Chrysologus Peter cf. 98.; , , cited in Daley, in cited , , where God sends God where , e should note that he does not does he that note should e

y in some place of repose. repose. of place some in y 99.

mrs i sln aot the about silent is Ambrose

, 99. Ambrose is more faithful to to faithful more is Ambrose 99. , entering Paradise, entering

25 , 100. ,

and no and . 23

The Hope of the Early the of Hope The

Certainly this doesCertainly this

one some of

animarum is entitled is

will will Sermo 123 123 Sermo must the fire fire the people have

the go

CEU eTD Collection 32 31 30 29 Orations, Funeral 28 friendaa and brother is who insider an from reflection personal a but situation, mourning tragic the a handling of upon way ideal ecclesiastic the describing outsider Christian an by imposed theory dry a not is It microcosm. Heavenly the saints. Kingdom for the of share a and resurrection bodily of promise the Christian: definitely is message main Cicero‘s genre consolation pagan the of rules the follows deceased monody and speech the constant and quotations a useof particularly biblical personal tone deceased Latin the the including genres various of Nazianzen. Gregory as such contemporaries, makes i death eternal to damned necessarily not though Heave and Hell between place interim an is there that conviction Ambrose‘s is paper this for important most the However,

ibid. xx. ibid. xix. ibid. ix ibid. atn . . Mc P. R. Martin

prayer for dead the ok of I Book A on sermon first the defined McGuire Greek his as strictly as oration funeral of rules ancient the follow not did Ambrose 1.1.3 - xix.

, ,

ucln Disputations Tusculan

laudation funebris laudation and the the and and consolation for the living at the same time. time. same the at living the for consolation and

. De Satyri excessu

FC. Vol. 22 (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1953), xvii. Church,1953), the of (New22 Fathers York: FC.Vol. Guire ―The Christian Funeral Oration‘ in Saint Gregory Nazianzen and Saint Ambrose Ambrose Saint and Nazianzen Gregory Saint in Oration‘ Funeral Christian ―The Guire e excessu De consolatio i.e. ,

efficacious pe o lament of poem a , a private oration delivered by a close friend or relative of the of relative or friend close a by delivered oration private a , , invented by Ci by invented ,

is a sublime account of a lamenting Christian person‘s inner inner person‘s Christian lamenting a of account sublime a is , hr te non the where n,

epitathios logos epitathios ,

especia .

lly from the lost lost the from lly ,

28 13 on the one hand one the on . cero.

31 In his work his In mbrose

- defined by the Greek rhetorician Menander, Menander, rhetorician Greek the by defined saintly t s a is It n the end. This uncertain place of sorrow sorrow of place uncertain This end. the n

29 ut strictly quite

However, his distinctive trademark was trademark distinctive his However, ‘s brother as a mixture of consolatory of mixture a as brother ‘s

souls stay in some sort of anguish, anguish, of sort some in stay souls esnl aetto, rie f the of praise lamentation, personal , however, , e consolatione. De , n contrast In

and a bisho a and daig a drawing ,

30 one can trace the signs the trace can one

, the second sermon sermon second the , p and theologianonand p 32 ra deal great

oee, the However,

from from CEU eTD Collection obducat, doloris veterissensum laetitiae 38 37 36 35 34 33 tears, of nature consoling the only not note can one here that solution plausible a be de the of mourning Thelife. virtuous a live to how them teach should old the but enjoyments,bodily shortness the of conscious earth on comfort provides and faith or himself either benefit not does grief personal have changed it. the and have resurrection ―I that feels He of death. after life one‘s hope of continuation the in believes strongly He desperate. not is mourning his together die could they that so Satyrus to days remaining his of half give could yoke his losing ox an of picture powerful the with exemplifies Ambrose longer exc the describes He loss. personal a primarily of hope Christian the and loss the for sorrow natural of dichotomy the describes sermon The hand. other the Illae sunt lacrimae redemptrices, illi gemitus, qui dolorem mortis abscondunt, ille dolor, qui perpetuae ubertate ubertate perpetuae qui dolor, ille abscondunt, mortis dolorem qui gemitus, illi redemptrices, lacrimae sunt Illae

6:19 cf.Mt adferant consolationem adstruant, fidem lacrimae autem vestrae commutavi tui, sed usum perdidi enim Non I.7. ibid. Ambrose, scription is that of the mourningscription who isthatofthe ofthe poor, Fleverunt et pauperes, et, quod multo est multo quod et, pauperes, et Fleverunt young leads to a similar recognition of the shortness of life. However, the most striking striking most the However, life. of shortness the of recognition similar a to leads young

be his joy and comfort. He was not only a friend, but a co a but friend, a only not was He comfort. and joy his be Why his While him. around others the of and mourning his between differentiates Ambrose feelinggrief thefullnessjoy. offormer by ofunending t is have this death, of they sorrow the fruitful, conceal that groans and are valuable more much these tears, ransoming are These tears. is bytheir transgressions his washedaway what and, mourned, have 37

De excessu fratris Satyri I.8 Satyri fratris excessu De do not procure salvation. Through the process of mourning of process the Through salvation. procure not do

does does

‖ 35 poor people poor a

The second part of the sermon is concernedhope.The partChristian second withthis ofis thesermon future reward. In the first half of the oration he depicts his grief his depicts he oration the of half first the In reward. future

‖ f ie n ta ter hlrn hud o wse hi tm with time their waste not should children their that and life of 36

‘

s and not other groups‘ sorrow have such an effect? It seems to Itseems effect? an such have sorrow groups‘ other not and s The mourning of mourning The

. Ambrose,

pretiosius multo que uberius, lacrimis suis eius delicta laverunt. delicta eius lacrimissuis uberius, que multo pretiosius , ibid. I.6. My ibid.I.6. , translation. De excessu fratris Saty excessu De 14 the public, other mourners‘ sorrow ―builds up―builds sorrow mourners‘ other public, the

ellent qualities of the deceased the of qualities ellent the the :

wealthy indicates that treasures collected treasures that indicates wealthy , ibid. I.5. I.5. ibid.

not lost lost not he grief which hides the hides which grief he ri 38 .

Trans. Sullivan and McGuire. McGuire. and Sullivan Trans. I.5. Trans. Sullivan McGuire. and Trans. I.5. - worker as well, whose loss loss whose well, as worker your enjoyment, simply I simply enjoyment, your ,

elderly people become people elderly - mate . 33 ,

He wishes hewishes He . who will no will who 34

, However,

which is which but also but

CEU eTD Collection 44 43 42 Satyri fratris excessu 41 40 39 Arbogast In Theodosius‘ brother, brother. ( logos the affection of all.‖ Sancto mourning‖ just.‖ thought broth bishop his with poor the to belongings his all generosity for model Christian typical a as him describe which brings thedeceased toeternal thepreviousover overshadows sorrow joy, one‘s sins. poor, the of grief ransoming The person. dead the of favour in sorrow, of tears the case this in one‘s for necessary earth, on entitlement gained merits of doctrine Augustinian later the to similar alms generous Satyrus‘ of commemorationthe fraternum munus fraternum

ibid. I.80. Trans. Sullivan and McGuire. and I.80. Sullivan Trans. ibid. consecratus est adfectibus universorum qui fu privatum licet Itaque 19:21 Matt I. 60. ibid. non oblitus pauperum, sed tantum obsecrans esse tribuendum, quantum nobis iustum videretur iustum nobis quantum tribuendum, esse obsecrans tantum sed pauperum, oblitus non

the funeral sermon over the emperor‘s dead body he cried murder and implicitly accused accused implicitly and murder cried he body dead emperor‘s the over sermon funeral the , i.e. , rum On 15 May 392 Valentinian II died in Vienn in died II Valentinian 392 May 15 On 1.1.4 the of standards classical the to according sermon the closes Ambrose spar not does Ambrose though Even 44

, of

. However, this mourning cannot endure for a long time because it is ―hallowed by ―hallowed is it because time long a for endure cannot mourning this However, . 42

with a prayer a with to

. i.e. , t Te emn rie te ite of virtues the praises sermon The it. De Ualentiniani obitu 41

later propitiatory acts of the living, such as p as such living, the of acts propitiatory later

He asserts that ―While that asserts He

, I.59. Trans. I.59. ) and a ―sacrifice of a priest‖ ( priest‖ a of ―sacrifice a and )

43 n‘ dah a uiesl consequence universal has death one‘s , nus, tamen fletus est publicus fletus tamen nus,

er‘s advice, so that ―they (the poor) be given as much as we (Ambrose) we as much as given be poor) (the ―they that so advice, er‘s

army declared it a suicide, however Ambrose rejected this explanation. this rejected Ambrose however suicide, a it declared army

in which in

Sullivan and McGuire. and Sullivan , 39

as Jesus commanded Jesus as

he asks that the Eucharist, which is both ―a brotherly gift‖ gift‖ brotherly ―a both is which Eucharist, the that asks he

, ibid. ibid. , a funeral is that of a private individual, there is general is there individual, private a of that is funeral Trans. Trans. e words of praise for his brother, he does not not does he brother, his for praise of words e 15 , - ibid. I.5. Trans. Sullivan and McGuire. Sullivan and Trans. I.5. ibid.

giving to the poor while he was still alive. It is Itis alive. still was he while poor the to giving

Sullivan and McGuire. and Sullivan sacrificium sacerdotis sacrificium

h dcae i te sa mne o the of manner usual the in deceased the , a 40 . Arbogast, the Arbogast, .

he ,

either. Even though he did distribute distribute did he though Even either.

always rayers, alms rayers, s

o te whole the for wished to act in accordancein act to wished

powerful general of his of general powerful ), benefit his deceased deceased his benefit ), ,

and the Eucharist or or Eucharist the and

, Ambrose, Ambrose, , Communio epitaphios

De CEU eTD Collection 51 50 Botte Bernard 2:2): morts 1975 (Gen. les day pour seventh priere the de on work formules his ancienes from resting God with Ch ends in also asleep Genesis fallen people of speaks also Paul 11:11). (Jn. Lazarus. of 49 48 47 Trans 46 ― Ambr Saint and Nazianzen Gregory see: revocavit desperatione rerum summa de 45 accompany a soul the the for petition a by celebration the in part take to people the orders he but celebrant, the of action private a not is this case, Satyrus‘ unlike offer Ambrose meritorious. exceptionally was life dead the for reward heavenly a anticipates already he as case special a is this However, Valentinian. deceased the for Eucharist the celebrates who intercessor, the of role merits their in distinction amake (to) nor brothers devoted equal an on them places He faith. true emperors bishop. the with contrary, the inGalliahad him recentlyrequested tovisit and Ambrose baptise inthefaith. Catholic him Valentinian that so much so over, were debates the death his of time the by However, Justina. Valenti young the and bishop Catholic 384 In bishop. Milanese the and emperor logos, epitaphios who turned my soul and recalled it from the depths of despair to the hope.‖ highest to ofdespair depths it from the recalled my soul and turned who

Ibid. Deferrari. Trans. Ibid. adfectu poscamus eius requiem pio sancta in manus cum me populi, extollite, mysteria; sancta manibus date praesumo remunerationem cui intercessionemadscisco, adhuc huic et The ―eternal rest‖ ( rest‖ ―eternal The Deferrari gives this interpretation to the following passage: passage: following the to interpretation this gives Deferrari uqa eo irm rtu sprb nmn, eia discernam merita nomina, separabo fratrum piorum ego numquam sleep ),87 . Deferrari. . , the most palpable metaphor of death. Jesus himself associates death with sleep at the resurrection of of resurrection the at sleep with death associates himself Jesus death. of metaphor palpable most the , Hence, Ambrose Ambrose Hence, - 88.

(

fidelium imperatorum fidelium according to Deferrari, he Deferrari, to according

requiem aeternam requiem

He however

nd ―repay hisdesnd for him

praises him praises rest

does not mention Valentinian‘s mention not does 49

, with

this hides the rather stormy relationship between the former former the between relationship stormy rather the hides this

f h dcae, oiae b dvtd love devoted by motivated deceased, the of , Ambrose, ,

) their own hands own their ) is one of the most ancient prayer formulas, as it builds upon the notion notion the upon builds it as formulas, prayer ancient most the of one is ) . Ambrose, Ambrose, . and pious princes ( princes pious and

ose ose and his late brother late his and ” Funeral Orations Funeral

n La in nian with his Arian entourage, including his mother his including entourage, Arian his with nian sees sees De obitu Ualentiniani, obitu De foot - 5 a fierce fight for power took place between the between place took power for fight fierce a 5 De obitu Ualentiniani, obitu De the emperor the aai e l mr d crte dn l liturgie la dans chrétien du mort la et maladie 16 n s he so ing s erts

. 48 s the Holy Eucharist for the departed, but departed, the for Eucharist Holy the s

. ‖ accompanied is offering the of action The qui convertit animam meam et ad spem maximam maximam spem ad et meam animam convertit qui 51

piorum principum piorum (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1953) 266: 266: 1953) Church, the of Fathers York: (New

Gratian (d. 383) (d. Gratian will will

Arian background in the sermon; on on sermon; the in background Arian as the one who reconciled the court court the reconciled who one the as . rist (1 Cor. 15:18). The creation story of story creation The 15:18). Cor. (1 rist ‖

56. , ibid., 55. ibid., , 46 , Ambrose, Ambrose, , not ―separate the names of the the of names the ―separate not

, ibid., , 56.

The bishop as bishop The 3.

For Deferrari‘s English translation, translation, English Deferrari‘s For

e bt Ualentiniani, obitu De ) ,

as champion as together sumes the regularthe sumes . , 50 47

h oblations The whose earthly whose as faithful as “ s Les plus plus Les

(Rome, (Rome, of

the 56. 56. ,

CEU eTD Collection 55 54 53 52 the contrary, the On well. as life earthly one‘s destroys but salvation, and resurrection of hope Christian the with bec attests theexistence ofprivate prayers for thedead. the in dead the for prayer anniversary for offered t already his in least at time, Ambrose‘s in that seems it However, them. ofmiddle it Valentinian‘s case inthe for offerings Eucharistic the of significance the indicates already which Mass, the of middle the in delivered were sermons youmy embracing mention liturgical any him refusing thus suicide, a death emperor‘s the considered who Arbogast, including Eu every in them remember an Gratian deceased beloved most her or his remember but dates, anniversary significant

Idem, Ambrose, conplecti prosecutione conmendationis vetabit quis nominare, innoxios prohibebit quis 78. ibid. a e o eee ht turn that severe so me De obitu Ualentiniani, obitu De Finally of ways three attests Ambrose 1.1.5 d The

w De excessu excessu De d Valentinian from now on in his night his in on now from Valentinian d tps of types o

day . Summary deceased cae wr nt ny ommrtd t hi fnrl and funeral their at commemorated only not were eceased ,

), on the other hand other the on ), e rsns aiu wy o mourning of ways various presents he

– with continuous remembrance?‖ with continuous

fratris Satyri fratris ―Who will prevent me from mentioning the innocent? Who will forbid will Who innocent? the mentioning from me prevent will ―Who

epn o te ric the of weeping

uhrsi commemorations Eucharistic individual

c 56. anon of the Mass the of anon ed charist he offers. However, he vehemently argues against those, against argues vehemently he However, offers. he charist

the deceased. In Satyrus‘s case Satyrus‘s In deceased. the

, I.80. , no epi ad depression, and despair into s

, , a te uil after burial, the (at

the , 55 codn t Aboes account, Ambrose‘s to according offering

he re was already an established place for a more general more a for place established an already was re , young h, explicitly

in private prayers. Ambrose promises to promises Ambrose prayers. private in 17 Besides the Eucharistic offering Eucharistic the Besides supplicati

53 ,

states how beneficial the offeringsstates howbeneficial the O te n hn, hr wr M were there hand, one the On . prayers

n od ―builds old and

e th He ons a . certain 52

which , for the dead. The dead. the for

ns ht asiu‘ mourning Faustinus‘ that inks Moreover, he also promises to promises also he Moreover, at

geographical

the end of the sermon the of end the

is not only irreconcilable irreconcilable only not is number number

up faith and provides provides and faith up ? ibid. Trans. Deferrari. Trans. ibid. ? every

days or on the the on or days s area, there area, , Ambrose also Ambrose , se on on

one two funeral two the most most the

include should should are , asses asses were 54 for

CEU eTD Collection 59 XXI.24. 58 57 quam domino, a Augustine, agatur misericordius eis cum meruerunt ut peccata adiuuari; mortuos dubitandum est non erogantur, 56 and sacrifice Eucharistic the offering prayers: besides deceased the for mercy God‘s gaining superfluous not are purpose this for offered prayers that so death, one‘s after possible be must sins of remission come.‖toworld the in world,thisnor in neither him, notbeforgi theHoly shall heGhost,it against shallbeforgivenbut thatshallspeak it him: man, of Son the against word a speak shall whosoever ―And claimed: devil, the of power the Jesus Matthew. answer the found Augustine death? after even sins one‘s forgive can 420s the to it however composed, God. of grace undeserved this for ask to the of aim primary the Therefore, mercy. God‘s on depends ultimately fate achievecan salva noone completely sin,and without dead. the for prayer on position his summarizes the deceased prior deceased to comfort‖

Matt. 12:32. Matt. Ntedika, J. Augustine of Hippo, Hippo, of Augustine O ainbs eo aca eceie e sciii sltr, t leoyi, ue r erm spiritibus eorum pro quae eleemosynis, et salutari, sacrificio et ecclesiae, sanctae uero rationibus

hs utto fo Agsies emn n Teslnas :3 succinctly 4:13 Thessalonians 1 on sermon Augustine‘s from quotation This 1.2. Augustine have deserved more them with deal may God that so spirits; their of repose the for distributed alms and sacrifice, Eucharistic the and Church, holy the of prayers the by helped be can dead the that though, doubted be to not Itis Essential Sermons, Sermons, Essential of L‟évocation de l‟au de L‟évocation

the living. However, the tears of the poor are invaluable, because they cleanse the the cleanse they because invaluable, are poor the of tears the However, living. the his sins. This seems to be an implicit reference to the value of merits of value the to reference implicit an be to seems This sins. his , 57 ,

the time of the of time the in his in Augustine of Hippo, Hippo, of Augustine

to his death. to his

, for those who are eligible for them for eligible are who those for e iiae Dei Civitate De

Ntedika . 56

reply to the Pharisees who charged him with performing miracles with with miracles performing with him charged who Pharisees the to reply of Hippo of

ed. Daniel E. Doyle, trans. Edmund Hill (Hyde Park: New City Press, 2007), 233. 2007), CityPress, New Park: Hill (Hyde Edmund Doyle, DanielE. trans. ed. - d , elà dans la prière pour les morts, la pour prière elà dans

compa

Pelagian debate. Pelagian

CCSL, Sermo 172.2, 172.2, Sermo ring it to other sources with similar argumentation, dated dated argumentation, similar with sources other to it ring

v ol. 48, 48, ol.

t s o idctd n h sro we ws it was when sermon the in indicated not is It 18 P, o. 8 936 38. vol. MPL,

ed. However, how does one know whether God whether know one does how However, . obr, . Kalb A. Dombart, B. 59 tion on the basis of his ownmerits his onthebasistion of E

e te ot itos ans r not are saints virtuous most the ven Augustine concluded from this that thethat this from Augustine concluded .

99. Augus

mercifully than their sins their than mercifully - of ways other two knew tine 937. 937. o Egih rnlto, see: translation, English For

(Turnhout: Brepols, Brepols, (Turnhout: 58

se in the Gospel of of Gospel the in

supplications is supplications earn ;

ed by ed one‘s one‘s 1 eorum 955), ven ven

CEU eTD Collection 64 63 62 Onprayers, see: Idem, II.11,III.12; I.9, 1913), 61 60 the and For sin original of problem the others. as topics such to related of is deceased the for supplications dozens to connected is piece each that realize a study to starts one if that means this researchers For ideas.cobwebof complex aformed principles these life his of end the at that worksnumerous theology Christian of facets many so on wrote he career long his During Augustine. such a radical change. double of idea the at arrived he that extreme an such to tenets own his pushed he life his of decade next the in Finally, grace. divine to acts meritorious all attributing i.e., side, opposite the on the against fights compl neo strongly Inhis will. free human during hisforty contra of source a be to considered is well. as formulae liturgical but speculations, theological subsequent only not shaping in important particularly were dead the for prayer This other among unfathomable. to, applies is theology Western on influence Augustine‘s that conclusion the at examples whereconcentrated he on together, three all treated usually he writing, was he When almsgiving.

J. Ntedika, Ntedika, J. Daley, see: Idem, alms, and Eucharist Idem On the Eucharist, see: Idem, see: Eucharist, the On , De cura De , tl fe wl, s e xlie in explained he as will, free etely - However, I do have to face another challenge which arises in every project on on project every in arises which challenge another face to have do I However, arrive necessarily will he/she Christianity, Latin in dogma of history the studies one If predestinati The Hope of the Early Early Church the of Hope The L‟évocation de l‟au de L‟évocation

pro mortuis pro - three

Manicheans and the Donatists Donatists the and Manicheans on. -

year careera he as Christian radicallychanged onthe nature of mind his

, CSEL, vol. 41, ed. 41, vol. CSEL, , thing s pnos n h efcc o pae fr h da dd o undergo not did dead the for prayer of efficacy the on opinions is

De natura et origine animae origine et natura De

Enchiridion - delà dans la prière pour les morts pour prière la dans delà s, his impact on later eschatol later on impact his s,

, 131. , - only only Platonist intellectual period he professed the concept of a of concept the professed he period intellectual Platonist dictory teachings. Just to take the most famous example, famous most the take to Just teachings. dictory , CCSL, vol. 46, ed. E. Evans (Turnhout: Brepols, 1969), 110. 1969), Evans E. Brepols, (Turnhout: ed. ,CCSL,46, vol.

De Civitate De J. Zycha (Turnhout: Brepols, 1900), 22 1900), Brepols, ZychaJ. (Turnhout: one e ieo arbitrio libero De 64 61 19

or two aspects S

tudy

XXI.24. –

, CSEL, vol. 60. eds. C.F. Vrba, J. Zycha (Vienna, (Vienna, Zycha J. Vrba, C.F. eds. 60. vol. CSEL, , he entered the Pelagian debate in the 410s the in debate Pelagian the entered he ing

mall Augustine is often feared because he because feared often is Augustine , 88. , ogy,

. 62 (388). Then Then (388). section of his work, one has to has one work, his of section

where his teachings on the on teachings his where

example, the subject of of subject the example, 60

;

–

Idem, but there are also are there but

hardened by the the by hardened Sermo

172.2. in his in

CEU eTD Collection 337. Death...‖, ―Monica‘s Kotila, in Heikki 69 Peeter, (Leuven: Livingstone, 68 67 Augustine see: St translation, 66 1967) Press, California 65 man this Originally, Victor. Mauritania,Vincentius topic for more thantwodecades. well. as Christianity th for search desperate a by marked issues. philosophical autobiographical first, turning a marks event This salvation. Monica, mother, Augustine‘s of burial and death sectio earlyyearsrelevant theologian.Thea his as Christianity until to conversion (Confessiones) Confessions nature placebodily where ofthe thesoulswait for interim resurrection. baptism as such topics, related directly not passag of types two between differentiate to necessary is It topic. this to dedicated exclusively is them detours. allow only space and time limited because theme main my from diverge to not cautious be to have I However, merit. and grace of theology

Augustine Of Hippo, Hippo, AugustineOf Hippo, Of Augustine I use Peter Brown‘s chronology to date the sources: Peter Brown, Peter sources: the date to chronology Brown‘s Peter use I Gerald Bonner, Bonner, Gerald Heikki Kotila Heikki H 397, to dated source, earliest The of none although works, seven in dead the for prayer of subject the treats Augustine sources1.2.1. The

e es; some of them directly deal with this issue, while others only discuss relevant but relevant discuss only others while issue, this with deal directly them of some es; next next

―Monica‘s Death Augustine‘s Confessions IX. 11 IX. Confessions Augustine‘s Death ―Monica‘s St. St. encountered the problem in the course of a debate with a young layman from from layman young a with debate a of course the in problem the encountered Augustine

Confessiones, Confessiones, 69 68

Gerald Bonner depicts it as a death of Augustine‘s youth, which was which youth, Augustine‘s of death a as it depicts Bonner Gerald oee, fe writi after However, at n oes h scn part second the opens and part Confessions, 1993)

of Hippo: Life and Controversies Controversies and Life Hippo: of , 66

337. describing his spiritual journey from his childhood through his through childhood his from journey spiritual his describing

IX.29 CCSL, vol. 27, ed. ed. 27, vol. CCSL,

1955) Press, Westminster (Philadelphia: Outler, C. Albert trans. - 37. 37. - point in the structure of the book; it puts an end to the to end an puts it book; the of structure the in point tuh I te enie t s Augustine‘s is it meantime the In truth. e

– ng the the ng

20 the necessary precondition for prayers for precondition necessary the 65 L. Verheijen (Turnhout: Brepols, 1981). For an English For 1981). Brepols, (Turnhout: L.Verheijen

s uutn‘ ltrr msepee the masterpiece, literary Augustine‘s is 67 had been had Confessions

especially m sot xlntr argumentative explanatory short me s (Norwich: Canterbury Press, Press, Canterbury (Norwich: - 13,‖ 13,‖ Augustin ,

which discusses theological and and theological discusses which Studia Patristica Studia

baptized as a Donatist, but when but Donatist, a as baptized

the e of Hippo of e the on silent was Augustine

prayer prayer

(Berkley: University of of University (Berkley: ,

he he vol. 27 vol. fee fr her for offered 1986 n here is thehereis n , ed. Elizabeth ed. ,

rebirth rebirth ), 103,cited ), –

or the the or

CEU eTD Collection Augustine, instructed,‖ further be to one hastily,but as 74 73 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1508.htm Fathers 72 71 Patristique et Augustiniennes Augustin,‖ saint de animae origine et natura De Vincentius works his of one scholarship but read, which mention not does Augustine 1968). Press, America of University Catholic Augustine, St see: translation, English an 70 Augustine III. and II Books between tone of change ironic the identify can one that intact which the as today he however, where, himself, Vincentius to books more two addressed he Then teachings. Vincentius‘ of criticism worded strongly a expounded he which in Peter to letter a and Renatus to addressed instruction decision‖ my as it give mention or suggest, would least at I say, he does nor opinion; of am I say, not say, modestly not does ―he as statements, heresy. of terms in it superseded and taught, resembledPelagianism Vincentius of many that recognized immediately Augustine so a city, same the from monk a Then, presbyter. same this to addressed doctrines Augustine‘s of refutation volume Subsequently, Cæsariensis. Mauritania in Peter called priest certain a the from known is It Church. Catholic the joined already had he 418 in him of heard Augustine

Ibid. III.12, trans.Holmes. III.12, Ibid. Augus Augustine Of Hippo, Hippo, Of Augustine Ibid. II.11. Trans. Trans. II.11. Ibid. ―Nevertheless, I treated this young man with as much lenity as possible, not as one to be condemned too too condemned be to one as not possible, as lenity much as with man young this treated I ―Nevertheless, Retractations

, First Series, Vol. 5. (Buffalo: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887). Co., Publishing Literature Christian (Buffalo: 5. Vol. First Series, , is a compendium of these four treatises, but keeping the style of the separate pieces so so pieces separate the of style the keeping but treatises, four these of compendium a is tine, . ‖ De natura De 73 used a much milder tone than before. than tone milder much a used work

Hence, in in Hence, 70

Peter Holmes, Robert Ernest Wallis and Benjamin B. Warfield, in in Warfield, B. Benjamin and Wallis Ernest Robert Holmes, Peter has id has

On the Nature and the Origin of the Soul (De natura et origine animae) origine et natura (De Soul the of Origin the and Nature the On that Vincentius that

Retractationes I.9. entified it as Ep. 190, to a certain Bishop Optatus: Albert C. de Veer ―Aux origins du du origins ―Aux Veer de C. Albert Optatus: Bishop certain a to 190, Ep. as it entified

19 (1973): 122. (1973): 19 72 1, h bso cmoe fu wrs n el. e rt a book a wrote He reply. in works four composed bishop the 419, - called Renatus, forwarded these books to the bishop of Hippo. Hippo. of bishop the to books these forwarded Renatus, called

n h fie t so ay sbiso t Gds ret for priests God's to ―submission any show to failed he and

, CCSL , Vol. 57, ed. 57, Vol. , CCSL , 71

– first Augustine was especially annoyed by the boldness of his of boldness the by annoyed especially was Augustine

h Retractations The

already atcondemned that time (last accessed 10 April 2011). 10 accessed (last

encountered a work of Augustine in the possession of possession the in Augustine of work a encountered Revue d‟Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques Revue d‟Études d‟Études Revue Patristiques et Augustiniennes d‟Études Revue I rather think; he does not say, I suppose; he does does he suppose; I say, not does he think; rather I 21 Retractationes

A. Mutzenbecher (Turnhout: (Turnhout: Mutzenbecher A. 74 ,

The The trans. Mary Inez Bogan (Washington DC: The The DC: (Washington Bogan Inez Mary trans. documents of this debate this of documents , 82, 82, , ‘ doctrines, which he professed professed he which doctrines, ‘

trans. Bogan.

– Vincentius wrote a two a wrote Vincentius

and some of themeven and

Nicene and Post and Nicene Brepols, — but he says, I says, he but

1984). 82. For 82. 1984). are

known - Nicene - ,

CEU eTD Collection 1975). Brepols, 81 Cavadini 80 79 78 77 70 (1988): 76 75 quaestionibus Dulcitii Lawrence. of brother the Enchiridion, as to referred teachings Christian he alsoiss touched uponthe relics saintly to next buried being of request. Thus, martyrs. of relics the to next bodies burying of efficacy the on opinion general his for asking Augustine to letter a sent also he wish the to conformed had Paulinus though Even martyr. the of remains earthly the to next Confessor so a congregation, his from woman aristocratic an from request a received had bishop Italian the Previously, the On the of one addressed He dead. the for prayer the about opinion his for explanation non errors eleven out pointed

Idem, 2 Ibid, Augustine, Augustine, John Cavadini, ―Enchiridion,‖ in ―Enchiridion,‖ Cavadini, John For more on her identity see: Yvette Duval ―Flora était ―Flora Duval Yvette see: identity her on more For Augustine Of Hippo, Hippo, Of Augustine - baptized children correct offerings and useofthe Eucharistic deceased. for Enchiridion - In 422 Augustine produced a response to eight questions raised by raised questions eight to response a produced Augustine 422 In year(421) sameIn the further gave he which in works two wrote Augustine 421, in later, years Two

77 3.; Ibid. 22. Ibid. 3.; ( C Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans, 1999), 22 Eerdmans, 1999), B. W. Rapids: Grand - 77. 77.

r fr the for are Augustine concentrated primarily on what Paulinus asked for, namely, the efficacy the namely, for, asked Paulinus what on primarily concentrated Augustine

De cura De natura, De

meaning On Faith, Hope and Lo and Hope Faith, On , I.1. ,

, 1. , - at the request of request the at ald Flora called

III.3 De octo Dulcitii quaestionibus, quaestionibus, Dulcitii octo De

“ D )

81 manual‖. a (e ua r mortuis) pro cura (De ead - 75 13.

80 –

in Vincentius‘ teaching, many of them concerned w concerned them of many teaching, Vincentius‘ in

ue ofthe efficacy prayer the for of dead. is a compilation of quotations from his previous works. Thus, in Thus, works. previous his from quotations of compilation a is h book The Augustine Through the Ages the Through Augustine ,

Augustine composed a short compendium of the most essential the most of compendium short Augustineacomposed ,

o uy e dcae sn n h bas the in son deceased her bury to ; Lawrence

however, as a closely related topic, in a few passages few a in topic, related closely a as however, ve –

entitled after the three main themes, or more commonly as commonly more or themes, main three the after - 23. 22 ,

CL vl 4A e. . uznehr (T Mutzenbecher A. ed. 44A, vol. CCSL, elle africaine?‖ africaine?‖ elle one of his admirer his of one h Egt usin o Dliis D octo (De Dulcitius of questions Eight The De cura De : o alns te ra bso o Nola. of bishop great the Paulinus, to

An Encyclopedia An

was produced as a reply to this this to reply a as produced was Revue des etudes Augustiniennes etudes des Revue

s , ed. Allan D. Fitzgerald, John John Fitzgerald, Allan D. ed. , . The handbook is either is handbook The . T lc o Flx the Felix of ilica ribune Dulcitius, ribune

ith the fate of fate the ith treatises, urnhout: urnhout:

34 78

CEU eTD Collection 87 86 85 84 h with 83 442. Church,1953) the Fathersof que eight ―The Augustine Lord,‖ the to confess longer no can one hell in that we read if truly deeds, our by down weighed 82 Augustine, damnation. senttoeternal thos of forsalvation solutionthe a find to tried so the attack Christianity, of defence in pagans to addressed is whole a as book pre necessary the death, after souls of state the as themes important such with deal they because discussion this not. or this, Besides damnation eternal from souls all save can earth on Church Pilgrim the of prayers the whether of question the with deals which 24, chapter is here discussion for element key second the Being cities. two the of destinies and history, origin, the with deals which work, the of half second the cities has the same period. from composition a be should it that conclusion the to Ntedika led This 420s. the from works o the of message the with line in completely is which dead the for prayer on teaching a preached. was homily the where location the or date the relevant boththe passagesfrom 2 Question replyto his

ibid. 302. ibid. Brown, Ntedika, ―Whether an offering made for the dead is of any profit to their souls, since we evidently are relieved or or relieved are evidently we since souls, their to profit any of is dead the for made offering an ―Whether Introductory notes of Daniel E. Doyle E. to notes ofDaniel Introductory ―For if we believe that Jesus died, and rose again; even so them who have slept through Jesus, will God bring bring God will Jesus, through slept have who them so even again; rose and died, Jesus that believe we if ―For

dated to 425. The grandiose vision of two opposing r opposing two of vision grandiose The 425. to dated im…‖ –

Chronologically sixth The stions of Dulcitius‖ in Saint Augustine Saint in Dulcitius‖ of stions was Augustine of Hippo of Augustine L‟évocation de l‟au de L‟évocation

- to a lesser or greater degree, almost all the chapters from 12 to 27 are related to to related are 27 to 12 from chapters the all almost degree, greater or lesser a to called commonplace in commonplace 85

- source is Sermon 172 on 1 Thessalonians 4:13. Thessalonians 1 on 172 Sermon sourceis

conditions for salvation, and the fire metaphor of 1 Cor. 1 of metaphor fire the and salvation, for conditions

compassionates 82

, 314. , the last source is book XXI of the of XXI book is source last the to on offerings made for the deceased, Augustine repeated verbatim the verbatim repeated Augustine deceased, the for made offerings on - delà, - last pi last

99. theologica De cura

ece, it is concerned with the future of the earthly city. The The city. earthly the of future the with concerned is it ece, Sermon

( misericordes),

, Treatises on Various Subjects Various on Treatises , and the l discussions in North Africa North in discussions l

172 23

e whom many members of the mainstream, like like mainstream,the whommanyofe members in Augustine of Hippo, ofHippo, in Augustine

Enchiridion. i.e., various lax Christian groups which which groups Christian lax various i.e., 84 ealms ealms

In section two, Augustine proposed Augustine two, section In City of God of City

– 83

the heavenly and the earthly earthly the and heavenly the

, trans. M. Deferrari (New York: York: (New Deferrari M. trans. , Essential Sermons, Sermons, Essential There is no record of eitherof record no Thereis 87

these chapters primarily chapters these . 86 , which Peter Brown Peter which ,

Book XXI is part of part is XXI Book

3. Even though the the though Even 3. 233.

ther ther

CEU eTD Collection or of premise the deny to ready was he because issue this on consistent more was Pelagius even that remarks cynicallyAugustine cleared. been not had sin non to salvation grant did he evenof Augustine‘s accepted common logic. doctrineoforigi Since Vincentius though the in presented it sacr Eucharistic the eternal to go will baptism without dying infants damnation. all that follows it this From Adam. including beings, human all indeed, Augustine actions? their of unconscious completely are new with case the is what However, are which will free his of actions the sins, own his of conscious is catechumen the where baptism, adult an at defended easily be can This sins. Augustine‘s cornerstoneLatin doct theology, isreferred of toasthe Christianity. of dawn the since interpretations condemnationem in homines omnes in delictum i lies problem the of part other The problem. the of part living. the the of prayers for the to entitled be indispensable to deceased is baptism Therefore, belonging. one‘s of mark the is baptism and Thus, Augustine considered Augustine Thus, Baptism there that teaches Testament New The primary1.2.2. The of salvation: condition

beside De anima De ifice for non for ifice s

its initiatory nature initiatory its ,

- not only as ignorance of biblical teaching, but also as a violation a as also but teaching, biblical of ignorance as only not baptized children, for whom, by definition, the stain of Adam‘s Adam‘s of stain the definition, by whom, for children, baptized - baptized children baptized the teaching of of teaching the -

born infants? Are they purged of sins, even though they they though even sins, of purged they Are infants? born h new the ,

also functions as a a as functions also 24 -

on ais r git o oe i, h sn of sin the sin, one of guilty are babies born is only one way to salvation, to way one only is

, which is only known as far as Augustine as far as known only is which , Vincentius Victor Vincentius B . These words have received various various received have words These .

However, for Augustine this is only one only is this Augustine for However, aptism about to be cleansed by the sacrament. sacrament. the by cleansed be to about rine oforiginal sin. , n Rom 5:18 Rom n

eyn o Rom on relying

rite gnl i i odr o send to order in sin iginal reading cleansing cleansing

on offering prayers and and prayers offering on –

igitur sicut per unius per sicut igitur wih eae a became which ,

5:18 through Christ, Christ, through one ,

rus that argues from one‘s one‘s from nal sin, nal sin, CEU eTD Collection E Trumbower, A. J. works: Tertullian‘s textin the to reference isno there is that authorship against Tertullian‘s objection main 130; Trumbower‘s 2003) 94 halsall/source/perpetua.html 93 92 baptizantur sanguine 91 God. mercyof thefrom excluded 90 89 natura be to infants asserting though do, to boldness the not had Pelagians the even This heaven. of kingdom the baptism, without even them, promises boldly yet he sin, original in involved do bap they of since sacrament heaven, the to of approach kingdom not the of hope the them give he does nor sin, original any having as regard not 88 conclu (ch Saturninus Saturus, catechumens: Felicity suggests he hand, unfounded, idea of other the On sense. literal a in him baptizing thus thief, the touched allegedly which side, Jesus‘ from flowing water and blood argument powerful, less much martyrdom.of blood bythe baptism of example an as passage baptized. been (Lk Jesus not does case,he although, them, refute to tries Augustine account. martyrdom a offeredyetwho were for notinitiated those paradise. to children arly Christianity arly

Ibid. II.11.III.12. I.9. ibid. E. Hoade ―Perpetua and Felicity, SS.‖ in in SS.‖ Felicity, and ―Perpetua Hoade E. ―For this is what the heresy of Pelagius promised them: he neither fears damnation for infants, whom he does does he whom infants, for damnation fears neither he them: promised Pelagius of heresy the what is this ―For unde et latro ille n ille latro et unde cf. Ambrose, Ambrose, cf. The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity, Felicity, and Perpetua of Passion The a s 3 ps. , I.9, trans.Holmes. I.9, ,

in opsd y n ywtes peiul togt o e Tertullian. be to thought previously eyewitness, an by composed sion Vincentius‘ second proof is taken from the North African North the from taken is proof second Vincentius‘ s aretheory,biblical two his for proofs main three AmongVincentius‘ ,

93 . -

0 ad auu‘ (ch Saturus‘ and 10) 23:39 an account of the martyrdom of these two women (Perpetua and Felicity) and three Felicity)and and (Perpetua women two these of martyrdom the of account an Hom. in Ps. in Hom. 90

(Oxford: OUP, 2001) 88. 2001) OUP, (Oxford:

- Augustine, referring to the authority of Cyprian of Carthage, interprets this interprets Carthage, of Cyprian of authority the to referring Augustine, 43) is a prime example of the poss the of example prime a is 43) succeed , Augustine, , on ante crucem domini sectator domini crucem ante on

the thief having inprisonoreven beenthe thief baptized previously.

e on Vnetu‘ te pooiin ht h Ecait ol be could Eucharist the that proposition other Vincentius‘ found He (last accessed 17 May2011) 17 accessed (last

39.17; he uses the example of the Good Thief to demonstrate that no one can be be can one no that demonstrate to Thief Good the of example the uses he 39.17; .

Vincentius argues that the story of the Good Thief crucified next to next crucified Thief Good the of story the that argues Vincentius

De natura, De

s. On the one hand, he quotes an apocryphal tradition on the on tradition apocryphal an quotes he hand, one the On s. tism. As for this man, however, although he acknowledges that infants are are infants that acknowledges he although however, man, this for As tism. a ece o te ed Te otuos avto o Non of Salvation Posthumous The Dead: the for Rescue s 11 ps. ,

The New Catholic Encyclopedia Catholic New The

n Rvcts Te ok s opsd f Perpetua‘s of composed is book The Revocatus. and Trans.

I.9.

- 3 pio mmie ad n nrdcin n a and introduction an and memoires prison 13)

W. H. Shewring (London: 1931) 1931) (London: Shewring H. W. similarly irrational , … a … , 25

cypriano sancto inter martyres computatur, qui suo qui computatur, martyres inter sancto cypriano ibility of entering paradise without having without paradise entering of ibility

absolutely without sin.‖ sin.‖ without absolutely the 91 . 89 , 2nd ed (New York: Thomson York: (New ed 2nd ,

Then he brings two more, butmore, two brings he Then

simple, though completely completely though simple, in my view, my in Passions of Perpetua and Perpetua of Passions http://www.fordham.edu/ http://www.fordham.edu/ tories and one isone and tories 92 at least in one in least at

94 Augustine, -

Christians in in Christians n chapter In - Gale, Gale, De De CEU eTD Collection 101 100 99 98 2. ibid. theirbaptism: 97 96 95 non letting for proof biblical is case their baptized, not definitely were dea the for prayers passedan over unimportant detail. itas father. pagan anti malicious the to due apostatized later but baptized, was soul the of incorporeality the for argument his in it day feast however true, certainly is This Scripture. canonical the in story the of mention no is there that bysaying text convincing. very is them of neither but non of salvation the for source boy the that legend the in longer drinking but refreshing intorment, from thewater and playing joyfully. no brother, her saw she dream another in and Perpetua answered were prayers her Finally, deliverance. up, woken Having reach. not could he which fountain cover still tumour seven She sufferings. underworld seven, Perpetua recountsthestory her deceased of

Kotila, Kotila, Augustine, after sister, his with prison in put was who catechumen, a was them of one only but brothers, two had Perpetua 8. Ibid. and Felicity, Perpetua of Passion The

Augustine, Augustine, – Vincentius also tried to make use of 2 Macc. 12:40 Macc. 2 of use make to tried also Vincentius beca argument Vincentius‘ for support strong is story This

Memoria Mortuorum Memoria residing in a dark place in a wretched condition. He was hot and thirsty, the deadly deadly the thirsty, and hot was He condition. wretched a in place dark a in residing , 98

Sermons 24 Sermons it was quoted by Latin theological authors theological Latin by quoted was it De natura, natura, De natura De 101 ,

Church tradition held the legend in high esteem. It was read annually on their their on annually read was It esteem. high in legend the held tradition Church

However, if this had been really the case, the author surely should not have not should surely author the case, the really been had this if However,

ed d, to support his hypothesis. his support to d,

IV. 26, cited in Trumbower, in Trumbower, cited 26, IV. 0 his face his I.10. - 242

, 103. , , cited in Trumbower, in, Trumbower, cited had had ,

and his clothes were ragged were clothes his and

baptized children. Augustine proposes two counter two proposes Augustine children. baptized no

a dream of the boy the of dream a 7. t been been t

First, he is trying to undermine the authority of the of authority the undermine to trying is he First, baptised. Rescue for the Dead the for Rescue Rescue for the Dead the for Rescue 26

He 97 little little .

100

thought that as that thought Therefore, he took it as an authoritative an as it took he Therefore, – ,

Second, he invents a story that the boy the that story a invents he Second, who who brother, deliverance Dinocrates‘, from

and even Augustine himself refers torefers himself Augustine even and . - 95 46, the biblical the 46, had

, , 135. , , 136. He was standing beside a water a beside standing was He - hita pro Christian died of cancer at cancer of died

use it is implicitly recorded implicitly is it use

the fallen Jewish soldiers Jewish fallen the

ryd l dy o his for day all prayed - baptized children enter children baptized locus classicus locus 96 aad o his of paganda

- arguments, the age of of age the

for for

CEU eTD Collection 107 106 105 104 103 102 positive somewhat second, a gives alms and offerings, sacrificial prayers, meritoriou ( a is there Therefore, damnation. eternal their to leads life wicked a such lived have second the them; for open are heaven of gates the and supplications of need in not are they that life ( good very had they merit evil.‖ or good Enchiridion be it whether done, hath he as according proper the receive may one every that Christ, of seat judgement the before as life, earthly one‘s during mercy onl love‖ working―faith through maintains that a from benefit to Victorinus‘ position. day; our of baptism the prefigured which period, that of sacrament the was ―circumcision Hence, circumcision. their by signified was election whose heaven. non ualde boni ualde non

Idem, Ibid. in idem, cited (DR) 5:10. Cor. 2 in Idem, cited 5:6. Gal. trans. II.11, Holmes. ibid. ibid y has to be baptised and believe in Christ, but this faith also has to be manifest in acts of acts in manifest be to has also faith this but Christ, in believe and baptised be to has y .

I.11; II.11; II.11; III.12. I.11;

Although Augustine Augustine Although rolemerits1.2.3. The of 102 Enchiridion,

s that they have direct access to the heavenly reward, but who can benefit from from benefit can who but reward, heavenly the to access direct have they that s oee, uutn rmns i ta tee epe ee o gnie, but gentiles, not were people these that him reminds Augustine However, ualde boni ualde 107 Augustine speaks of three groups of people whom he divided according to the to according divided he whom people of groups three of speaks Augustine earned ), whose lives were neither so evil that they are automatically damned nor so nor damned automatically are they that evil so neither were lives whose ), the

110. prayers of the living and ultimately to enter the Kingdom of Heaven, he Heaven, of Kingdom the enter to ultimately and living the of prayers

Sermo ) nor for the very bad ( bad very the for nor )

prior to their deaths. Accordingly, prayers Accordingly, deaths. their to prior

172.2. strong

De cura De

ly insists on the necessity of baptism for gaining the right the gaining for baptism of necessity the on insists ly , 2 , A

ultimately which fate, their change can prayers no that interpretation to the supplicant actions actions supplicant the to interpretation postle Paul argued, ―For we must all be manifested manifested be all must we ―For argued, Paul postle from 104 ualde mali ualde 27

h lvn. n the In living. the

is also indispensable. This means that one not that indispensable.one Thismeans is also third ). The first have lived such a virtuous a such lived have first The ). ‖ 103

group of people, the not the people, of group this passage gives no support for support no gives passage this 105

In the the In Enchiridion are neither effective for the for effective neither are e cura De

things of the body, body, the of things

uutn also Augustine for 106

- all so and - three good Jews the CEU eTD Collection 112 ibid. 111 XXI.24. 110 April 2011) 15 accessed Co.) Publishing Treatises Moral Treatises, Augustine, help‖ they whom them to lacking than help, nor hinder neither they 22. cura 109 108 moti the dead was Church the being simply as extensively, issue conte glimpse reader the lets he instances few theyalive, werei.e. sons into enemies from transformed not are so and death, unto even heart impenitent an ―retain who those as them, for praying stops people benefit. could who some for offering an making not than rather superfluously sacrifices some offer to Church the urges Augustine but them, ( people the ( tolerable more place) interim the (in damnation ( sins) (of forgiveness full obtain they either effect, propitiatory the of relatives living groups

Kotila, Kotila, Ibid. usque ad mortem habebunt cor impaenitens nec ex inimicis conuertentur in filios in conuertentur inimicis ex nec impaenitens cor habebunt mortem ad usque quid ita, nisi nisi ita, quid Melius enim supererunt ista eis, quibus nec obsunt nec prosunt, quam eis deerunt, quibus prosunt quibus deerunt, eis quam prosunt, nec obsunt nec quibus eis, ista supererunt enim Melius

o ule boni ualde non

. The c . The ;

Trans. Trans. Although, Augustine mostly discusses prayer for the dead on a theoretical level, in a a in level, theoretical a on dead the for prayer discusses mostly Augustine Although, 1.2.4. Prayers practice in

English tra English these acts can serve as thank offerings for the for offerings thank as serve can acts these pro regeneratis omnibus regeneratis pro Memoria mortuorum Memoria R. W. Dyson: Augustine, Augustine, Dyson: R.W. hurch prays for the wicked while they are alive, but as soon as theyare sheas dead, as soon alive, but are whilethey wicked for the prays hurch quia in parte iam diaboli computatur, qui cum esset in corpore non est translatus ad christum? ad translatus est non corpore in esset cum qui computatur, diaboli iam parte in quia http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/augustine ns. H. Browne: H. ns. vated question practical bya ,

were not baptized, are notbaptized, were among counted thedevil‘s fraction. r eaty s nw, ryr sol b ofrd o all for offered be should prayers known, is exactly are the ,

iee n Post and Nicene ad mali ualde . liturgy was a living practice, with the words of Kotila of words the with practice, living a was liturgy ‖ , 96. , 112

―For better it is that these things shall be superfluously done to them whom whom them to done superfluously be shall things these that is it better ―For for prayer the with dealt Augustine time first the Nevertheless, ).

The City of God Against the Pagans the Against God Cityof The

. Certainly, it will not be beneficial for a great number of of number great a for beneficial be not will it Certainly, 108 -

iee Fath Nicene In the case of the the of case the In , ‖ 110

so that so 28 mporary liturgical practices. He did not treat thetreat not did He practices. liturgical mporary

109 ers

w tolerabilior fiat ipsa damnatio ipsa fiat tolerabilior

, Series I, Vol. III. (Buffalo: Christian Literature Literature Christian (Buffalo: III. Vol. I, Series , However, this this However, hether if

they have not converted to converted not have they ualde boni ualde - onthecareofthgedeadnpnf1

anything o ule boni ualde non

(Cambridge: CUP, 1998) CUP, (Cambridge: only applies to the baptised the to applies only

and as consolation for the the for consolation as and should be taken over frombe over taken should On the Holy Trinity, Doctrinal Doctrinal Trinity, Holy the On p ea remissio lena , Augustine, De civitate Dei, Dei, civitate De Augustine, , paes ae a have prayers , 111 - the 03 :

). Until who Until ). ―liturgy was was ―liturgy

Christ while Christ - 39.html ) or make make or ) regenerate regenerate ,

Idem,

(last De

CEU eTD Collection 1887) Publishing, Literature in 158.2‖ ―Epistle redemption: Augustine. of sacraments the of celebration a was 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 day third a Evodius, case. Monica‘s a Mass First, deceased. practice the for the dead. of remembrance the for alms) and Eucharist (Prayers, alternates Christian three the supported w tombs private ready washe cult of fi the in example, Ambrose‘s Following practices. pagan the for substitutes good be to considered he which alms, give to and pray to her advised Instead,he tombs. martyrs‘ at banquet a having from Monica prohibited bishop everbefore. than Christians bymore an showed practiced was Cyprian it Augustine of time and the at this, Despite Tertullian them. towards attitude unsympathetic Both before. centuries two Christians for problem way ofcommemoration? and practices pagan the

Augustine, 66. Ibid., Kotila, Augustine, as c to referred iseither It 61. Ibid., Evodius in his letter to Augustine recounts the death of his clerk, mentioning that after a three a after that mentioning clerk, his of death the recounts Augustine to letter his in Evodius the dead h Agsiin ops ie witness gives corpus Augustinian The ( banquets funeral pagan The Memoria mortuorum Memoria Nicene and Post and Nicene

Confessiones Confessiones

however, 118 in Hippo in ere still allowed, allowed, still ere

Then, of of

, IX.32. , VI.2. , , if so, if , to make a compromise concerning the family tombs. Thus, familytombs. the concerning compromise a make to - onuiuia, laetitiae laetitiae onuiuia, http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102158.htm Nicene . 113 116 eebac as existed. also remembrance s is as , 65. ,

He placed the cult of martyrs under the supervision of the church, of the supervision the martyrs under thecultHe of placed

what are the elements which are not appropriate for a Christian a for appropriate not are which elements the are what Fathers

know although Augustine recorded in t recordedin Augustine , First Series, Vol. 1. Trans. J. G. Cunningham (Buffalo: Christian Christian (Buffalo: Cunningham G. J. Trans. 1. Vol. Series, First , n conuiuia or

was was rst half of the 390s, the of half rst rm h letter the from

refrigeria

drunkenness had to be avoided. be to had drunkenness celebrated on the day of the burial, as happened in as burial, the of theday on celebrated 29 ) 114 to

: Kotila, : Kotila,

wdsra Ecaitc commemora Eucharistic widespread a celebrated at tombs tombs at celebrated 119 exchanged s Memoria mortuorum Memoria

Moreover, there was was there Moreover, Augustine he The Confessions and Letters of Saint Saint of Letters and Confessions The Confessions

(last accessed 20 April 2011) 20 accessed (last

ewe Agsie and Augustine between

decided to regulate the regulate to decided had , 61. , 117

how the Milanese Milanese the how

Ne led psd a posed already taiin of tradition a vertheless - day vigil, there there vigil, day conuiuia

tive tive , he , 115

CEU eTD Collection 129 128 Outler. Trans. 127 126 125 124 O‘Donnell, 123 122 121 excessu 120 are merits human all Moreover, God. of mercy the on depends fate person‘s single every be one help can merits Although Gehenna of fire the of sin. highly is c her it after decades for but live not sure, did she for that probable knows one no However, acts. meritorious of full life virtuous Adam e of dangers the of thoughts the by broken spirit a from flow ―which of howevercertain loss; was he that tears her, andfurther some were prayers grave recited atwell. the as rites burial pre usual the after Then, coincidence. random a not definitely is life sinless a for longing customary, or choice occasional an was this whether known not is 100 Psalm sing to started and Psalter Aug death. at rites seventh day the preferred Augustine burial. the after day ninth or seventh the on Eucharist the celebrating

Mt. 5:22. Mt. Ibid. ibid. nos pretii sacrificium exactly. are rites whatthese notspecify does He Augustine, Augustine, quod manat de concusso spiritu consideratione periculorum omnis animae, quae in adam moritur adam in quae animae, omnis periculorum consideratione spiritu concusso de manat quod Neverthe cf. Ambrose also delivered the second homily on the death of Satyrus on the seventh day: Ambrose, Ambrose, day: seventh the on Satyrus of death the on homily second the delivered also Ambrose cf. 128 .‖

Thus, the heavy words of the Lord that whoever says to his brother: ―Fool! brother: his to says whoever that Lord the of words heavy the Thus, 2.2. Augustine was struggling to find the appropriate Christian attitude towards appropriate Christian tofindtheAugustine was struggling Christian the on information valuable provides also death Monica‘s on narrative The 127 Confessions, Augustine (aCommentary) Augustine Confessions,

less, in the ancient ancient the in less, , He acknowledges that Monica was definitely baptised, moreover, she lived a rathera lived she moreover, baptised,definitely was Monica that acknowledges He 124

120 Questionum in Heptateuchum in Questionum Confessiones

they offered the Eucharist, the ―sacrifice of our redemption‖ our of ―sacrifice the Eucharist, the offered they for biblical its symbolism. ustine recounts that when his mother died, the slave Evodius took up the up took Evodius slave the died, mother his when that recounts ustine tri

(lit.: the sacrifice of our price) price) ofour sacrifice the (lit.:

, IX.31. , 129

ordines us vr snl hmn en it ra dne o damnation. of danger real into being human single every puts

there is no record of the reading of Ps 100 at the death the at 100 Ps of reading the of record no is there in cluded cluded

, libri 122

with the whole household joining in the responses. It responses. the in joining household whole the with 121 VII.1.172, cited in Kotila, VII.1.172, shed for

the possibility of salvation right away, ultimately ultimately away, right salvation of possibility the Vol.2 30 Augustine,

(Oxford: OUP, 1992) OUP, (Oxford:

one‘sThese sinfulness areapt. are thetears onversion without committing a single single a committing without onversion Confessiones 126 Memoria mortuorum Memoria

123 142. , IX.32. ,

but the theme of theme the but

very soul that dies in dies that soul very 125

with prayers forprayers with , 97. , - bed: bed: his ‖

is worthy is , ibid., 34. ibid., ,

feeling James J. J. James a

man De De s - ,

CEU eTD Collection Hill); (trans. dead.‖ the for assistance any not but living, the for consolation of sort some be can monuments, splendid of construction the burial, for arrangements 137 Lord.‖ O mouth, myof freewill offerings Outler: see thetranslation English For 136 135 134 works, 133 132 145. 2, Vol. O‘Donnell, J. James 10.4.): 10.69; 9.18; 7.12; 6.20; 6.14; (5.16; Confessions the of characteristic is 131 te. deprecor matrismeae propeccatis nunc ago, gratias gaudens 130 monument beautiful situation. hand words are true h to referring by God, from sins of forgiveness the exacts almost salvation of water the baptism, commanded, debtors her forgave she Since virtues. Monica‘s creature Thee, exclaims he hand, one the On negotiation. with supplication a mixes and them to returns he mother, her of virtues the ignore to wants Chris mymother.‖ of sins the for thee beseech Inow thee, to thanks joyful give I which for deeds good her little a for forgetting heart, my of God O Life, Augus therefore salvation, eligible anyone make not do deeds good end, the in Thus, gifts. God‘s but else nothing

et, credo, iam feceris quod te rogo, se te rogo, fecerisquod iam credo, et, sunt tua uera eloquia quoniam 5:7. Matt. Outler.Trans. ibid. cf. Augustine in Augustine cf. ibid. per medicinam uulnerum nostrorum uulnerum medicinam per ego Matt. 6:12. 6:12. Matt. , t, whom he calls the ―Medicine of our wounds our of ―Medicine the calls he whom t,

‖

James J. O‘Donnell, J. James he has firm trust in his forgiveness; on the other hand other the on forgiveness; his in trust firm has he tqe lu ma t ia e, es ods e, eoii puipr oi eu atbs po ubs tibi quibus pro actibus, eius bonis paulisper sepositis mei, cordis deus mea, uita et mea laus itaque, Total dependence on God‘s mercy generates mixed feelings in Augustine. On the one one the On Augustine. in feelings mixed generates mercy God‘s on dependence Total 132 ,

136 and God, the Creator. On the other hand, he tries to negotiate with God bas God with negotiate to tries he hand, other the On Creator. the God, and

i.e.

He continues listing her mother‘s virtues mother‘s her listing continues He 134 , –

.‖ he acknowledges and reinforces the transcendental difference between him, the him, between difference transcendental the reinforces and acknowledges he

t s xesvl quote extensively is It

135 hs o sol as forgive also should God thus

. Sermon 172.2 Sermon 137

Confessions

h dd not did She tine starts his prayer this way: ―Thus now, O my Praise and my my and Praise my O now, ―Thus way: this prayer his starts tine , Augustine,

―Indeed, I believe thou hast already done what I ask of thee, but accept the the ofthee,but accept ask what I done already hast thou believe I ―Indeed,

explicitly states that ―funeral processions, crowds of mourners, expensive expensive mourners, of crowds processions, ―funeral that states explicitly ibid. , , Vol. 2. 145. 2. Vol. , d uoluntaria oris mei approba, domine approba, orismei uoluntaria d ( truhu te uutna cru, seily n h anti the in especially corpus, Augustinian the throughout d qa salutis aqua

even

cf. While Christ is never referred to as ―medicina‖ in the Bible, it it Bible, the in ―medicina‖ as to referred never is Christ While cf. Confessiones eus t b bre i hr oead rather homeland, her in buried be to request P

: r

31 oinde pompae funeris, agmina exsequiarum, sumptuosa sumptuosa exsequiarum, agmina funeris, pompae oinde Frie e, Lr, ogv hr I b I her, forgive Lord, O her, ―Forgive ) ,

the , IX.35. Outler. Trans. IX.35. , n sol b mriu t hr Augustine her. to merciful be should and 133

; et wih h accumulated she which debts .‖

Augustine, Augustine, she did not ask for a for ask not did she 130 and had mercy on on mercy had and 131

throughGod to prayer his offers He Although, he has just said that he that said just has he Although, ,

he also feels feels also he Confessiones , is trustworthiness: ―for thy thy ―for trustworthiness: is Augustine,

, IX.35, trans.Outler. IX.35, , grand tes a i was it as others, Confessiones uncertain

funeral or a or funeral Confessions after - Donatist Donatist

eseech eseech , IX.3 , of the of ed on ed ,

she her for 6.

CEU eTD Collection coniuge 141 140 2, 13.35.50 whilein book, 139 Outler. 138 adiutoria mortuorum non solatia, qualiacumque sunt uiuorum constructio, opulenta monumentorum sepulturae, diligentia but anonymously, done not were offerings the that Fathers the from received tradition a was fifth Eternal thedesired final Jerusalem, ofall. destiny the in citizens fellow and Church the in brethren fellow but ancestors, earthly his only not re He better. is cause same the for praying private the to benefits extra brings prayer communal Monica remember to readers his invit He initiative. own his as time this but Monica, of request the repeats Augustine Then presented not h and him both for Christ. of act redeeming the nor guilt her neither deny will she Namely, Saviour. the by forgiven deceive devil the unless that ofthesoul deceased; rather the for devils and angels between fight a as depicted death of image common the with stay However, demons. from protection dead: the for prayer of aspects classical the of one upon touches Augustine faith. of bond the by soul her attached she which to Eucharist, no that warns Augustine altar‖ thy at remembered name her have to desired ―only

148. This is the single occurrence of her name in the Augustinian corpus: ibid. corpus: Augustinian the in ofname her occurrence is the single This Peace seems to have a symbolic function for Augustine, as in this case it marks the end of the first part of the the of part first the of end the marks it case this in as Augustine, for function symbolic a have to seems Peace ut quotquot haec legerint, meminerint ad altare tuum monnicae, famulae tuae, cum patricio, quondam eius eius quondam patricio, cum tuae, famulae monnicae, tuum altare ad meminerint legerint, haec quotquot ut e tnumd mmra si d lae um ir desiderauit fieri tuum altare ad sui memoriam tantummodo sed - century North African celebration of the Eucharist for the deceased. He claimed that it it that claimed He deceased. the for Eucharist the of celebration African North century

Sermo 172 Sermo father his Patricius, brings also Augustine Then, Augustine, .

;

he Confessiones acts is the only place where Augustine‘s reader Augustine‘s where place only the is is (pacem da nobis) da (pacem

mother, although he stays a marginal figure whose possible merits are merits possible whose figure marginal a stays he although mother,

as a mirror to reflect Monica‘s virtues such as loyalty and obedience. and loyalty as such virtues Monica‘s reflect to mirror a as

, IX.3 , one he interprets the event on a more sophisticated level. He is certainlevel. onasophisticated He event more is he interprets the s

her, she will confess t confess will she her,

7. 140 hud eaae oia rm e Gds rtcin the protection: God‘s her from Monica separate should

it indicates the end of the whole treatise. O‘Donnell, O‘Donnell, treatise. whole the of end the indicates it

and Patricius at the altar of God of altar the at Patricius and - evaluates his relationship his evaluates 32

hat even though she was in sin, in was she though even hat persons ,

into the prayer, asking prayer, the into , Augustine, Augustine, 138

(his own), and that more people people more that and own), (his s

hr se serv she where can get insight get can

141 Confessiones to

thus his

parents, who are who parents, ,

confessing that confessing Confessio ed into IX.3 ,

for he does not does he

vr day every

the early the peace she was she 6. Trans. Trans. 6. ns , Vol. Vol. , 139

es es .

CEU eTD Collection 144 143 id quoque illis pro ac offerri commemoretur oretur, commemorantur, suo loco sacrificium ipsum ad cum sunt, defuncti communione 142 though fire, the by burned be will sins little The apostasy. to death prefer definitely would they faith, their about them interrogated persecutor a if life, perfect a live not did people these though even that argues Augustine saved. be can i foundation the If matters. really what is foundation the but itself, work the not Nevertheless suffering. which things wood, hay, used who those, however, harm; any without process the survive will materials precious one shelter of place ―secret the as same the is fire the whether on themerit ( rest enjoys one where deceased, all of souls the ( shelter‖ of place ―secret a rather place, separate a them provide the However, mercy. these do where of remained, question acts perform to had they and alive were they while baptised be to bestated explicitly the sacrifice that is the in dead the for prayer the for place set a was place usual the ―in sacrifice the at names the mention to had celebrant the hand, celeb was Eucharist the favour whose in informed was congregation the

Idem, Idem, o ei a pa a enim hoc , including the including , or He A purifying 1.2.5. The fire De civitate Dei civitate De Enchiridion ccording to Augustine, prayers can help a certain group of the deceased. They had to had They deceased. the of group certain a help can prayers Augustine, to ccording stubble for the construction will see their work demolished. The sight of losing the the losing of sight The demolished. work their see will construction the for stubble also s he/she has

they considered important and enjoyed while they were alive will cause will alive were they while enjoyed and important considered they tribus traditum, uniuersa obseruat ecclesia, ut pro eis qui in corporis et sanguinis christi christi sanguinis et corporis in qui eis pro ut ecclesia, obseruat uniuersa traditum, tribus after the depicts , 109. , . ualde boni ualde Idem, Idem, , XXI.26. ,

earned the people will be saved, only the building will perish, as ultimately as perish, will building the only saved, be will people the Sermo 172.2. Sermo

, will t will ,

- earth. on life by using the Pauline image of purging fire. It is not clear not is It fire. purging of image Pauline the using by life

ake part in it. in part ake people reside after death? In the Enchiridion he does not does he Enchiridion the In death? after reside people

143 offered them. for

144 c requies anon of the Mass the of anon

However, those who built their house their built who those However, h gae ns ant e eld after healed be cannot ones grave the ) or affliction ( affliction or ) 142 . ‖ However, it is certain that every that certain is it However, ‖

abditum receptaculum abditum ;

on the other hand, it had it hand, other the on aerumna rated. On the one one the On rated. s Christ, one Christ, s ) depending depending ) , ‖

i.e. ,

there there them ) for for ) s

CEU eTD Collection 147 146 145 possibi a not was life wicked a living but baptized been having Namely, prayers. of wrote the sake died who was which sin, a Practically members. living ha deceased view. of supplication by prayers, point theological a from but practical, a he the of turn the by over was debate This alternatives. Christian to Christians urging in path Ambrose‘s followed He deceased. dealt he p and dead the for praying views. his of mosaic clear quite a up make remarks is he dead, some all theirthat is suffering death. liv

Kotila, Kotila, Idem, Ibid. mention e s . The other benefit of baptism was baptism of benefit other The .

. This was the bone the was This . will sufferwill after d 145

Augustine named Augustine supplica efficacyforof preconditions Augustinetwo named the for prayer of issue the to treatise separate a devote not did Augustine though Even 1.2.6. Conclusion De civitate Dei civitate De

Memoria mortuorum Memoria with He also allows for allows also He De natura De un ed the issue was almost two almost was issue the ed d baptized necessarily went to eternal damnation and no prayer was useful for their for useful was prayer no and damnation eternal to went necessarily baptized by

to be a member of the Church the of member a be to the issue connect issue the

even even far far . , XXI.13. , the

present

eath and continue suffering into eternity into andcontinue suffering eath judgement. afterthe last ; the the

ot rdcie ai ptitc uhr n h tpc Hs s His topic. the on author patristic Latin productive most some people will suffer in the purging fire, but will bewill saved inthe purgingsome people but fire, will suffer

a , 104. , of conte of ut meritorious earthly life as the second precondition for the efficacy efficacy the for precondition second the as life earthly meritorious , Eucharist

the in this mean this special emphasis special

new ed punishment of sins already in this life, and for some people some for and life, this in already sins of punishment

n to practical matters, na matters, practical to t - ion born babies. Therefore, according to Augustine, children children Augustine, to according Therefore, babies. born ,

and almsgiving. t

decades later. Then he was treating the issue not from not issue the treating was he Then later. decades between him and Vicentius Victor, against whom he he whom against Victor, Vicentius and him between that the person had to be baptised while he was still still was he while baptised be to had person the that being

34 body; otherwise there was no connection to the the to connection no was there otherwise body;

cleans on

Eucharistic offerings on their behalf. First, behalf. their on offerings Eucharistic

He accepted the old Christian tradition of of tradition Christian old the accepted He ed 147

from sin, most notably from original original from notably most sin, from

mely e e u a three a up set He , fourth

replace the for offerings food pagan tions. On the one hand, the hand,the one On tions.

century. The next time time next The century.

pagan practices with practices pagan - ir oe of model tier ; cattered

lity. He lity. f inally, inally, 146

CEU eTD Collection 150 Thomson 149 America of CatholicUniversity Chrysologus Peter St translation: English gratia praestet mereatur, ecclesia negat, sententia 148 Milanese the as depths de the theological for prayer of little same spoke Chrysologus archbishop‘s. the reach not do they although Ambrose‘s, like just exegetic, primarily are homilies Chrysologus‘ teaching. moral provide they rather, Paaseen posterity. Van to transmitted been have which sermons 183 the of critical are scholars modern However, Chrysologus. title the earnedhe eloquent stylesuch that of homilies with people the heartened house their as Christ had who those However, achievements. earthly their losing from suffer will others tortured, be not will they and survive will work every he hand, other the on affliction, and rest of sections two into divided shelter‖ of place ―secret common a of speaks he hand, one the lastgroup.this commit mali groups. three into people divided

Daley, ut quod sententia negat, ecclesia mereatur, praestet gratia. gratia. praestet mereatur, ecclesia negat, sententia quod ut J. Van Paaseen ―Peter Chrysologus, St.‖ in in St.‖ Chrysologus, ―Peter Paaseen Van J. ) , one ,

will bewill s and Metropolitan Peter, during his two decades of episcopacy (c.431 episcopacy of decades two his during Peter, Metropolitan 1.3. dwelling the Concerning may Church the them, obtain, and grace may supply. refuses condemnation of sentence their what that So ting - The Hope of the Early Early Church the of Hope The 185. 2003), Gale,

should should

Peter some minor sins. Thesins. prayers living of the benefit some minor can d the some

aved, while th aved, while

suffer Chrysologus not - 149

regardless -

and Daley and od ( good

Press, 2005) Press, e others suffereternally. will

- place of the souls between death and the last judgement, on on judgement, last the and death between souls the of place o ule boni ualde non , 164. , Some were Some Selected Sermons Selected of 150

148

n‘ peiu mrt. oee, hl sm people‘s some while However, merits. previous one‘s

agree that the homilies lack compllack homilies the agreethat

also uses the Pauline image of purging fire, which fire, purging of image Pauline the uses also . e Ctoi Encyclopedia, Catholic New Peter Chrysologus, Chrysologus, Peter 35

very good ( good very

, Vol. 3, trans. William B. Palardy (Washington: The The (Washington: Palardy B. William trans. 3, Vol. , , liv ), – foundation ing

Sermo 123, English translation…. translation…. English 123, Sermo

ualde boni ualde vruu lf i picpe but principle, in life virtuous a Sermon 123 Sermon ad and was more concerned with concerned more was and ad , regardless the nature of the the natureof the regardless ,

2 ), nd , CCSL Vols. 24, 24A, 24B, 24B, 24A, 24, Vols. CCSL ,

eceased who belong to to eceased whobelong some ed., Vol 11 (New York: York: (New 11 Vol ed., – ex theological ex ideas;

c.450) in Ravenn in c.450)

very bad ( bad very “ ut ualde ualde

quod a, a, CEU eTD Collection 158 157 156 155 154 in 121‖ officio dispensatoris 153 fre were 152 just the that 151 so debt Adam‘s of bonds the Tartarus‖ of ―gates the destroyed bars.‖ iron and doors bronze by ―shut Eve; and Adam of exile the after God by installed sword flaming the by blocked was it hand, one the on because, Paradise enter not could They extent. some to disturbed been have must rest their Therefore, part. saints‘ the in underworld of flames the extinguished Christ that claims he hand, other the on part; upper the in rest of kind some enjoyed saints the that asserts he hand, one the On them. between abyss great to speak could nor Abrahamcould for heintercede nor hisbrothers. eyes his up lift could neither man rich the place, taken already had it if which, punishment, coming the prefigure only sufferings present The him. condemns which his of but damnation, eternal the of fire the yet not is man rich the tortures place; homily in 121 hewith heaven. undoubtedly it equates ( repose of place a as Abraham of Bosom the to refers Chrysologus Although Judgement. Last the after them for waiting is what of foretaste a get people where places waiting as rather destinies, final as them regard not Chrysologusdoes Lucanon the the Man parable Rich of and sermons four his in found are passages relevant the of Most place. interim the of nature the

ibid., trans.Palardy. ibid., Idem, 1.1. Chapter see there: be it to still considered Ambrose Cf. Idem, Chrysologus, Peter queritur hic de de poena hic queritur heaven‖ of veryblessedness ―the in steward as a Abraham to refers He Ibid. Selected Sermons Selected

He thou He ( punishment of place a as described is Hell ho Hell; Abrahamandof bosom places,the opposing two of parable Thespeaks Sermo 123.6 Sermo 122 Sermo ght that there was one underworld composed of two different places with a a with places different two of composed underworld one was there that ght , CCSL. Vol. 24A. CCSL. , Vol. , Idem, Sermo 121.5. CCSL Vol. 24A; English translation: St Peter Chrysologus ―Sermon ―Sermon Chrysologus Peter St translation: English 24A; Vol. CCSL 121.5. Sermo Idem, , , trans.Palardy. , Sermones 121 Sermones

, Idem, , , Vol. 3, Vol. 3, ,

Sermo 122. Sermo trans. William B. Palardy, 158. Palardy, trans.WilliamB.

- 124.

158

and broke open the prison of the saints by demolishing by saints the of prison the open broke and 157

This hopeless situation was overcome by Christ, who Christ, byovercome was situation hopeless This Poor Lazarus. Poor 36 requies

155

156

poena

on the other the on ),

152 ),

d rm h jrsito o the of jurisdiction the from ed 154 whi 153

– however, where the fire which fire the where however,

ch usually indicates an interiman usuallyindicates ch

in ipsa caelesti beatitudine fungitur beatitudine caelesti ipsa in hand, the underworld was underworld the hand, own conscience, own wever,

the 151

CEU eTD Collection hac ab redempti iam gratia christi nisi transferri, 164 posse non soluantur ecclesiaeintercessione sanctae disperatione quietem sanctorum ad deputatos, custodiae 163 16:26) (Lk. hither.‖ come thence youfrom nor cannot, to hence from wouldwhopass they 162 161 Sermons 160 necessity a 159 as baptism on doctrine Augustine‘s with familiar was he that probable is it theology, Christian on influence immense achieved already had Augustine when active was Chrysologus fact that Regarding the members. her able for topray baptism, for stands here Christ‖ of ―grace the that probable is It condemnation. them bring necessarily be parable Lucan the in attests Abraham which places these of separation strict the Christ, of act redemptive the Abra in reward of their Bosom for waiting are just The option. an not clearly is this people most for Last However, any heavenwhether themJudgement. the enter possibility to before for thereis who people just perfectly the of status the about hesitant been have to seems He moment. that at all for available not was it although that, of hope sure a rather heaven, to just the all of entrance the mark not did Christ immediately. sleep, a than more nothing is death everlasting.‖ and firm strong, but fleeting, whic ―delights and glory‖ of ―crown the them grant to ready is he where exception, one with bliss, or joy their of not saints, the of peace and rest the of speaks only Chrysologus underworld.

Ntedika, Ntedika, 1.1. Chapter Ambrose: Cf. Idem, ―Abraham told the rich man: man: rich the told ―Abraham Terret, fratres, terret nimis uocis huius auditus, quae ostendit post mortem et semel apud inferos inferos apud semel et mortem post ostendit quae auditus, huius uocis nimis terret fratres, Terret, Idem e fe fo Hl b te necsin f h Church, the of intercession the by Hell from free set , Sermo 129. 129. Sermo , , Vol.1, trans. George E. Ganss (Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 2004), 213. 2004), Press, America of CatholicUniversity The Ganss E. (Washington: trans.George Vol.1, , xmnn te hl pcue oe a asm t assume can one picture, whole the Examining Sermo 123.7. Sermo 164 L‟évocation de l‟au de L‟évocation

that is, the visible manifestation of one‘s belonging to the Church, Church, the to belonging one‘s of manifestation visible the is, that 159

162

Therefore, one would expect that they were transferred to heaven. However, heaven. to transferred were they that expect would one Therefore, a, hl te et at o ter uihet n el Hwvr fe the after However Hell. in punishment their for wait rest the while ham,

was loosened. Those who ―have been redeemed by the grace of Christ‖ can Christ‖ of grace the by redeemed been ―have who Those loosened. was

CL V CCSL

- l 2B; nls tasain S Ptr hyoou ―emn 2‖ in 121‖ ―Sermon Chrysologus Peter St translation: English 24B.; ol. delà, delà, And besides all besides And

te hrh led hnue a sit. e s undecided is He saints. as honoured already Church the m 10 4.

161

which also implies that they do not enter eternal bliss eternal enter not do they that implies also which

this, between us and you, there is fixed a great chaos: so that that so chaos: great a fixed is there you, and us between this, 160

. 37 In Peter Chrysologus, Chrysologus, Peter

Sermo 96 Sermo hat for Chrysologus the coming of of coming the Chrysologus for hat , however he asserts that the saints‘ the that asserts he however , 163 Sermo 123.8 Sermo

lhuh hi des would deeds their although o slain However, salvation. for , trans. , Palardy.

which then is then which h are not are h

Selected Selected poenali poenali

CEU eTD Collection 126. trans.Palardy, sempiternum gaudium matris supernae in reddat uitae perpetuae ferunt mortem ad tot quem christianum, populum est, hoc suum, 167 166 165 are Abraham of Bosom the and Hell between abyss unbridgeable the while hand, other the co Abraham of Bosom the in rest Lazarus‘ the i.e., underworld, of side saints‘ the on fire the extinguished has Christ that argues he hand, one the On pre the to it applies he when cases the between different to fails he that strong so be to seemsparable the on reliance his However, framework. conceptual the provides Lazarus Poor and Man Rich the of passage Lucan the Communio Sanctorum post their finish should who well, as members deceased the death.‖ of care their to off bear ages gatheringbesides the that acknowledges many so whom people, Christian the is, that son, only her life everlasting to bier mortal the from ―ushers Church the supplications, by that argues He dead. the for prayers of custom in Hell. of group a be should the that probable is it underworld, and between distinction Augustinian any of mention no is There prayers. by released attributed lesssignificanceNorth than his toit African colleague. he that suggests which issue, the on discussion detailed a into enter not does Chrysologus

The termmyinvention. The is iniustos, absolueret non iustos, ut nam per supplicantes ecclesia lacrimas fundit iuges, per martyres sacrum sanguinem sudat, donec unicum donec sudat, sanguinem sacrum martyres per iuges, fundit lacrimas ecclesia supplicantes per nam o vle boni valde non The redeeming act of Christ lies at the heart of Chrysologus‘ eschatology, for which which for eschatology, Chrysologus‘ of heart the at lies Christ of act redeeming The the on remark short another makes Chrysologus 123, Sermon in passage this Beside pe of sort what specify not does Chrysologus baptism, of fact the Beyond

hwvr i Crs fed ny h just the only freed Christ if however, ; non valde iusti valde non .

, Idem, , non iusti non 166 Sermo 123.7. Sermo

who are suffering some sort of temporary punishment temporary of sort some suffering are who living flock of Christ, the Church has the duty to take take dutythethe Churchto has Christ, of flockliving

38 will not be freed by p by freed be not will

- redemption state and the post the and state redemption

the sacred blood of the martyrs and by by and martyrs the of blood sacred the tempora, recurrens christus de mortali feretro feretro mortali de christus recurrens tempora, . Idem, . uld not take place before that. On On that. before place take not uld Sermo 103 Sermo 165

hn e ecne t the to descended he when rayers either. Thus, there Thus, either. rayers - mortem journey in the the in journey mortem ,

CCSL Vol. 24A; English English 24A; Vol. CCSL 167 -

Christ period. Christ aey he Namely, ople can be be can ople iate clearly iate valde mali valde

CEU eTD Collection wasBenedict he a because himfor especially wereliberating 171 170 316. (2006): # 169 ( 57 chap. 168 sup some gained re philological the for movement his of champion work: groundbreaking aut the about Catholicism.‖ medieval ―superstitious of source a as pope the display could they that so authenticity its acknowledge to ready were they although treatise, the of aspects‖ Eighteenth Gregorian.genuinelybe to superstitious too them finding well, as contents their denounced he hand, other the on Gregory; of works other the of style the from differ greatly passages a he hand, one the On Köchlein. Huldreich including humanists, Protestant century sixteenth the among rose genuineness their about doubts first the however, questioned; been not belonggreatest sinners. among the do and opportunity the have Church the of members are who those only that so restrictions, be Church the of prayers the by other the to place one from transfer of possibility the emphasises Chrysologus gospel, the in stressed Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1977). Press, America University of Catholic DC: The Washington

Ibid., 317. Ibid., Francis Clark ―A Problematic Legacy: The Dialog The Legacy: Problematic ―A Clark Francis Such as Don Robert Gillet and Dom Henry Wansbrough, the latter claiming that the conclusions of the book book the of conclusions the that claiming latter the Wansbrough, Henry Dom and Gillet Robert Don as Such Gregory the Great, Great, the Gregory

So far, the authenticity of the writings which the present anal present the which writings the of authenticity the far, So the of riddle 1.4.1. The 1.4. GregoryGreat the find not do youyourme here, knowthatwill prayers haveheard. been and back come you When sinner. a me, for intercession make so bre this offer then me, for something do to youwish If ; English translation: Saint Gregory the Great, Great, the Gregory Saint translation: English ; -

n nineteenth and etct re henticity otr i te 1990s, the in porters Dialogues, Tome III. III. Tome Dialogues,

h Pseudo The - - cent mre i te 90 wt Facs lr‘ two Clark‘s Francis with 1980s the in emerged

Dialogues Dialogues r Poetn shlr as fcsd n h ―superstitious the on focused also scholars Protestant ury - rgra Dialogues Gregorian (Livre IV) (Livre

171

of Gregory the Great is a notable exception. The exception. notable a is Great the Gregory of n wt hs eod book second his with and ues Ascribed to Gregory the Great.‖ Great.‖ the Gregory to Ascribed ues 39 cause Christ achieved it. Certainly, there are are there Certainly, it. achieved Christ cause , ed. Albert de Vogüé. de Albert ed. , Dialogues, Dialogues,

- ine, ibid., 318. ibid., ine, assessment of unquestioned authorship. He He authorship. unquestioned of assessment rgued on stylistic grounds that certain that grounds stylistic on rgued

FC. Vol. 39. Trans. Odo John Zimmerman. Zimmerman. John Odo Trans. 39. Vol. FC. . Since then, Clark has become a a become has Clark then, Since . ad to almighty God, and and God, almighty to ad

SC. Vol. 265 (Paris: Cerf, 1980), 1980), Cerf, (Paris: 265 Vol. SC. 168

ysis deals with has not has with deals ysis –

Studia Patristica Studia h “Gregorian” The 170

h doubts The - volume

vol. vol. 169

CEU eTD Collection 174 173 172 order toestablish an unshakea in dialogist cautious the by produced forgery, a also is 593, in Gregory by composed been so the that maintains interpolatio later are citations the all that the to refer Toledo seventh the in recorded works, legitimate, counter Clark sources. unpublished lost, now though common, some to backtraced be can interaction both rather them, between direct a not was there cases most in that argues Clark Nevertheless, passages. numerous Gre authentic see the between parallels can one that surprising not is it Therefore, speeches. exegetical Gregory‘s unedited from collected he which passages ra Gregorian a in it did he However, pope. late the of pseudonym protective the under folklore Italian popular published who Lateransecretariat the from notary a was author The Gregory. of death the than later definitely but century, seventh the that claims He book. the of rest the into incorporated Gregorian authentic considered he which IGPs) (hereafter that he was right. Monasticism Benedictine of Origins the and Dialogues

Ibid., 321. Ibid., 320. Ibid., 319. ibid., Hardy, Benedict as Dom Such eighty to pointed he rather whole, a as book the reject not did Clark - First, he argued that the the that argued he First, century authors such as Isidore of Seville, Braulio of Saragossa, and Ildefonsus of of Ildefonsus and Saragossa, of Braulio Seville, of Isidore as such authors century

arrived at these conclusions by a detailed rebuttal of numerous, seemingly seemingly numerous, of rebuttal detailed a by conclusions these at arrived 172 - evidence.

Dialogues

- ald Lte t Mxmla, wih s rdtoal togt o have to thought traditionally is which Maximilian,‖ to ―Letter called

ie Pontificalis Liber Dialogues

ble basis for his own composition. forble basis hisown

and claim Gregorian authorship for them. Clark is of the view view the of is Clark them. for authorship Gregorian claim and Dialogues gorian writings, especially the especially writings, gorian

is a pseudonymous composition pseudonymous a is

on fe te pope‘s the after soon was inserted much later into the list of Gregory‘s Gregory‘s of list the into later much inserted was s no h manuscripts. the into ns 40 ther ―professional‖ way, inserting authentic authentic inserting way, ―professional‖ ther

– reportata

he convinced even more scholars scholars more even convinced he 174

Moralia

et. eod sm early some Second, death.

of the papal notaries on on notaries papal the of

173 probably from the late the from probably

oevr h also he Moreover, , and these inserted inserted these and , - n passages one

CEU eTD Collection to reader. alien and the constrained entertain 178 be to to seems order story in each 323 Legacy,‖ ―A Problematic Clark style: pope‘s for quoted source are a providing but of interpretation, habit dialogist‘s dialogist‘s the the Moreover, in lessons moral any give not i utilized also Gregory Pope which those while exceptionable, doctrinally pseudo to they as paper present the for important especially are work the in discrepancies theological the on based Clark which arguments The (6) Gregory. of age a are elitism‖ self often dialogist‘s The (4) IGPs. (pseudo and Peter Deacon of interrogations the between links logical missing often the Gregorian are genuine examples notable to alien otherwise is which dialogist, the ―banal of the logic‖ to limping points and Clark reasoning (3) clerks. of style the follow they rather, compositions; pope‘s the of characteristic one the On noticeable. also is styles literary distinctive two the of juxtaposition The (2) death. Gregory‘s after decades originating mss in Dialogues the besides time firstthe for of proof are than IGPs the out, of provenance different the pointed has opponents, his of one Vogüé, which text the of features demotic the that suggests 177 176 175 sh not does this stories, miracle and hagiographies medieval against prejudice a has really idealism.‖ protestant of standards ―his to Gregory conforming bia is author the that criticism common a is It theory. Clark‘s criticise heavily and work whole grou important, equally but last, The work. the of authenticity the to maintain contribute to not efforts Kuzdale‘s does it objection, valid a is this Although copies. the of diffusion wide ser maximum can 670s composition. of date the for 670s the set to proofs insufficient are these that critique earlier. decade a about composed been have to had work the of manuscript the of authors the and Ligué, of Defensor Iona, of Adamnan Toledo, of Julian Malmesbury, of Aldhem of writings the to references genuine first the that thinks He the of composition

Kuzdale, ―Review,‖ 750. ―Review,‖ Kuzdale, Dialogues...‖ Gregorian Clark‘sThe Francis ―Reviewof AnnKuzdale, 321. Ibid., 1 Oe f lr‘ srnet ruet i bsd n h vcblr ad opooy f the of morphology and vocabulary the on based is arguments strongest Clark‘s of One (1) sed against the Middle Ages. Ann Kuzdale is of this opinion, accusing Clark of of Clark accusing opinion, this of is Kuzdale Ann Ages. Middle the against sed p of argumentsbased is ontheinternal itself. p of the text evidence - texts lack the biblical exegetical richness of the genuine passages. He finds some of the miracle stories stories miracle the of some finds He passages. genuine the of richness exegetical biblical the lack texts Certainly, the debate is not over. Many scholars still believe in the genuineness of the the of genuineness the in believe still scholars Many over. not is debate the Certainly, the dates Clark ones, previous the than convincing less are proofs his Although

lso atypical of the real Gregory. (5) The depiction of church life is also different from that in the the in that from different also is life church of depiction The (5) Gregory. real the of atypical lso Dialogues Dialogues Baronti Visio

ve as a as ve

also ap also

to the 670s based on some testimonies from the 680s to 690s. to 680s the from testimonies some on based 670s the to terminus ante quem ante terminus - congratulatory behaviour, ―socio behaviour, congratulatory

the rest of the work. Moreover, certain demotic words are only attested attested only are words demotic certain Moreover, work. the of rest the uch upon the theme of the afterlife. It is generally notable that the the that notable generally is It afterlife. the of theme the upon uch

peared around this time. Therefore, he concludes that the that concludes he Therefore, time. this around peared and the and - 329. 329. Passio Projecti Passio

if one leaves some years for the Europe the for years some leaves one if work appeared in these decades in the the in decades these in appeared work hand, the pseudo the hand, . Moreover, the first fragmentary first the Moreover, . 175 - n his works to set a moral example, do example, moral a set to works his n religious snobbery‖ and ―ecclesiastical ―ecclesiastical and snobbery‖ religious Speculum

n Kzae s ih i her in right is Kuzdale Ann 178 -

texts lack the poetic rhythm so so rhythm poetic the lack texts oee, vn f Clark if even However, 177

79, No. 3. (2004): 749. No. (2004): 3. 79,

works. The most most The works. Dialogues 176 -

texts) texts)

The He . ake the the - CEU eTD Collection 179 practice these he detail. simply prayers; treatin of didnot them the with familiar absolutely was Gregory that apparent is it Still, references. few with left is Furthermo Augustine. of different world pseudonymous considers he which well as dead the for prayer on texts the present will I paper this for however, Clark; of assumptions basic the with agree I research, my of stage this at Thus, corpus. Gregorian whole the studied he if Gregorian archives.conclusions aregroundless. Therefore, her the obtain could Britain Great in howsomeone cannotbe location almostexplain she used anysufficiently inEurope, for other could Isles British the for arguments positive her while However, Britain. Great in pagans of pseudo the while theology, Chri for exempla‖ vivid of storehouse ―a provide in to supposed monks the educate to order in inserted were Anglo the of nature composite the on Clark with agrees Dunn Marilyn Kuzdale, Unlike argumentation. his of part intrinsic an form not do they but biased, too are findings his to attaches he comments the Maybe argumentation. philological solid his

Marilyn Dunn, ―Reading the Dialogues,‖ Dialogues,‖ the ―Reading Marilyn Dunn, - Saxon monastic provenance for it. for provenance monastic Saxon The theIn IGPs and1.4.2. Supplications of the the Eucharist offering (Pseudo) the of authorship the over debate the not is paper this of topic the As Dialogues Dialogues - view from the IGPs. the from view

, I have to take a side even though one could onlym even could a I one sidethough totake have ,

contain many fewer references to prayer for the dead than the treatises treatises the than dead the for prayer to references fewer many contain

re, if one separates the IGPs from the rest of the passages, the reader the passages, the of rest the from IGPs the separates one if re,

Studia Patristica Studia little 179 - nw Geoin aucit rm h Lateran the from manuscript Gregorian known

She is of the opinion that the genuine passages genuine the that opinion the of is She 42

in order to point out how they represent a a represent they how out point to order in

(2006): Dialogues

355 stianizing the still large number number large still the stianizing

- 360.

, a , lthough she claims an claims she lthough ake a secure decision adecision ake secure - et were texts - CEU eTD Collection 186 fuerimus ipsi hostia Deo 62. 80,chap. mortem ante si indigebimus, non mortem post 185 every day. blood and 184 Augus similarly.‖ 183 fiunt aliis ipsisab hicpro quae adiuuent, bona mortem 182 181 180 498 (pontificate Symmachus St. Pope between conflict cen sixth early the in place took allegedly which Capua of Germanus Bishop and Church, Roman the of deacon a Paschasius, of meeting the of author the 42, Inchapter dead. the of favour offeringsin beabout will purified. howit sin freelifeof departthis simplerto much is it arguesthat cont and argumentation his of opening the of passage corresponding the read even probably he and prayers of merits the of function the on teaching Augustine‘s with familiar was he A dead. is he when him for do to others the like would he which alive is one while things do to strategy safe a is it Namely, riddle. this solving to clues some gives he 60.) (chap. chapter next the in Nevertheless, things. good these for eligible t order in living were they while do to supposed were dead the what that nor dead the for accomplish living the things good of kind what says neither it as argument, circular alrea sin. oblations holy the of sacrifice

St Germanus of Capua died circa. 540: A comment of Vogüé in Gregory the Great, Great, inthe Gregory Vogüé of A540: comment circa. died ofCapua St Germanus culpae insolubiles oblationis sacrae victima He arrives at the same conclusion in the closing paragraph of the book: book: the of paragraph closing the in conclusion same the at arrives He He suggests that one should despise this world and offer the sacrifice of tears and the sacrifice of the body body the of sacrifice the and tears of sacrifice the offer and world this despise should one that suggests He sacrae illis quia est sciendum Sed ―One says prayers for his close acquaintances, so that after his death, others should act on behalf of him him of behalf on act should others death, his after that so acquaintances, close his for prayers says ―One 181 y ed h, uig hi erhy ie i go deeds. good did life earthly their during who, dead dy

Then he adds that, as another condition, the holy sacrifices only benefit those who are who those benefit only sacrifices holy the condition, another as that, adds he Then h pseudo The theIn pseudo 59) (chap. 78 IGP In

tine, tine,

De cura De - rgra txs r mc rce i passages in richer much are texts Gregorian - texts

22, Brown.Trans. 22,

185

Geoy rus ehig h Agsiin otie ta the that doctrine, Augustinian the echoing argues, Gregory , 180

uictimae mortuis prosunt, qui hic uiuendo obtinuerunt, ut eos etiam post post etiam eos ut obtinuerunt, uiuendo hic qui prosunt, mortuis uictimae

only benefits the deceased if they did not die in irremissible in die not did they if deceased the benefits only inues in completely another direction. Namely, he he Namely, direction. another completely in inues

. 43

tury. Paschasius was living at the time of the of time the at living was Paschasius tury. De cura De - 1) wo a ray o eed the defend to ready was who 514), lthough he does not say it explicitly, it say not does he lthough 184

than to die in sin, and then worrysin,then andin die to than . . Gregory the Great, Great, the Gregory . 183 182 Dialogues et fidenter dico fidenter et

Then Gregory returns to the to returns Gregory Then n ryr ad Eucharistic and prayers on hs em t b a rather a be to seems This Dialogues, Tome III. Tome Dialogues,

recounts the strangethe recounts quia salutari hostia salutari quia Dialogues o become o IGP , 153. 186

CEU eTD Collection 189 404. 2003) 188 672 2003), Gale, 187 offering Eucharistic the of efficacy the in factor determining a as sin the of gravity the While after hisdeath. alms of practice previous his hand, other the On pray from theone the the story.not findPaschasius.Dialogisthand, On The twoconclusions draws did he bath, the to returning and, prayed bishop The punishment. further from him exempted he Pascha bath find not the would to came Germanus time next the that so him, for pray to bishop the asked he Then Symmachus. against Lawrence supporting of fault his for atone to order in punishment a an as standing Paschasius found he where baths, the to went Germanus Bishop event, this after long Not death. his after soon grave his at place took miracle a life, saintly his of confirmation a As poor. the among alms exem an leading was Paschasius that emphasizes Dialogist death his until Lawrence the of author the to according Nonetheless, debate, the in time second the for Symmachus of side the took Great the Theodoric King when 506, in However, pope. legitimate the of possession the in remained which Peter‘s, St except city the of churches the a controlled Lawrence of supporters the Once years. more four for lasted schism the and 502 in renewed was fight the however, Symmachus, of victory the with ended struggle 506), court, Byzantine the against Rome of interests

Ibid. J. F. Kelly, ―Lawrence, Antipope‖ in Antipope‖ ―Lawrence, Kelly, F. J. J. Chapi J. er was beneficent because the deacon‘s sin was minor as it was carried out in ignorance. in out carried was it as minor was sin deacon‘s the because beneficent was er 188

Both conclusions are accord with the teachings of the pop the of teachings the with accord are conclusions Both

who followed a conciliatory approach towards the Byzantines. The first phase of the of phase first The Byzantines. the towards approach conciliatory a followed who

n ―Symmachus, Pope. St.‖ in St.‖ Pope. ―Symmachus, n - 673.

sius there, which would indicate that God had had mercy on him and and him on mercy had had God that indicate would which there, sius

- bed because he was convinced of his truth. Despite this error, the error, this Despite truth. his of convinced was he because bed 189

ot f h floes f arne a Lawrence of followers the of most New Catholic Encyclopedia, Catholic New ssistant. He explained that he was sent to this place of of place this to sent was he that explained He ssistant. New Catholic Encyclopedia, Catholic New 44 Dialogues

- 187 giving entitled him to benefit from prayers from benefit to him entitled giving

n Atpp Lwec (498 Lawrence Antipope and ti Pshsu rmie lyl to loyal remained Paschasius this ,

2 nd plary life, generously distributing distributing generously life, plary

2 ed., vol. 8 (New York: Thomson York: (New 8 vol. ed., nd

ed., Vol 13 (New York: Thomson York: (New 13 Vol ed., e formulated in chapter 78. 78. chapter in formulated e s cagd sides. changed lso - 9 502 99; lmost all lmost - Gale, Gale, - - CEU eTD Collection 191 Centumcellis. of diocese in the Tauriana, called place a in John ofSaint Church ofthe the priest source, 190 supplications. find themanmarks there,which the success ofhis d every Eucharist the offers and tears the for bread the offer to accordingly: Godin acts constantly andbeseeches he priest forgiveness The leaves hissins. of priest the asking identity, true his reveals and gift the refuses crown two him brings priest the servant, unknown not and guest the case this in However, Paschasius. with encounter Germanus‘ Bishop resembles closely provenance the of description detailed a texts, pseudo two presents he point, his illustrate so the that claims he Therefore, pardonable. are sins whose people for works only offering Eucharistic treatise. the of end the the hereallyquestion: Was saint?a with stays reader the Thus, miracle! healing a by confirmed already has God sanctity whose person same the to occurs punishment this that is startling more is what However, post for earth the to returning someone Second, God. of secret a remain not does prayer the of efficacy the Thus, baths. o the On elements. objectionable theologically three least at are there differences, stylistic and philological usual the IGPs.Beside the from text this mark clearly which signs some are there pre alms explicitlyis mentioned, ne hand, there is a sign of the confirmation of the prayers: Paschasius disappears from the the from disappears Paschasius prayers: the of confirmation the of sign a is there hand, ne

Oblationum coronas Oblationum The author of th of author The - requisite for the offering an offering the for requisite In chapter 57, the dialogist the 57, chapter In uls of the deceased often beg for the Eucharist to be offered in their favour. To To favour. their in offered be to Eucharist the for beg often deceased the of uls the bath the e Dialogue specifies the agent, Bishop Felix, from whom he heard this story, and the original original the and story, this heard he whom from Felix, Bishop agent, the specifies Dialogue e

are people‘s offerings for thefor Euc are people‘sofferings -

servant starts to act to starts servant n G 7 i re it 78 IGP In - - giving can fit the category of virtuous life which also stands as a as stands also which life virtuous ofcategory the fit cangiving

mortem punishment is also far from what Gre what from far also is punishment mortem d forms a coherent part of Augustine‘s theology.Nevertheless,Augustine‘s of part coherenta forms d

starts a cycle on the Holy Eucharist, which continues until until continues which Eucharist, Holy the on cycle a starts ay for a week, so that returning to the bath he does not not does he bath the to returning that so week, a for ay - per, ht he what appears, . In order to render thanks for the assistance of the the of assistance the for thanks render to order In . - Gregorian anecdotes. As with most of the pseudo the of most with As anecdotes. Gregorian 45 190 harist. Gregory the Great, GregoryGreat, the harist.

precedes the first account, whic account, first the precedes - hpd lo shaped led etbihd n 2 ht the that 42 in established already vs f bread. of aves

Dialogues, Tome III Tome Dialogues, gory had in mind. mind. in had gory 191

h servant The h otherwise h

, 187. ,

- CEU eTD Collection 57. Chap. 194 193 the Great Gregory to Augustine from 192 other the of felicity the to entitled not was man the that sure absolutely thirty for Justus for pray not did Gregory Second, punishment. of place the death his on monk the of repentance the despite that, certain is he First, evident had thatthedeadby avoided further punishments monk theholy sacrifice. became It punishment. his of end the about him informed gladly and Copiosus, brothers, the When days. thirty for behalf his on dailyoffered be should HolyEucharist the that decreed and him on mercy had pope the death, his after days thirty Then, punishment. due his suffer to left be should monk the that saying de the for offerings penitential usual the make to reluctant was he as further went Gregory but dead, the of soul the for punishment a was considered already burial proper of lack A similarly. act should one no that so brothers the for deterrent wa initiative primary Gregory‘s burial. proper a without disgracefully, treated was Justus of corpse the repentance, his despite that odd is It money. obtained illegally his with h recognized death his on monk the visit should one no that ordered Gregory place. secret a in kept he which himself for money some collected his on admitted monk, truthful soul. monk‘s deceased the of fate concerned withthe isprimarily second the monks, for moralthe as a first parts; serves the monas own‖ ―his in authority highest the as singular,

cf.Acts4. It is identified with his main monastic foundation: St. Andrew‘s; Conrad Leyser, Leyser, Conrad Andrew‘s; St. foundation: monastic main his with identified is It quia

It is striking that how boldly Pseudo boldly how that striking is It (pseudo anecdote second the In rtr u dfnts urt e sltrm ota splcu euasit supplicium hostiam salutarem per fuerat defunctus qui frater

is sin and died in penitence. However, Gregory had him buried into a dunghill a into buried him had Gregory However, penitence. in died and sin is

A so A

(Oxford: OUP, 2000), 153. 2000), OUP, (Oxford: death - the thirty the called Justus, t Justus, called - bed that despite the strict monastic regulations monastic strict the despite that bed - bed as a sign of disapproval. Consequently, the man the Consequently, disapproval. of sign a as bed - )Gregory narrates the events in the first person person first the in events the narrates )Gregory - - Gregory decides about the future of one‘s soul. soul. one‘s of future the about decides Gregory 46 day period was over, Justus appeared to one of one to appeared Justus over, was period day

he doctor of the community, a seemingly a community, the of doctor he

tery. 192 ceased. He accounted for this by this for accounted He ceased.

h soy s iie it two into divided is story The , Gregory the Great, Great, the Gregory , Authority and Asceticism and Authority - bed, he was sent to sent was he bed, - ol wih the which world

days, as he was he as days, 194 193

s to set a set to s Dialogues

he had he , CEU eTD Collection 197 196 2.3. Chap. 195 be should 57) (IGP 26 chapter of mansions the Consequently, hell). and (heaven places due their to gone already have people wicked the and just perfectly the as heaven, from deferred explicitly, it say not ―deferred stay will fromand heaven‖invarious mansions. go wretched directly the most immediatelygo toheaven, souls while after theperfectlyjust death that argues He death. after judgement double of invention the was eschatology on speculation efficacy actual the in than purgation of place fiery the and hell, heaven, of functioning and structure the and purgation confirms supplication theefficacy ofthe u the and Paschasius to similarly Moreover, next. the in suffer to had he thus life, earthly his during tears with Paschasiu where story, previous the of message the echoes This sins. his of expiation the for punishment in time minimal the complete to deceased the of soul death. his and conscience his of between time the of becausethe shortnesstheseof accomplish tofailed Justus sin. the of gravity the on depending penitence of rituals certain and expiation for time necessary was this another burying for motivation properly. not him explicitly, it state not did he although Perhaps, about. bring could supplications

Ibid. chap. 26, (IGP (IGP 57). chap. 26, Ibid. Dialo the Great, Gregory cf. The same initiative lies behind the second mass for a deceased layman in the Verona Sacramentary. See: See: Sacramentary. Verona the in layman deceased a for mass second the behind lies initiative same The cf. to eternal damnation. eternal to In chapter 41 (IGP 67) Gregory treats the purgative fire of 1 Cor. 3. Although he does he Although 3. Cor. 1 of fire purgative the treats Gregory 67) (IGP 41 chapter In natureof the in interested more Gregoryauthenticis the texts, authentic the Turningto 1.4.3. Heaven, Helland the InterimPlace m These

otifs suggest that at the time of composition there was already an idea of a a of idea an already was there composition of time the at that suggest otifs

n h epesfeigi ti fr,sol etesm s hs h are who those as same the be should fire, this in suffering people the -

named bath servant in chapter chapter in servant bath named gues, chap. 29 (IGP (IGP 60). 29 chap. gues, 196

However, the just people who are not absolutely spotless will be will spotless absolutely not are who people just the However, of the prayers. Gregory‘s most significant step in theological theological in step significant most Gregory‘s prayers. the of

195

hrfr, rgr poie te eesr tm fr the for time necessary the provided Gregory Therefore, s.

57, the soul of Justus also rather oddly oddly rather also Justus of soul the 57, 197

s did not wash away his sin his away wash not did s awakening CEU eTD Collection 199 198 and suffering, their mitigate to prayers for ask Justus) and servant, pseudo three the of characters the soul, the of salvation and sins of forgiveness the upon focused traditionally prayers While suffering. the and prayers the between drawn connection direct the is dead the for prayers of history the for issue important most The prayers. their of result the about living the notify they moreover, of one suffer, to earth the to back come stories his of characters the that fact the Beside issues. theological certain he maintainsthat the purga while judgement, double of notion the introduce to first the is He death. after souls of fate the about ideas revolutionary quite proclaims he Eucharist, the on views conservative rather has E the of result the as forgiven be can sins minor only that and earth also on gained He merits of necessity Augustine. the as reading Augustine of through tenets such acknowledges them found have also should he Moreover, time. th of part been had whichalmsgiving, and praying ofpractice the with familiar been have must he deceased, the of souls the helping of way possible a as IGPs the in mentioned is Eucharist the only though Even dead. the for supplications concerning deathearthly thatare andthe merits necessary preconditions. after sins from purgation of possibility the for proof scriptural a as 12:32 Mt. uses he when places some in Nevertheless, precious t e lcs f h praie ie Hwvr Gregory However, fire. purgative the of places he

Cf. Augustine, Cf. (IGP 67). chp. 41, Ibid. h ato o te pseudo the of author The Au with accord in completely is passages inserted the of Gregory The 1.4.4. Conclusion

aeil o te aln iae s hy o o ft i ie o dul judgement. double of idea his fit not do they as image Pauline the of materials De civitate, De

XXI.24. time, same the at repentant a and saint a paradoxically is them

tive fireapplies tothe tive of1 Cor. only 198

his work closely resembles Augustine‘s argumen Augustine‘s resembles closely work his - passages seems to differ from the authentic Gregory on on Gregory authentic the from differ to seems passages - Gregorian stories (Paschasius, the unnamed bath unnamed the (Paschasius, stories Gregorian 48

–

ucharistic offering. Although Gregory Gregory Although offering. ucharistic o surprisingly not

non ualdeboni e Church tradition for a long a for tradition Church e their wishes are fulfilled in fulfilled are wishes their –

is silent about the the about silent is .

t, 199

namely, gustine - CEU eTD Collection work? his stories into objectionable theologically such incorporate Great the Gregory Pope could how question: the of genuineness the of adherents the Hence, cases. the all

Dialogues

have to answer the the answer to have CEU eTD Collection 200 the texts. in formulated doctrine the on focus will I debates scholarly the of presentation short a after Therefore, analyzetocontents. their but manuscripts, thesehistory the theoryof umpteenthon dependence mutual of cobweb vast a form which manuscripts of jungle a through navigate to have They sources. the for provenance Alps. the beyond even later was see apostolic The City. onwards, century Eternal fourth the from matters liturgical the in influential to limited not was rite Roman the This that them. means connect would contents their where Rome, in than elsewhere produced were su their than later are manuscripts existing the cases most in that fact the of view in difficult is texts such of recovery the However, Rome. from sources century sixth with deal will I Here areas. time and geographical limited in works one if on a dailynotbechanged andaccording could preferences. basis toindividual s a is liturgy contrary, the On liturgy. the in included be to alone let Church, the of teaching official the into admittance find to and popularity gain to them for time takes it ideas, fresh introduce prevalent the l official at discover look to to is age an way of theology good A sources. liturgical the to turn now I Christianity

D. G. G. D. ource of solidity, having a tendency to conservativism. Liturgical formulas were chanted were formulas Liturgical conservativism. to tendency a having solidity, of ource The history of the Christian liturgy is an evenThe liturgyofresearch, immenselyarea complicated historyof theChristian is of centuries early the in dead the for prayer of theology the examined Having Dix

The Shape of the Liturgy Liturgy the of Shape The PRAYERSDEAD FOR THE

200

It is not an easy task for liturgists to set up a supposed date anddate supposed a up set to liturgists for task easy an not Itis (New York: Seabury Press, 1982) 1982) Press, (New Seabury York: CHAPTER iturgical texts. Although theological treatises often treatises theological Although texts. iturgical

Te i o ti catr s o t etbih the establish to not is chapter this of aim The . IN EARLY 50

TWO

ROMAN LITURGIESROMAN 563; 565. 563;

first in its closer region and region closer its in first

psdacsos and ancestors pposed

to eighth to -

CEU eTD Collection 204 203 202 1986), Press, 201 the beginning Carolingian age. ofthe mid the from Sacramentary from prayer funeral short a is source last The century. sixth the to back dating four, the of manuscript oldest the is It deceased. the commemorating prayers ordines fu Roman oldest the among are they Hence, period. earlier an not if century, eighth the least at of practices the reflect both although ninth, the to 1667 Phillipps and century eleventh ordines, hypotheses:go ―I solidground:I prefer wouldratherwalk and lessfar securely.‖ L of advice the take and cautious more are scholars Today, manuscripts. extant the for sources literary far too make was what worship hands.divine is for used actually authentic various is ―what of Vogel, products Cyrille to the according relative; and also anonymous is Authenticity usually are they as author, the finds n a by replaced been already had which again use wasin then; that it still city.same the in even but region, co books new completely even or versions revised and Old books. liturgical of history the in periodization clear no is there example, For

Ibid. Ibid. 63. Ibid. 62. Ibid. C. Vogel, Vogel,

hv slce fu sucs o ti suy To r isrcin okes so booklets, instruction are Two study. this for sources four selected have I o If . The third source, the source, third The .

n o t how on

ne studies medieval liturgical texts, he/she needs to keep in mind some basic rules. rules. basic some mind in keep to needs he/she texts, liturgical medieval studies ne 63. Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction to the the to Introduction An Liturgy: Medieval - us Duches ouis

fetched conclusions concerning the primitive texts which allegedly served as as served allegedly which texts primitive the concerning conclusions fetched clbae ueas Bt hv Rmn origins; Roman have Both funerals. celebrate o

202 ne - eighth century. Therefore, they cover the end of the patristic and patristic the of end the cover they Therefore, century. eighth

i.e., it would be illogical to copy of a text no one intended to use intended to noone a text copy illogical to of i.e., itwouldbe concerning the dangers of grandiose but poorly attested attested poorly but grandiose of dangers the concerning Sacramentary .‖ 201 203

Moreover, if a book was copied at a certain time it means it time certain a at copied was book a if Moreover,

In earlier liturgical scholarship there was a tendency to tendency a was there scholarship liturgical earlier In - existed and were kept in use not not use in kept were and existed

51 ew one. In the case of liturgical texts one rarely rarely one texts liturgical of case the In one. ew of Verona, contains a collection of Eucharistic of collection a contains Verona, of Sources

, tr. W. G. Storey (Washington, D.C.: Pastoral Pastoral D.C.: (Washington, Storey G. W. tr. , the so the ro 49 Ordo - called Old Gelasian Old called only in the same the in only

s ae t the to dated is 204

- called neral CEU eTD Collection 208 524 1956), 207 carolingienne 206 205 eighth ordo source. Roman ancient an be to it considered he because exactly collection, the into it inserted he language, archaic its despite and, archives papal this and Lateran funeral a between similarity striking a out of propagation the for produced collection a into incorporated been have not would it then Rome, in originated if that argues he First, origin. Roman a for support some finds Andrieu uniqueness, collection candated even befurthereighth century. tothe back, 412 two eig ofA copy the eleventh century. dated tothe and is regionAquitania of the from originated folios, 152 of consists which manuscript, The Library. Vatican the of fols.137v

Ibid. Ibid. edition. critical ofthe 1956 editor the Andrieu, workof isthe It numbering. no is Inthethere MS O Andrieu, M. M. Andrieu, hth

ordines can be found on folio 151v: D. Sicard Sicard D. 151v: folio on found be can the However, century. ninth the to dated Library, Faculty Medical Montpellier the of rm ot Iay lo ae oe ams al h rbis of rubrics the all almost over takes also Italy North from - -

century tendency to move Roman liturgical texts towardscentury moveRoman the liturgical northerntexts tendency countries. to century 136fol law,canon thefirst occupies bookof O 49 Ordo 2.1.1. Ordo49(Ordoqualiterobsequium agatur defunctorum) in sources2.1. The -

525. - s n o te two the of one is 152r

(Muenster: Aschendorff, 1978), 3 1978), Aschendorff, (Muenster: earlies the manuscripts, various in found be can collection the ,

e odns oai u at oe Ae IV, Age, Moyen haut du romani ordines Les 205 – ordo

contains an extensive collection of Roman Roman of collection extensive an contains

( the Roman liturgical practices in Gallican territories. Moreover, he points points he Moreover, territories. Gallican in practices liturgical Roman the O ) has only survived in one manuscript, the manuscript, one in survived only has ) . He thinks that the complier of the pontifical found a copy of copy a found pontifical the of complier the that thinks He .

ordines La lit La

- hc ae nqe o hs aucit Dsie this Despite manuscript. this to unique are which 4. urgie de la mort dans l'église latine des origines a la reforme la a origines des latine l'église dans mort la de urgie

52 ordo

n twelfth a in Spicilegium sacrum Lovaniense, 28. (Leuven, (Leuven, 28. Lovaniense, sacrum Spicilegium 207 ios, while theios, while remaining part

An eleventh An ordines

- Ottobonianus Latinus 312 Latinus Ottobonianus etr pniia fo the from pontifical century O This . . With the exception of exception the With . Dionysio - century Ambrosian century

is el no the into well fits t one, the the one, t - Hadriana,

O O

had not had 208

Codex Codex in –

the the 206 an

CEU eTD Collection 214 213 212 211 Sicard, as the placeoforigin: Trier naming century, 210 l'église latine dans mort la de liturgie 209 mis was which Verona, Sacramentorum m ―the as them described Vogel mass. single a at prayers celebrant‘s the recording booklets, of collection a rather but sacramentary, (Ver) Pontificalis the a as such is sources expression Roman of this peculiarity that argues Sicard order. ecclesiastical proper his to according God of Church the in soldier a as served has he which in garment the in dressed is body the that (Phmilitaret 4) O (Ph) animae 800. ca. Empire Frankish ―eighth 16 Phillipps . sig ik bten h pro o fel cmoe paes n … the … and prayers composed freely of period the between links issing

211 Ibid. the Vogel, sacramentary; i.e., 9. Ibid. 6 Ibid. Andrieu, Icpt e mig de ―Incipit

He claims a Roman origin for the text on the basis of the expression: the of basis the on text the for origin Roman a claims He and

- Turning to actual prayers for the dead, my two sources are the so the are sources two my dead, the for prayers actual to Turning 2.1.3. SacramentariumVeronense second The 2.1.2. - etr Glsa scaetre. I ws rbby rdcd n h es o the of east the in produced probably was It sacramentaries.‖ Gelasian century

Les ordines romani ordines Les l Gelasia Old , theletters of Gregory Great, Roman anda the 67) ,

Incipit de Incipit animae migratione which can be found on fols. 173v fols. on found be can which , which appears in the context ofwashingcontext andaappears dressingcorp inthe which , nw et in kept now , .‖ ratione animae‖ in MS. Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phillipps 1667; D. Sicard, Sicard, D. 1667; Phillipps Staatsbibliothek, Deutsche Berlin, MS. in animae‖ ratione 213

ordo notntl, o uh okes r lf ecp te olcin from collection the except left are booklets such no Unfortunately,

(Vat) n - identified and called a sacramentary in the eighteenth century. eighteenth the in sacramentary a called and identified

I examine here forms part of the Sacramentary of Berlin (MS. (MS. Berlin of Sacramentary the of part forms here examine I 210 , 525; Others, such as P. de Puniet and E. Bourque, date it to the turn of the ninth ninth the of turnthe to it date Bourque, E. and Puniet de P. as such Others, 525; , Medieval Liturgy, Medieval

iad icvrd ht an that discovered Sicard h Dush Staatsbibliothek. Deutsche the

, 8. , sacramentaries, even though the former is technically not a a not technically is former the though even sacramentaries,

libelli missarum libelli

38.

La liturgie de la mort la de liturgie La in ie Diurnus Liber

MS.

174r of 174r Phillipps 1667. ordo . These . ordo

hlip 1667 Phillipps oau Pontificium Romanum , , 7. 209

entitled

for MaundyThursday.

t s cp o te so the of copy a is It libelli

nii d migratione de Incipit are leaflets, or small small or leaflets, are , closely resembles closely , - called se. The n clsa dei ecclesia in

the , Veronense ordo 212 214 - called Liber Liber Liber

tells tells The La La

CEU eTD Collection 223 25. 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 1956). Herder, Editrice (Rome:Casa Fontes 1 major, Series Documenta, 215 mid the from period longer a for writings (384 Siricius cursus century. sixth the of middle the in piece one into compiled were but (d.574). MS, research palaeographicBischoff‘sLowe‘s and both period. this to assigned also be can which church, the within struggles some to and 53 in Ostrogoths the with fights the probably wars, to references are There composition. its for period defined well provenance. use to tend scholars today thus false, be to proven was This Great. the Leo Pope of writings the and collection parallelsbetweenthe some found text, the of publisher first the Bianchini, Joseph century eighteenth the In title. mistaken a was this 1713 F antiquarian and writer Italian the by chapter (V MS

Hope, Hope, 114. Ibid., 118. Ibid., 66. Ibid., 114. Ibid., Hope M. D. Sicard,

J. J. armnaim Veronense Sacramentarium 220 Deshusses . 216 , a rhythmic prose characteristic of the papal chancellery between the time of Pope Pope of time the between chancellery papal the of characteristic prose rhythmic a ,

rn, iloea aioae 85) Capitolare, Biblioteca erona, There are some historical allusions in the text which helped scholars to find a rather a find to scholars helped which text the in allusions historical some are There Chavasse argues for the period between Pope Vigilantius (d.545) and Pope John III John Pope and (d.545) Vigilantius Pope between period the for argues Chavasse 221 Leonine Sacramentary Leonine

La liturgie de la mort la de liturgie La Older scholarship traditionally referred to it as the as it to referred traditionally scholarship Older

Deshusses suggests that the prayers originated from the fifth and sixth centuries, sixth and fifth the from originated prayers the that suggests Deshusses

- , ―Les , Leonine Sacramentary: A Reassessment Reassessment A Sacramentary: Leonine 8 n oeGeoyteGet (590 Great the Gregory Pope and 98) sacramentaires 7 -

38, 217 , 240. , , 154. , e. . . oleg L Eznofr P Sifrin P. Eizenhoefer, L. Mohlberg, C. L. ed. ,

to a drought, probably in the exceptionally dry year of 538, of year dry exceptionally the in probably drought, a to

. État actuel de la recherche, la de actuel État 215 - forth to the mid the to forth

a fud n h lbay f eoas cathedral Verona‘s of library the in found was 54 of its Nature and Purpose ( Purpose and Nature its of

acso cpoe mrhs d Maffei, di marchese Scipione, rancesco es -

0) lhuhi a sdi liturgical in used was it although 604), have ended with a date circa 600 for the the for circa600 date a with ended have the title the ‖ Archiv für Liturgiewissenschaft für Archiv - ninth c ninth

Leonine Veronense entury.

Sacramentary

Oxford: OUP, 1971), 55. 1971), Oxford: OUP, , 223 222 Rerum Ecclesiasticarum Ecclesiasticarum Rerum , in reference to the to reference in ,

Hence, taking into taking Hence, t a wr was It , ho ,

219 24 (1982): (1982): 24 te in itten

wever, While

218 in

CEU eTD Collection 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 woul rainfall when October than periods drier much some has which Mediterraneum, the of climate the of view In drought. the of time the at celebrated masses six contains Temporis Siccitate De XXXII Sec. October. of However, October. month the with do to nothing had they though even here prayers an some put to was compiler the there led which possibly space free of that abundance argues Sicard thus here, place were they why reason logical XXXIII (sec. dead the for prayers The missing. are April of half and months three first the year,although secular churchanothercity, Hope wouldhave concludes ofthatit a been thus priv the in used were order, disorganized a such in especially prayers, Roman local that unlikely mar Rome. of cathedrals the mentioned for masses even are is There times. city several explicitly the of name The Church. Roman the of martyrs many commemorates been composed by a cleric. have not could it that so year, ecclesiastical the in misplaced simply are prayers the of number great a that claiming Probst, with sides and author, clerical a for argument Dix‘s t Carthage of Cyprian of time the from MS. sixth late a suggests Hope information, available the all consideration

Formulas 1138 1138 Formulas 139. Ibid., 118. Ibid., 132 Ibid., 118. Ibid., 117. Ibid., 118. Ibid., ginal notes suggest that the MS was already in Verona in the eighth century. eighth the in Verona in already was MS the that suggest notes ginal 224

The 1331 prayers in the book are listed in chronological order corresponding to the the to corresponding order chronological in listed are book the in prayers 1331 The it instance, For evidence. textual by reinforced easily be can origin Roman The ranges material the rather hand, single a of products the not definitely are prayers The

134.

–

1160 according to the numbering ofMohlberg. accordingnumbering the 1160 to – ue defunctos) Super 226

d be even more vital than in the autumn, Hope concludes that concludes Hope autumn, the in than vital more even be d 230 te aay f rgr te Great. the Gregory of papacy the o

are collected under m under collected are 55

this is the case for the two other groups other two the for case the is this

nh fOtbr hr s no is There October. of onth - century origin for the the for origin century ate collection.ate 227 225

However, the However, oe rejects Hope 228

It is very is It 229

CEU eTD Collection 1981). Herder, Editrice Sifrin. P. Eizenhoefer, L. Mohlberg, 234 Georgii Vita 233 232 231 the of rest the Gelasian originatedfrom Gelasius. Pope them of All Rome). of Church the of Sacraments of (Book title the with sacramentaries of group a for name missalis Liber Sacramentarium, Sacramentorium, sacramentaries: to referring terms corresponding many are There decline. slow sacramentaries‘ the of beginning the marked the of appearance The orders. minor the and subdeacons, deacons, as such services the in participants other the of chants the or funerals, weddings, ordinations, baptisms, readings the mass, the of canon the contain not did they However, etc. churches, ofdedication Prayer, of Hours masses, liturgical of as priests such and services, bishops celebrant the for designed books were Sacramentaries celebrated inDe to Lent. reference a has III Mass that as especially misplaced, also probably is XXXII sec. this

Vogel, Vogel, Hope, The name, Gelasian, was given due to a to due given was Gelasian, name, The Cod. Vat. Reg. Lat 316/Paris Bibl. Nat. 7193 Nat. Bibl. 316/Paris Lat Reg. Vat. Cod. Codex Vaticanus Reginensis latinus 316 latinus Reginensis Vaticanus Codex 231 ee a daig wit dealing am I Here one. real a is Gelasian Old the sacramentary, a nominally only is Leonine the While 2.1.4. The

Leonine Sacramentary Leonine Medieval Liturgy Medieval . ial, e. XXXIV Sec. Finally, 234 . Ibid., 68. Ibid., . book forms part of the of part forms book

Today the book is divided into two parts: the first and more significant part is part significant more and first the parts: two into divided is book the Today cember. Commendatio Animae

64.

35.

233 te let S f h Glsas pplry ald the called popularly Gelasians, the of MS oldest the h Rerum Ecclesi Rerum aci Siluestri Sancti

Codex latinus 7193 latinus Codex

misinterpretation of certain passages of the the of passages certain of misinterpretation Missale plenum plenum Missale Liber sacramentorum, Volumen sacramentorum, sacramentorum, Volumen sacramentorum, Liber

; the critical edition critical the ; in the MSin asticarum Documenta, Series major, Fontes 4 (Rome: Casa Casa (Rome: 4 Fontes major, Series Documenta, asticarum

(folios 3 (folios 56

s lo nprpit hr, s i fat is feast his as here, inappropriate also is or Liber sacramentorum Romanae ecclesiae Romanae sacramentorum Liber

Vaticanus Latinus Reginensis 316 Missalis (the - 245) of the Vatican Library, while the the while Library, Vatican the of 245)

(folios 41 (folios

full missal full : Sacramentarium Gelasianum, Sacramentarium : . – 232

falsely

T - 56) of the French National French the of 56) he Gelasianum he ) in the thirteenth century thirteenth the in ) – Liber Pontificalis Liber

are claimed to have have to claimed are

is a populara is

ed. L. C. C. L. ed.

and the the and

Old

CEU eTD Collection 241 mort la de 240 239 238 237 236 Liturgy 235 It Rite. funeraryRoman theonlysurviving of is prayer theold while soul, the of departure 1627) last the after quoted ordine Gélasien aleune recueil carrièreliturgiques.‖ puisédans léonien de comme matériaux dans the in recorded 1628 (formulas same very the from composed probably was which Sacramentary, Rome. from composed was it that probable highly is It copied. was it which from model the about known is little manuscript, existing the about data exact rather Gallico rather but Roman, called be really cannot which Sacramentaries, Gallican local provenance ofthe MS, and date composition the both on debates scholarly heated been have There Paris. Library, ca. 750 ca.

A. Chavasse, 41. sec. III. Book Sicard, L.Douchesne, 65. Ibid., Orationem animae commemorationis animae Orationem I am referring to both pieces, as they surely formed a single volume in the Middle Ages: Vogel, Vogel, Ages: Middle the in volume single a formed surely they as pieces, both to referring am I

, 64. , s 237 as the prayer to which to prayer the as funeral Gallicanised 19 of collection large a also is there masses, funeral the Beside 239 – , 79. , La liturgie de la mort la de liturgie La

and the location location the and hs i i nt upiig ht t hw mn re many shows it that surprising not is it Thus, n h mnsrp, ih w seil ryr fr h cmedto o te soul the of commendation the for prayers special two with manuscript, the in

Le Sacramentaire Le Christian Worship Christian

V -

ie i sos a fwr oiiain ta al h ohr Gelasian other the all than modifications fewer far shows it rite, . . 1695) for the deceased in deceased the for 1695) They are not quoted verbatim, r verbatim, quoted not are They ordo 235

. Chavasse has identified the second prayer ( prayer second the identified has Chavasse . but nowadays scholars tend toagreebut nowadays tend thedate scholars uponbothofthem: , –

245. Ph

the nunnery of Chelles. of nunnery the gélasien

(1925) cited in Vogel, cited (1925)

refers to it as the prayer for the commemoration of the soul. the of commemoration the for prayer the as it to refers

refers simply as a prayer ( prayer a as simply refers , here ,

(Paris: Desclée, 1958), 59. 1958), Desclée, (Paris: commemoratio Vat 57

incorporate 20 of the 26 prayers for the dead dead the for prayers 26 the of 20 incorporate Medieval Liturgy, Medieval

236 ather as Sicard put it: ―Le Sacramentaire Sacramentaire ―Le it: put Sicard as ather can be taken as taken be can

Even though it bears s bears it though Even

oratio 241 ebacs o h Veronense the to semblances libelli

68. commendatio ) after the psalmody a psalmody the after )

used in seventh in used libelli Deus apud quem quem apud Deus - Roman Te 4 masses 14 The . : Sicard, Sicard, : ome signs of the of signs ome . Despite the Despite . La liturgie La - Medieval Medieval century – t the the t

– Vat 238 240

CEU eTD Collection antiphon. 242 ( response a proce in which psalmody, a by followed reading, the with starts it of as order different, The John. of Gospel the from Christ of Passion the of reading the texts. of two description the of origin Roman common the perceive clearly still can

In some ancient Roman Roman ancient some In ssion to the church. The only viaticumis fourth tothe church. ssion element the inthe sequence ofthe Accordingto Roman two the between differences structural some are There Figure Structure2.2. The the Funeral of Rites Interment Procession tothe grave Vigils Prayerchurch service inthe Procession tothe church Chanting inthe house Dressing the body Washing ofthe body Commendation Chanting ofthe soul at the departure Theread is Passion Viaticum O

only contains the incipit, but the full sentence should have been very similar to the tenth the to similar very been have should sentence full the but incipit, the contains only Subvenite 1. The structur1. The

viaticum O ), , when the point of death is approaching, Ps. 113 ( 113 approaching,is deathPs. of point the when ,

242 of the soul ordines

a verse ( verse a , the Eucharist given to the dying person. This is followed by a a by followed is This person. dying the to given Eucharist the ,

e of thee funeral of rites

, including including ,

Suscipiat te Suscipiat

O , it functions as a response; in other cases it is used as an an as used is it cases other in response; a as functions it ,

58 ),

. 243

and an antiphon ( antiphon an and 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 O 11 8 10

hrs angelo Chorus ordines In exitu In O Ph O

starts with the the with starts

, however one one however ,

is part of the the of part is ) is sungwith is ) is somewhat somewhat is 9 8 7 6 6 3 5 1 4 Ph 10

rum - century century Ph ). .

244

CEU eTD Collection 248 even itself. or coffin stretcher a eitherthe portable, 247 Abrahae sinum in fourl ofthe angelis the passages drawnbetween ab portaretur et mendicus moreretur ut autem 246 245 habeasrequiem aeternam paupere lazaro quondam cum ut collocet te 244 te deducant angeli abrahae sinum in et te creavit qui christus other many 243 antiphon. altissimi conspectu in eam offerentes ejus, animam suscipientes same the of records ( chants of sets different two prescribe day. animae Commendatio 10:8 Job and 118:73 antiphon, The house. ( follows chanting of period another Then, body. the of dressing the and 1627, Vat in reflected are messages same The Lazarus. Poor of company the in rejoice should it where 22a. angelorum Chorus meal. Passover the during especially feasts, viaticum, in section, chanting this after comes only in while However,

Ibid., Ibid., 75. Ibid., In It could be used as a verse of the the of verse a as used be could It ―And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham's bosom.‖ bosom.‖ Abraham's into angels the by carried was and died, beggar the that pass, to came it ―And Both texts use the word word the use texts Both

246 248 O 4

the Sacramentary of Saint of Sacramentary the

bier. the on put and washed is corpse the occurred, has death When 1 Ps. This is followedThis is byPs 124. . Next, the body is taken to the church in a procession, although the two two the although procession, a in church the to taken is body the Next, They invite the angels to take the soul of the deceased up to the bosom of Abraham, of bosom the to up deceased the of soul the take to angels the invite They

and Ps. 113 is the last chanting piece at the time of thelastchantingand 113is time death. Ps. piece at the

ordines which led Chavasse to identify this this identify to Chavasse led which

13 formed part of the Jewish Jewish the of part formed 13

record the full sentence. The ninth The sentence. full the record

elc te tr o Po Lzrs n te ih a, especially Man, Rich the and Lazarus Poor of story the reflect O - 11, both recalling God as the creator of man. Moreover, similarly to the the to similarly Moreover, man. of creator the as God recalling both 11,

, it also makes use of Job 19:25, wishing for the resurrection on the last the on resurrection the for wishing 19:25, Job of use makes also it , e er frat me formasti terra De h pae fr h cmedto o te ol ( soul the of commendation the for prayer the

feretro - Denys the full antiphon reads: reads: antiphon full the Denys t a b rcntutd as: reconstructed be can It . 92,praising God‘s the of kingship universe. , meaning bier. However, Sicard notes that it should have been something something been have should it that notes Sicard However, bier. meaning , Subvenite iturgical sources and of the Bible from Sicard. ofthe Bible and sources iturgical ,or a ,or O

7 Hallel Sicard, Sicard, n antiphon of the psalm. psalm. the of antiphon n , 245 Ph ws w was , 59 Ph

- Commendatio animae Commendatio

All three chants, the chants, three All century Sacramentary of Saint of Sacramentary century 8

). The first antiphon of antiphon first The ). La liturgie de la mort, la de liturgie La psalm circle (Ps. 112 (Ps. circle psalm h pae cms ale, vn eoe the before even earlier, comes prayer the ,‖ ibid., 66 ibid., ,‖ Chorus angelorum te suscipiat et in sinu abrahae abrahae sinu in et suscipiat te angelorum Chorus ; Sicard, ritten under the clear inspiration of Ps. Ps. of inspiration clear the under ritten Subvenite sancti dei: occurite angeli domini, domini, angeli occurite dei: sancti Subvenite , ibid., 70. ibid., , - La liturgie de la mort, la de liturgie La 67.

O (Lc 16:22); I took all the parallels parallels the all took I 16:22); (Lc

only contains its incipit; however, however, incipit; its contains only

Subvenite, Suscipiant Subvenite, 112.

w O 6, Ph 7 Ph 6, O - omnai animae) Commendatio ith the prayers of prayers the ith

118) read on the great the on read 118)

O - Denys has: ― has: Denys

7 247 , Tu iussisti nasci iussisti Tu

66. Only ), still in the in still ),

Suscipiat te te Suscipiat Ph factum est est factum k 16: Lk. ordines

notes , Ph 3 Ph

and

CEU eTD Collection 550. 1993), Chapman, 254 cum tuis tuo sanctis regno in eius animam domine suscita est, factus limo other on based antiphon whole the but incipit, original the 253 252 moriuntur domino in qui mortui 251 250 249 an of singing the and psalmody with celebrated are vigils the evening ( mass a by followed responses, or psalms of f chronologically Therefore, grave. the to church the from procession the for order an Itgets that even seems deeper. confusion the onwards from point this the and soul the of commendation psalms the the in differences and viaticum the of order different the as such is anindividual 142 Ps. deliverance. God‘s for asks who psalmist, the of anguish the expressing thanksgiving, the of part forms which 114, Ps. church. the to procession the during and 14:13a, Rev. of incipit the is heaven,‖ from one‘s day inthe life. earthly w associated here prayer, evening an 4, Ps. by preceded is This it. receive will to resemblance lon is Levite exile the which in 41, Ps. by followed is This comes. judgement last the of day the before Christ of reign millennium the in part take and rise will who just the among deceased domine me, ollowed by the instructions of instructions the by ollowed

―And I heard a voice from heaven, saying t fromsaying voice heaven, a heard I ―And Sicard, 4:15 1 Thess. The incipit is so corrupted that in the present form it is meaningless, thus Sicard tried to reconstruct not only only not reconstruct to tried Sicard thus meaningless, is it form present the in that corrupted so is incipit The The tenth The J. S. Kselman and M. L. Barré, ―Psalms‖ in in ―Psalms‖ Barré, L. M. and Kselman S. J. ig o te os o God. of house the for ging

In Paradiso In Some discrepancies have been already pointed out between the two sets of regulations, of sets two betweenthe out pointed alreadybeen discrepancies have Some Ph La liturgie de la mort, la de liturgie La

- While antiphons. two prescribes also , refers to the first the to refers , century Antiphonal of Hartker provides the full antiphon: antiphon: full the provides Hartker of Antiphonal century

Subvenite lamentation, the lastamong penitential psalms. theseven ,

recalling the man man the recalling

saints the where Paradise, the to soul the take to angels the asks It . and antiphons sung during the procession to the church; however, however, church; the to procession the during sung antiphons and , ibid., 131. ibid., , 139.

resurrection of the deadthe ofresurrection

O 9 O 250

and

The second antiphon, antiphon, second The of the earth. earth. the of o me: Write: Blessed are the dead, whoLord.‖ in the die thedead, are me: Blessed Write: o

O 10 O h Nw eoe ilcl Commentary Biblical Jerome New The 252

missa 60 on the church service. First there is the chanting the is there First service. church the on

the

Audivi vocem de celo de vocem Audivi Ph ordines ) or readings from the Book of Job. In the In Job. of Book the from readings or ) Haec diem Haec

249 orders Psalms 114 and 142 to be sung sung be to 142 and 114 Psalms orders

as birth, thus asking God to count thecount to askingGod thus birth, as : Haec diem mort diem Haec n aaio dei paradiso In , Sicard, Sicard, , Audivi vocem de celo dicentem : beati : dicentem celo de vocem Audivi 253

resembles La liturgie de la mort la de liturgie La O 8 tiphons, but without the without but tiphons, , 251 alem homo terrae quia de quia terrae homo alem 254 hallel

is misplaced, as is misplaced,it is i.e. ―I heard a voice a heard ―I i.e.

De terra formasti terra De

sos close a shows , (London: Geoffrey Geoffrey (London: , is a psalm of of psalm a is , ith the end of end the ith

, 132. , O 7 O

is CEU eTD Collection 261 260 259 and 30, Rheinau of the Sacramentary Cathedral, Cologne 258 257 256 255 antiphon second The 14. Ps. by followed antiphon first The grave. the to procession cemetery. the in situated was church were dayfuneral. deliveredof onthe the t on Ambrose of sermons the 1.1, Chapter in out pointed than else Rome. somewhere for looked be should mass funeral the of origins the that concludes actual the than rather burial Sylvester‘s of anniversary an as taken be to has this However, Sylvester. Pope of burial the at offering an noting exception, only Mass. funeral a to reference explicit an gives which sources these Roman some to applies same The days. subsequent some or burial), the (not death of day the as such dates, specific some to pa as place takes it that specifies them of none chapter, first the in indicated was as deceased, the for celebrated of both feature striking most the Still, church. the in singing antiphonal of consists only which itself, details, ceremonial the describes a here that Sicard seems of anoptioninsteadreadings mass, onlyJob. be ofthe as to right it from provide celebration the order not do they that instructions the of characteristic striking a is It Alleluia.

Deinde offeretur eum in ecclesia ubi sepeliendus est sepeliendus ecclesia ubi in eum offeretur Deinde 183. Ibid., 242. Ibid., Sicard, used. be should incense and corpse the accompany should candles Aand cross Sicard, Although, they bear some Gallican signs. Gallican some bear they Although, 260 Ph Eucharist the to references patristic numerous are there though even that thinks Sicard ordines La liturgie de la mort la de liturgie La mort la de liturgie La

Probably Sicard‘s conclusions on the liturgical sources are right, however, as was as however, right, are sources liturgical the on conclusions Sicard‘s Probably

does not provide chants for the procession to the grave; however, it hints that the that hints it however, grave; the to procession the for chants provide not does

missa

is thattheyrefer toa mass atall. burial donot rt of the funeral. Either they are completely silent about timing or they refer they or timing about silent completely are they Either funeral. the of rt

hud e inter be should

, ,

174. 149.

256 rtd ipy s n kn o rlgos service. religious of kind any as simply preted ordines

u i ls ifraie than informative less is but

These are the Codex of Saint Martial of Limoges, MS 123 of the the of 123 MS Limoges, of Martial Saint of Codex the are These 261

8 O Animam de corpore de Animam 258

61 . and

u posuit Qui it fu atpos n fu pam fr the for psalms four and antiphons four lists Ordo

Ver

15; ibid., 182. ibid., 15;

and he death of Satyrus and Valentinian Valentinian and Satyrus of death he

is taken from Ps. 65 (Verse 9a), 9a), (Verse 65 Ps. from taken is Vat

is inspired by Rom. 7:24 or 2 2 or 7:24 Rom. by inspired is as well. There is no prayer no is There well. as

O Ver 1161 Ver

ocrig h service the concerning burial.

259 seems to be the be to seems

hs Sicard Thus, 255

h 9 Ph

257 in

CEU eTD Collection 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 (1161 two first the only (492 I Gelasius (468 Simplicius as such pontiffs subsequent under Hilarius was (432 III Sixtus popes, the to According possibilities. few a only are there Rome, in him pope deceased a of salvation Lawrence. saint, the of octave the in died he that entercanhe that so deceasedbishop a of soul the I. Mass for function similar a serves 50) (1147 half second the while second, the to supplement a or of variant a either is mass third h first The life. his during it obtain to unable was reason unknown some for but sins, his of remission the sought and repentance showed who person a with concerned a Aperite mihi portas terra, De antiphon, finalThe 24. Ps. antiphon the by followed is This 1:10 Thess. re offered for laymen, the fourth for a bishop, and the last for a pope. The second mass is mass second The pope. a for last the and bishop, a for fourth the laymen, for offered re

Ibid. Sicard, 37. Ibid., Hope, 117:19. Ps. Ntedika, Sicard, either composed for Sixtus III during the pontificate of Leo the Great (440 Great the Leo of pontificate the during III Sixtus for composed either

Section XXXIII of XXXIII Section Structure2.3. The the Masses of the for Deceased Leonine Sacramentary Leonine La liturgie de la mort la de liturgie La mort la de liturgie La

L‟évocation de l‟au de L‟évocation 267 olwd y s 5. o te nemn both interment the For 56. Ps. by followed 262

The fifth account also asks for the help of Saint Lawrence to intercede for the for intercede to Lawrence Saint of help the for asks also account fifth The

and its paschal joy paschal its and - 496). 264 268

and likewise 106. Ps. -

4) n Hlru (481 Hilarius and 440)

- Section XXXIIII bears the name of Pope Saint Sylvester. H Sylvester. Saint Pope of name the bears XXXIIII Section 62) of the following three prayers are addressed to him. him. to addressed are prayers three following the of 62) - , , , 35. , delà dei,regnum In

Ver 242. 215.

of Rome. If Saint Lawrence refers to the cemetery named after named cemetery the to refers Lawrence Saint If Rome. of

114. contains five masses for the deceased. The first three masses masses three first The deceased. the for masses five contains Vide, domine Vide, counterbalances the lamentation of the following Ps. 50. Ps. following the of lamentation the counterbalances

266

265

or he was buried in the cemetery named after Saint after named cemetery the in buried was he or is a compilation from the antiphonsthe from compilation a is

The fourth asks Saint Lawrence to intercede for intercede to Lawrence Saint asks fourth The 62 , which is the eighteenth verse of the following following the of verse eighteenth the is which , - 6) wr bre tee Teeoe te mass the Therefore, there. buried were 468),

the community of saints. This might suggest might This saints. ofcommunity the Ph

and - 8) Flx I (483 III Felix 483), O Liber Pontificalis Liber

re te ae antiphon, same the order alf (1144 alf In paradise In - 461) or for for or 461) - , only two only , 46) of the the of 46) Ver - 492) or or 492) owever,

1163 and 263 -

CEU eTD Collection 271 270 269 ― the If mercy. God‘s for basis sufficient a be should penitence for wish the that God supplicates mass the of celebrant the Therefore, sins. his tomakemake havefor confessionhave didnot amends a theopportunity or theopportunity to how reconciliation, of process the started he repentance of act genuine a With (1141). earth on fruit its enjoy not could he but penance, did He sins. his from absolution realm, mortal the ―in The committed he/she which excellence. sins from deceased par the cleanse to prayer God supplicates penitential the is 50 Ps. suffering, Antiphon ( ( sins from absolution ( life earthly of concomitants sinful the of ( expiated sins having as such sins, of forgiveness post the for supplication of formulas various are There 1150. to 1138 from prayers least at or explicitly stated are wishes two These time. same the at souls earliest. c been have could both that concludes he Hence, martyrdom. suffer not did who people canonizing for hagiography Western of history tooearlyinthe 483,butSicard finds in 335 anddates both Simplicius burial. died Sylvester in took Sicard above, indicated was as although burial his to referring Moreover, Simplicius. Pope names ectrm ueniam peccatorum

e ( death‖ of ofthe shadow ―the 9:2: region Isa echoes It Ibid. t quid de regione mortali tibi contrarium contraxit fallente diabulo, tua pietate ablue ibndulgendo ablue tua pietate diabulo, fallente contraxit mortali contrarium tibi regione de t quid 270

The second mass of mass secondThe in laymen for prayers The theological2.4. The contents 269

because deceiving of the devil.‖ Vide, domine (O 8) (O domine Vide,

–

12. hr ae iia pttos n the in petitions similar are There 1142). b miu asle peccatis absolue omnibus ab Ver

and Ps. 24 implor 24 Ps. and describes the problematic situation of some one dyingone without some of situation problematic describesthe Ver

e 1161 Ver ask for God‘s forgiveness and for the salvation of their of salvation the for and forgiveness God‘s for ask 271 omposed at the beginning of the sixth century at the at century sixth the of beginning the at omposed quidquid t quidquid

regio umbrae mortis umbrae regio

mentions Sylvester without the saintly title, title, saintly the without Sylvester mentions e God to grant forgiveness in view of one‘s one‘s of view in forgiveness grant to God e peccatis expiatam peccatis offering of voice,‖ i.e., his prayers, were prayers, his i.e., voice,‖ of offering errena conuersatione contraxit conuersatione errena

–

1141), and remission of sins sins of remission and 1141), ). ). ordines Cited in Cited it as an anniversary of the of anniversary an as it

–

omnai animae commendatio 1138), being cleansed cleansed being 1138), ibid.

s el Wie the While well. as implied in all the all in implied

ever, he did not did he ever, - – mortem mortem

1140), 1140), .

CEU eTD Collection 274 273 272 ( church the to Ph10 – ( paradise wi The angels. of hands the by Abraham of bosom the to taken be should soul ( death of angelorum) moment the at recited antiphons The imagery. biblical utili passages Some (1147). redeemed has God whom those among counted be and O8) ( redemption God‘s of share a sorte redemptionis have should deceased the that ask They formulas. the praises strong ofwonderful creator theuniverse. and 92 Ps. God, fearful but true a describes 113 Ps. While power. his in rest sins, ( conditions human all that so ( compassion ( propitiously ( merciful is who God, a address prayers the of wishes good humans, He, me thesource of the all of motivator the source, the is God As (1144). deeds to equal are wishes Him for as penitence, for desire ardent his count should God (1143), sufficient not

Ph8

Ps 114: 114: Ps ibid. Sicard, ), Ps. 14 ( 14 Ps. ), ) refer Thiefcross. between totheand Good onthe conversation Christ the

God is asked to open the doors of his house his of doors the open to asked is God o range wide a in expressed also is souls of salvation the for wish sincere The The well.attributes as divine the in manifested is sins of forgiveness the for desireThe La liturgie de la mort, la de liturgie La revertere anima mea in requiem tuam requiem in mea revertereanima In paradiso In

and the prayer for the commendation of the soul rephrase Luke 16:22a, so thattheso 16:22a, Lukerephrase soul the ofcommendation the forprayer the and miserationum tuarum largitate tuarum miserationum propitius ac plac ac propitius Ph8 O8)

) implore God to return the soul to God‘s rest God‘s to soul the return to God implore ) , and Ps 41 ( 41 Ps and , –

1138), rejoice in glory with the saints (antiphon saints the with glory in rejoice 1138), –

O7) and God‘s Kingdom ( Kingdom God‘s and O7) 250. rcy, should grantrcy, tothe deceased pardon should (1146). omnis humana omnis

atus

, – Ph2

1138) and grants forgiveness from the abundance of his his of abundance the from forgiveness grants and 1138) ). Both psalms sung at the procession from the house the from procession the at sung psalms Both ).

– condicio misericors 64

1140). He is omnipotent ( omnipotent is He 1140).

In regnum Dei regnum In 273

–

in antiphon in

1141), including the power to forgive to power the including 1141), –

1141), who acts graciously and and graciously acts who 1141),

274 –

O8 and and O8 Aperite mihi por mihi Aperite

and to bring him into the into him bring to and Suscipiat Suscipiat Animam de corpore de Animam omnipotens Hec diem mortalis diem Hec

272 and

tas

– o enter to Chorus Chorus

1141), 1141), ( O11 tuae tuae ze

f - ,

CEU eTD Collection 279 withpriest. the reside elected to 278 277 276 275 Th death. after alive still are mortals the animae commendatio antiphon the describes under aviaticum twokinds. (1152). rest obtains and (1142), God satisfies 1148), 1145; ( thanksgiving reflectMassesclericalism.an for increasing thedead bishops sharp The sacerdotum numero ( seat everlasting sh He too. heaven, the in well treated be will he but only, life this in position distinguished a enjoy not did he that clear it makes (1154). God to pleasing are who priests those of the into enter will bishops the ( saints of fellowship that is hope The afterlife. the of aspect communitarian the on emphasis strong a convey often they Moreover, soul. the of salvation request only they in laymen for masses askingmay soul.‖ light that―eternal possessionofhis take land. right

― sacerdotum censeri facias placentium tibi numerum in possideat lux aeterna ... eam ut 142: Ps Cf. 1154, the prayer for a simple bishop ―only‖ refers to priests pleasing to God, while the pope is requested requested is pope the while God, to pleasing priests to refers ―only‖ bishop simple a for prayer the 1154, Cf. et animam famuli tui illius episcopi in beatitudinis sempiternae luce constitue luce sempiternae beatitudinis in episcopi illius tui famuli animam A of celebrant The the of aspects important most the of one is sins of pardon the for supplication While

spiritus tuus bonus deducet me in in me deducet bonus spiritustuus significant 275 contrast between the contents of the Masses for the deceased laymen and of the of and laymen deceased the for Masses the of contents the between contrast

De terra formasti me formasti terra De placationis officia officia placationis However, perpetua sede perpetua

-- aspect of the prayers is a firm belief in bodily re bodily in belief firm a is prayers the of aspect sanctorum tuorum consortiis consortiis tuorum sanctorum

expresses a firm belief in the afterlife, so that by the grace of God all God of grace the by that so afterlife, the in belief firm a expresses Ver 1156),

Ver , in the two masses for bishops there is not a single a not is there bishops for masses two the in ,

Ver

278 1149 goes the furthest of all the w the all of furthest the goes 1149

refers to the Eucharist as a service of appeasement and and appeasement of service a as Eucharist the to refers and he should be placed in the bliss of eternal light (1155).light eternal of bliss the in placed be should he and -- and supplicatione and

( 1160), he should join God‘s elected priests ( priests elected God‘s join should he 1160), O 6), O ould take a heavenly ( heavenlya take ould terra recta terra

pleads with God to raise him up on the last day. The day. last the on up him raise to God with pleads s hrfr de nt inf a oet f eternal of moment a signify not does therefore is 65

–

277 --

1151)

1139), which cleanses from sins (1140; sins from cleanses which 1139), h ffh as o te eesd pope deceased the for mass fifth The 276

caelesti sede gloriosa sede caelesti and should be counted in the rank rank the in counted be should and

t s motn t nt that note to important is It ishes for the layman‘s soul by soul layman‘s the for ishes ‖

surrection .

allusion to it; to allusion The author of author The

in --

1159) electorum

and Ph 279

CEU eTD Collection 286 285 284 283 282 Sicard, ofthe earth,‖ out rise shall I day theon last 281 melius.” 280 one todwell inGod‘s tabernaclean doe It all. of ( grave the to procession the during chanted 14, Ps. support. and help his is who God from soon comereward should his that so psalmist the of dailysufferings helperand the is God that declares 113 salvation. presentedvirtueto Godis his whicha contribute should as mer God‘s on dependence total and sinfulness human profess humbly They all. at deceased the of virtues the to refer not do they (1140). be to and sin, of bond heavy the exemplifying the death, from of chains liberated be to deceased the of soul the wishes It context. another in but image, one. better a to life earthly the from transition a Pasch, the hope ofsure joy.‖ the with resurrection of day the for wait ―may deceased the that so message, same essentially bound ―are there, one. present the than state better a into altered be will it resurrection the by because body, the of destruction

Ps.14:1. 113:19. Ps. transitum absolutis mortisuinculis ac Sicard, expectet gratulationis certae spe diem resurrectionis Resuscitandam in die nouissimo magne iudicii magne nouissimo die in Resuscitandam ― Deus, apud quem omnia moriencia uiuunt, cui non periunt moriendo corpora nostra sed mutantur in in mutantur sed nostra corpora moriendo periunt non cui uiuunt, moriencia omnia quem apud Deus,

284 On the contrary, some of the Psalms do take private virtues into account. While Ps. Ps. While account. into virtues private take do Psalms the of some contrary, the On that is Mass the of prayers the and antiphons the of features striking most the of One depic 41) Ps. 117, Ps. 113, (Ps. death of moment the at chanted psalms The

La liturgie de la mort, la de liturgie La

s not mention God‘s mercy at all, but rather lists all the qualities which enable which qualities the all lists rather but all, at mercy God‘s mention not s 280 282

The bosom of Abraham is already a place of surety, as the souls who stay who souls the as surety, of place a already is Abraham of bosom The o ie n h ls dy f h get judgement.‖ great the of day last the on rise to

256.

mereatur ad uitam ad mereatur d to rest on His holy on d torest hill cy. The only exception is 1161, where Sylvester‘s loyalty Sylvester‘s where 1161, is exception only The cy. protector of those who fear Him, fear who those of protector

echoes Job 19:25, ―For 19:25, Job echoes La liturgie de la mort la de liturgie La 66

. 286 , 99. , 283 I know that my Redeemer liveth, and and liveth, Redeemer my that know I

Ver transferred into (eternal) life (eternal) into transferred O8

), is the most outstanding most the is ), 1140 also uses the same the uses also 1140

281 285

Ver Ps. 41 presents thepresents41 Ps.

18 conveys 1148 t death as death t CEU eTD Collection part of Sylvester‘s ceremony. burial form did 1161 that possible seems It popes. two the of death, the at already even or death, the differ not do prayers two the substantially for theordinary b from since prayers that suggest would I Thus, 1163. prayer to applies same very The deceased. the of pr behaviour, virtuous i.e., service, faithful a the commemorating from differs only It saints. of society perpetual the into bishop the for entrancerequest to is 1161 of aim only and primary the hand, other the On place. second in saint the for bliss eternal of glory the wishes only it and living the profit to is 116 of different.primaryaim Thealso is message their deceased,but the explicitly―saint‖to title the grant not do they because only not 1162, prayer from different very are 1163 and sain canonized already Sicard took both the prayers for Sylvester (1161 Sylvester for prayers the both took Sicard ts. However, the contents of the prayers suggest something else. 1161 1161 else. something suggest prayers the of contents the However, ts.

ishops, they soonafter could composed been have ishops, 67

- 62) and for Simplicius as prayers for for prayers as Simplicius for and 62) yr o a odnr bso in bishop ordinary an for ayer 2 CEU eTD Collection 288 287 double Augustine‘s with opposition strong a in stands this Nevertheless, them. for prayers propagate quit is he hand other the on heretic; Arian an fact in Valentinian, for praying is he hand one the On others. the of any than lenient more be to seems Ambrose although principle, in authors three other the by gospel the from a Christ‖ through ―salvation the originating on passages idea, This dead. the for prayer the for precondition another as baptism considered Augustine merits, the Beside group. first the of members the as extent righteo were they overall Thus deeds. good did and Christ in faith had ultimately but sins, some committed who people those only but earth, on wickedly inherently lived who those or life, virtuous perfectly a lived who those either benefit cannot argued He beneficial? prayers the are whom to whether question the encountered he first 410s, the of end the in issue the with deal to started he When dead. the for prayer manif T practice. liturgical the in expressed primarily was decisions, doctrinal the beside belief, Church‘s The dead. the for prayers the of tradition age the of aware were century fourth the in already authors patristic Latin

Ambrose, Ambrose, Augustine, ested inthe liturgywas wholly - Augustine was probably the first person who presented a systematized picture of the the of picture systematized a presented who person first the probably was Augustine examined Having the altar, His at God Lord the Commendation of thedead hath place. alsoits to offered are which priest the of prayers the dead. the for in that namely,Church, whole the of clear, is usage this offered in which authority, the sacrifice of small not Scriptures, Old the read in read all at nowhere we were it if even Maccabees Howbeit the of books the In predestination, where he boldly asserts that most people necessarily go to Hell, so Hell, to go necessarily people most that asserts boldly he where predestination, Hom. in Ps 39.17 Ps in Hom. De cura pro mortuis pro cura De e optimistic about the salvation of all the people, the all of salvation the about optimistic e

citedin Daley, nme a hrceitc et I a probabl can I texts characteristic a number a

3. Trans. Browne. 3. Trans.

acknowledged byacknowledged Augustine :

CONCLUSION The Hope of the Early Church, Early the of Hope The

nd from Pauline ecclesiology, was also accepted also was ecclesiology, Pauline from nd 68

he precedence of the church tradition as as tradition church the of precedence he 287

us people, but not to such an an such to not but people, us

99.

288

cnld that conclude y though he does not does he though - long Christian Christian long is that they that

that that t he CEU eTD Collection 290 rede are than punishment left under are more ―many Inaddition, punishment. but suffer eternal freed, not be should somepeople well, maintainas to justice However,in order manifested. may mercybe God‘s that so saved are somepeople 289 purg the in sufferings one‘s of stopping the for supplication forSylvester, and bishops for onlymentioned. Saint is where salvation the to Ambrose from formulas prayer all in present ofrefer certain and tomerits,theexception formula SaintSylvester. with 1161for psalms the of prayers the Nevertheless, judgement. Dialogues Bishop and Confessions the in Monica for prayer Augu as such prayers, specific some are there though sense, former the in needed only are merits cases most In salvation. one‘s to contribute merits that or merits, his of because for prayers tui Finally, baptized. previously was he that necessitated is it that so person, dying the for Eucharist the funeral The them. of all in implied is it although prayers, so liturgical the with case similar pseudo the or genuine the either in mentioned not is it prayers, the for necessary is baptism i.e. Christ‖ explic Chrysologus Peter While baptized‖. the for only ―prayers of counter manifested. be might justice God‘s

Gregory the Great, the Great, Gregory Augustine, ), which also that suggests With Pseudo With are gainingsalvation for and sins of forgiveness the for supplication the merits, Unlike the with connection in merits of usages separate two between differentiate to has One -

the prayers in the Verona Sacramentary name the deceased as servants of God ( ofGod deceased as the servants name Verona Sacramentary inthe the prayers framework rigid his into it fit to trying ardently was Augustine though even example, 290 - Gregorian passages, nevertheless there is no reason that we should doubt it. It is a a is It it. doubt should we that reason no is there nevertheless passages, Gregorian the dead. They could either simply mean that one is enabled to be remembered be to enabled is one that mean simply either could They dead. the De Civitate De wih ee t vrus s hns hc sol b cutd t o‘ sa of seat God‘s at counted be should which things as virtues to refer which , Dialogues - emed from it, so that what was due to all may in this way be shown.‖ Trans. Dyson. Trans. shown.‖ maywaybe all this to in whatduewas that from so it, emed Gregory in the 7 the in Gregory , XXI.12: XXI.12: ,

, chap. 49. chap. , the

He argues that even though everybody would deserve would everybody though even argues He that the pr urces, which do not mention baptism as a necessity for for necessity a as baptism mention not do which urces,

289 th ayer fordisappears. unbaptized

c. a novelty is introduced into the prayers, namely the the namely prayers, the into introduced is novelty a c. n at te tr o Preu ad eiiy s lo a also is Felicity and Perpetua of story the fact, In ordines 69

ordine Germanus

and of the Verona Sacr Verona the of and s ordines ordines , with the exception of the Masses the of exception the with , ing fire. There is only one little little one only is There fire. ing spae frPshsu n the in Paschasius for prayer ‘s prescribe the viaticum, i.e. viaticum, the prescribe itly says that the ―grace of of ―grace the that says itly

eternal damnation, damnation, eternal amentary, do not do amentary, stine‘s stine‘s famuli famuli

CEU eTD Collection 291 of context the in words These sure. very are which decrees, God‘s of speaks th between rite burial the during heaven, beLast will onlyat this Judgement. though the decided other. state the ensues one since conflicting, not are claims two the although bliss, eternal the to and place waiting the entering for wishes express both sources liturgical The hell. or heaven to entrance n traditional the eliminating thus soul the double a propagates Great the Gregory contrary, the On Judgement. Final the of day the after him for come will what anticipates only Man Rich the of suffering the Thus, l the Hell the and upper the constitutes Abraham of Bosom the that claims He Man. Rich the and Lazarus Poor of Parable the on homilies his in afterlife the of description dual similar a suggests Chrysologus Peter punishment. coming their anticipate lower the of habitants the while rest, pleasant a in salvation their for wait part upper the in People halves. two into divided is which shelter‖, of place ―secret a in reside they but and event, Felicitydreams. her visits sister asimilar wheninher narrates Dinocrates Perpetua of Passion the him, Besides efforts. pious their of success the of them notify even a earth the to back came that people certain claims only not he dead, the for offered Eucharist the and prayers the of efficacy the Pseudo whereas Church, the of prayers Liturgicaltreatises. alsocompletely any lack references sources toit. Augustine in concept similar a to allusion

Augustine, Some prayers closely resemble certain facets of Augustine‘s theology. Ps 92, recited 92, Ps theology. Augustine‘s of facets certain resemble closely prayers Some mainta Augustine the in claims Augustine Enchiridion

Thus, whoever gets to the Bosom of Abraham, will most probably get into into get probably most will Abraham, of Bosom the to gets whoever Thus, , 109. ,

ined that the souls do not go to their final destinations immediately, destinations final their to go not do souls the that ined

De curaDe wsig f h crs ad h poeso t te church, the to procession the and corpse the of washing e fter death to ask for the prayers of the living, but they but living, the of prayers the for ask to death fter

- that the living canno living the that Gregory asserts the opposite. In his three stories on stories three his In opposite. the asserts Gregory otion of waiting places and claiming an immediate an claiming and places waiting of otion 291 70 , otherwise he is silent about it in all his other his all in it about silent is he otherwise ,

t know that who are saved by the the by saved are who that know t

ower part of a waiting place. waiting a of part ower

- funeral remind funeral judgement for judgement

section

CEU eTD Collection 296 121 Sermones 295 294 293 292 man Rich Poor the and of Lazarus parables Lucan two the are These passages. biblical same of the groups upon built both sources since references, biblical by themselves justified period this of theology that discernible is It dead. the for supplication of ways effective the as writings) patristic certain in alms the (and sacrifice Eucharistic the and prayers the sixth the from sources liturgical the celebration of aMass. funeral both since valid, a still is Rome, in for looked be not should Mass death. Monica‘s of day the celebratedon Eucharist the mentions also Augustine and services, burial at Valentinian of and M burial a of not do sources patristic Latin that claims Sicard Although read. be should pronoun the use They practice. same the the offering they are whom s for know should attendants all that so Mass, the during out read are deceased the of names the that demonstrates Augustine 172 Sermon In themselves. important some Augustine‘sgrace, doctrine ofgrace merit. thatGod‘s namely personal precedes one‘s claim debtors. the their addition, forgive who those to promise God‘s to reference Augustine‘s of one acrifice. Idem, Subvenite, Suscipian Subvenite, Idem, Idem, In Paradiso (O7); InParadiso umn u, h Ltn hooia tetss f h fourth the of treatises theological Latin the up, Summing see can one dead, the of services the of celebration the of practicalities the Concerning Confessiones Sermo Confessiones, 293

- The formulas offormulas The 124,

ass, Ambrose most probably delivered both sermons on the death of his brother brother his of death the on sermons both delivered probably most Ambrose ass, 172.2.

parallels between the patristic writings, the instructions and prayer formulas formulas prayer and instructions the writings, patristic the between parallels In regnum Dei Inregnum

IX.32. t IX.35.

and f 16 ht o isie eey od n h hmn er echoes heart human the in good every inspires God that 1146 of

Chorus angelorum (O3 and Ph5); Deus apud quem (Vat 1627); Peter Chrysologus, (Vat 1627); Chrysologus, Peter quem apud Ph5); Deus (O3and Chorusangelorum

295 294 Ver

and the Good Thief Good the and (O8); (O8); Nevertheless, Sicard‘ Nevertheless, - and the prayer for the commendation of the soul also suggestalso soul the ofcommendation the for prayer the and eighth centuries profess similar basic tenets. They consider They tenets. basic similar profess centuries eighth

Hec diem mortalis diem Hec illius 71

, as a marker for the place where the name name the where place the for marker a as , 296

( s conclusion that the origins of the burial the of origins the that conclusion s Ph8

and 1 and ); Augustine,); Thessalonians. De natura De

O both the liturgy and the the and liturgy the both

- and sixth and the Roman Roman the and sixth 297 Ph at

test the existence the test

It is interesting, is It are silent about about silent are

292

In CEU eTD Collection 298 297 of which cannot however, still bedetected inthetwoeighth Pseudo the especially and Great the Gregory or the from there were which dead, the for prayer the on views same the held centuries sixth to fourth the of liturgy the and theology 2 (cf. BC century second the in dead the for sacrifices the in the already perceivable were are they since themes well, These as texts itself. theological Paradise the even or Abraham of Bosom the to entrance the or life eternal to resurrection the either and sins of forgiveness the namely ( sources of prayers the into s Ps the that assume we If stories. Pseudo when finally a from it turned Great the Gregory when important more became It prayers. the in used not was it theology, fire the though even that conclude can Amb of prayers the Nevertheless, post of kind any to allude not do they that so texts, liturgical the from missing completely is writers, patristic the of theologies the of cornerstone the 3 1Cor that however econd half of the seventh century, seventh the of half econd

Clark, 172.; Augustine,Sermo

The ‟Gregorian‟ Dialogues, Dialogues, ‟Gregorian‟ The O , Ph , Ver collective (Ambrose and Augustine) into an individual purgative event, and and event, purgative individual an into Augustine) and (Ambrose collective O

- and and rgr md i te an i o te upiain i te deliverance the in supplications the of aim main the it made Gregory

Tu iussisti (O 7) iussisti Tu (O and and

Vat Ph ) emphasize the most important steps on th on steps important most the emphasize )

, still there is no sign of such a theology. Rather, all the four four the all Rather, theology. a such of sign no is there still , 275 - Gregorian passages of the Dialogues were composed in the the in composed were Dialogues the of passages Gregorian rose and Augustine do not refer to the fire either, thus one one thus either, fire the to refer not do Augustine and rose 298 - 278.

then there was a 100 a was there then

- igins of the rite. A change of perspective came with with came perspective of change A rite. the of igins metaphor was a commonplace of the eschatological the of commonplace a was metaphor - 7

Gregorian parts of the Dialogues, the influence influence the Dialogues, the of parts Gregorian 2

main purposes of the prayers and and prayers the of purposes main

- - the that suggest I Hence, Macc). 150 years for their teaching to get to teaching their for years 150 century ordines. Roman

e road to salvation, to road e - mortem fire. fire. mortem

CEU eTD Collection 305 304 303 1899) Company, Murphy John (Baltimore: 302 301 300 3 1978) Aschendorff, D. Sicard, 299 meus, redemptor Dominus renavit. me, die. novissimo in resusc[ita]me d[omine], induisti carnem d a[ntiphonam]: de antequam feretro. tantum dicit oremus et continetur sacramentorum israel Dei. R). dicitur: egressa, fuerit egrediaturanima de corpore. quousque diaconi, seu presbiteri seu infirmi enim corpus ante dominicae passionis sunt legenda Ipsa iustorum. resuscitabit eum. resurrectione de in est adiutorei defensoret die, quia communio erit comedisset etiamsi sancto, communicandus sacrificio propinquare,

Ps. 92. Ps. cantor. or priest either read can one ordines agent. Inother notspecifythe does ordo This 113. Ps. thefrom taken are psalms ofsome incipits The Mytranslation. in the codex: in the codex: MS. in defunctorum) in obsequium agatur qualiter (Ordo 49 Ordo 1. fuerit, positum feretro in cum Et 6. in eum ponunt et corpus lavatur Postea 5. in sicut orationem sacerdos Dicit 4. corpore de anima ut autem Primitus 3. 2.

V). V). Ordo qu . A[nt.] A[nt.] . Mox ut eum videris ad exitum exitum ad videris eum ut Mox

ot omnoe percepta communionem Post

La liturgie de la mort dans l'église latine des origines a la reforme carolingienne carolingienne reforme la a origines des latine l'église mort la dans de liturgie La

ucpa d Ch de Suscipiat praecepta comedisse Chorus angelorum te suscipiat. te angelorum Chorus defunctorum aliter agatur in obsequium e er frat m et me formasti terra De

- 4. m erdau, dicit egrediatur, omo Ordo 49

ristus uvnt, sancti Subvenite, 299

. Ps: Ps: .

n exitu In 300 APPENDIX

ipso 301 Ps. ,

73 Antiphon you.‟ God! of saints Response said: is it body, the until deacon, the soulleaves thebody. or presbyter the sick over the read of be body to is Lord the of passion the at him to a assistant riseresurrectionIt up. will him of the just. be an will and communion holy protector day the the the because on in eaten itself, had part he if take even sacrifice, should he death, „The hasreigned.‟Lord day.‟ last the on up me raise Lord, o redeemer, my me, on flesh put have you and ‗ antiphon: he house, the leaves it until bier, are placing onthebier. him says: only pray.‟ and sacramentary the up.‟

. is, hn h su i aot o leave to about is soul the when First, 3. th communion, the received he After 2. drawing him yousee as soon As 1. After 6. they washedand bodyis Afterwardsthe 5. iskeptin prayer it 4. The says as the priest Regulations how to conduct how theRegulations service

Psalm

The Holy Bible, Douay Bible, Holy The : Rome, Vatican Library, Ottob. Lat. 312.; Lat. 312.; Ottob. Library, Vatican Rome,

‗ You have shaped me of the earth the of me shaped have You May the choir of angels take you take angels of choir the May the body has been placed on the the on placed been has body the :

‗ t h dprue f Israel‟ of departure the At Verse ‘ of the dead of Ordo 49 :

305 My hit receive Christ „May

–

302

Rheims Version

(Münster: (Münster: –

Sicard, 113. Sicard, :

Hl m, o me, „Help 304

says the says Lt us „Let near to to near Psalm:

303 e

CEU eTD Collection 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 308 307 306 domino. confitebor domino. Confitemini eas in ingressus A[nt.] cum psalmos celebrent, sinealleluia.antiphonis vigilia simul vel missam Psallant responsoria, lectiones deiob. sepeliunt. vel corpus psalmos dum intermissione, usque sine anima ipsa pro omnes orent fuerit, positum ecclesia in cum Et 9. die. novissimo redemptor in eum eum, resuscita domine, induisti meus, carnem in et formasti martyres terra eum de te Domine, tuum. suscipiant regnum gloria, cum Ad te, domine, lev[avi]. p omnia dimitte laborem, et cum deus, secundum. gloria. gaudere in tuis fac sanctis domine, assumpsisti, vitam. ad tuam Domine, quishabitabit. animam posuit Qui hierusalem. sanctam invocarem.Cum civitatem in te perducant martyres, te suscipiant adventu domine. interim

Ps. 106. Ps. 56. Ps. 24. Ps. 50. Ps. 14. Ps. 4. Ps. 41. Ps. Andrieureads Andrieuadds Andrieureads A[nt.] A[nt.] A[ defertur. sepulturam ad Dum 8. A[nt] postea Et 7. 1 Scro vr orat vero Sacerdos 11. A[nt.] A[nt.] 10. Et cum venerit hora vigiliarum, vigiliarum, hora venerit cum Et 10. Ps . Miserere m

306 prt mh pra isiie et iustitiae portas mihi Aperite

In paradiso dei ducant te angeli te ducant dei paradiso In

. A[nt.] A[nt.] . In regnum dei deducant te angeli te deducant dei regnum In Vide, domine, humilitatem meam meam humilitatem domine, Vide, nmm e opr quam corpore de Animam in tuo in Orationem dicit Orationem interius

Ps.

ei, Deus.

u ussi ac me, nasci iussisti Tu

oiu i ecclesia in ponitur

Ps. Ps. 308 Quemadmodum.

eccata mea. eccata ieee mei, Miserere

u canunt: dum nt.] nt.] Ps. Ps. Ps. Ps. 307

74 receive you into your kingdom. O Lord, you you Lord, O kingdom. your into you receive of kingdom IhaveO Lord, lifted‟ sins.‟ my all forgive work, my accordingLord, to‟ saints.‟ your up, taken have you which life.‟ Ant upon‟ Jerusalem. of city holy into youmay guide theyarrival, your at you receive martyrs the may God, of paradise the after] Lord.‟ O born, be meanwhile Lord.‟ Lord the to confess will I them entered having and justice of doors Ant singing. are people v Alleluia. antiphons without psalms with the celebrate should they likewise fromthe Mass orthereadingsJob. soul responses, the or psalms the the sing should They for body. pray the bury they until people interruption, without all may church, day. last the merciful me, to OGod‟ Lord, on O up Redeemer, him my raise O him, on flesh put have you and earth the from him shaped have

Ant Ant Ant grave. the to carried being is it While 8. is it Thereafter 7. 11. However, the priest is praying while the the while praying is priest the However, 11. comes, vigils of hour the when And 10. set been has body the When 9. Ant iphon: Ps ‟ 310

iphon: iphon: iphon: 315 309 iphon: iphon: alm:

a , „Who has placed your soul into the into soul your placed has „Who

„O whodwell‟ Lord, will God with glory, may the martyrs martyrs the may glory, with God

nt „May the angels lead you into the the into you lead angels the „May and humiliation my Lord, O „See, „O Lord let, the soul of the body, body, the of soul the let, Lord „O Ps „ M iphon: alm: ay Psalm 312

the angels guide you into into you guide angels the

313

Ps .

church, the in down laid „Be merciful to me, O O me, to merciful „Be Yu omne m to me commanded „You 314 ‟

Ps : iphon:

„ alm: rejoice in glory with with glory in rejoice As [the hart panteth hart [the As alm: Cnes o the to „Confess Ps

‗ ‟ When I called called I When

pn e the me Open alm:

311 p n the in up

alm: gl, the igils, „To You, „To

„Be the CEU eTD Collection 321 320 319 318 1899) Company, Murphy John (Baltimore: 317 carolingienne reforme la a origines des latine l'église dans mort la de 316 regnavit, decorem. me. formasti terra anteph[onam]: psallantur intermissione ut induunt vestimento ponent feretro. in eo militaret, ecclesia in dei ordine vel habitu quo in est id mortuorum, mos sicut vestimentum induunt Anteph[ona]: Psal[mus]: c[hristus]. [t]e dei. sancti anteph[onam] incipiunt corpore, sine ut exeat non viaticum praevidentes illum, sanguinem et corpus sacerdos eum communicet corpore, animae commemor[ationis]. audinos. Christe, domine. mi, nascere iussisti Quemadmodum de passione domini. iohannis evangelium legi incipiunt exitus,

Ps. 9 Ps. stretcher it coffin or he reads portable. something be should notes that it Sicard 113. Ps. 41. Ps. Mytranslation. animae migratione de Incipit 4. Inde vero antequam egrediatur a a egrediatur antequam vero Inde 4. orationem sacerdus dicit expleta, Ipsa 3. psal[mum]: canere incipiunt Deinde 2. hora adpropinquaret ut enim Primitus 1. sine psallentium choris vero Interim 7. et aqua abluunt factum, autem Hoc 6. anima fuerit autem Dum 5. 2. Incipit de Incipit

Item alia anteph[ona] alia Item Chorus angelorum.Chorus

The incipits of the some psalms are taken from the taken are somepsalms ofthe incipits The , cum anteph[ona]: anteph[ona]: cum ,

migration animae

: Hoc est corpus domini. corpus est Hoc :

Psal[mus]

n xt israel. exitu In

MS. Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phillipps 1667.; 1667.; Phillipps Staatsbibliothek, Deutsche Berlin, MS. Postea letania: Postea

egressa de de egressa : Suscipiat : Subvenite Dominus

316

De Tu

75 angels‟ you.‟ of departure receive Christ „May God!‟ of saints antiphon: the begin they body; the of Lord. body the is this provision: the without h that foreseeing blood, that and body the him communicate should priest prayer the of commemoration of thesoul. litany: commanded tobe me pantethafter]hart 2. Then they begin sing to thepsalm: the on John of gospel Lord.passion of the the read to start they glorifying.‟ psalm ‗ the Psalm: choir. by intermission without earth‟ the from me shaped have the on (him) put shall bier they that so clothes dre They God. of church the within struggles he which in habit, or dress the is that dead, the of custom the to according garment the on put they and water with body)

It starts 5. However, as soon as the soul leaves the the leaves soul the as soon as However, 5. the body, the leaves soul the before Right 4. the says priest the finished, has it After 3. near, draws death of hour the as First, 1. antiphon the meanwhile However, 7. (the wash they this, finished having Then 6. 320

. „Christ hearus‟ „Christ

from the the soul departureof

321 The Holy Bible, Douay Bible, Holy The (Münster: Aschendorff, 1978) 8. 1978) Aschendorff, (Münster: Israel‟

h Lord The Lkws aohr antiphon: another Likewise . ‟ 318 .

319

born, OLord‟. born,

– , withthe antiphon: .

sicard, 112. sicard, Antiphon: Antiphon: ss (him) up with the the with up (him) ss has e should not leave leave not should e

Sicard, D. D. Sicard, – Psalm: Psalm:

Rheims Version Rheims should be sung be should ege, am I reigned,

„The choir of choir „The o me, „Help

Then the „ As [the La liturgie liturgie La

- „At the the „At singing singing

„You „You „You „You 317

CEU eTD Collection 326 325 324 323 322 fuerint, orant omnes. anteph[onam]: incipiunt deanteph[onas] exsequiis mortuorum. psallentes cum thimiamata, cereis, accensis et candelabra vel crucis cum est sepeliendus orationem meam, auribus. terra. ē homo, celo. quoniam. de vocem Audivi

Ps. 142. Ps. 114. Ps. ofmeaning Carryingthe ofmeaning Carryingthe ofmeaning Carryingthe 0 Cm ue a pra ari introierit, atrii portam ad autem Cum 10. eum offeretur Deinde 9. Anteph[ona] eum dum Anteph[ona] 8. 1 Cm ue i eccles in autem Cum 11.

: Psal[mus]: Psal[mus]: ac im mortalis diem, Haec

is mortalem is. Aperite mihi portas. .

Psal[mus] 324 Domine, exaudi exaudi Domine,

322 in ecclesia ubi ecclesia in

–

Sicard, 132. Sicard, ia ingressi ingressi ia portaretur

Dilexi 323

76 church, be praying. everybody should door antiphon: the start they atrium, the dead. of rites funeral the from sung are antiphons candles with or while incenses, cross with candlesticks, to attached a with buried, is he give ears earth Antiphon: loved, because.‟ heard

11. When they have stepped into the the into stepped have they When 11. the of door the entered has he When 10. fitted is he Then 9. carried: is he while antiphon, The 8. s. ‟

Psalm: Psalm: a

‟. voice

„This day„This ofdeath, the manofthe 326

„ Hear, OLord, 325 from

heaven‟ in the church, where where church, the in

my prayer te psalm the , Open me the me Open

: „I „I „I CEU eTD Collection 332 331 330 329 328 Veronense, Sacramentarium 327 paenitentiae desideratae conpensationeper. percipiat: potuit, sacrificii illius ueniam peccatorum tui quam quaesiuit inueniat: per. et famuli oblatio; praesentis anima pro per.˺ illius, perdat: non mortali˹tate praeuentus uolun optauit, tui quem fructum, paenitentiae famuli ut peccatis; absolue omnibus ab quaesumus, animam potestate condicio consistit: humana omnis cuius in ad mereatur per. uitam: transitum absolutis uinculis m ac emundetur, sacrificiis his contraxit, propitiatus conuersatione terrena quidquid largitate ut concedas, tuarum domine, miserationum et accipias, quaesumus, illius, tui famuli animam pro offeret tibi quam tui, officia placationis per. piae consequatur: misericordia haec perpetua per illius tui famuli anima ut deferimus, supplicatione tuae in expiata[m] redemptionis sorterequiescat: per. omnibus famuli peccatis ac anima ut propitius placatus, quaesumus, presta, post uitae mortem: remedia tuis fidelibus contulisti

i.e. the deceased i.e. the offereri.e. Mytranslation. nostrum… Dominum Christum Per illius Veronense Sacramentarium 1139. Hostias tibi, domine, humili humili domine, tibi, Hostias 1139. qui deus, sempiterne Omnipotens 1138. non inplere uocis offi˹ci˺o quod Et 1143. quaesumus, domine, tibi, Satisfaciat 1142. deus, misericors et Omnipotens II. 1141. famuli illius oblationem igitur Hanc 1140.

here carries the meaning ofmeaning the carries here XXXIII.

Super defunctosSuper

Rerum ecclesiasticarum documenta, Series major. Fontes,1 1956) (Rome, major. Series documenta, ecclesiasticarum Rerum

in MS. Verona, Biblioteca Capitolare, 85.; ed Mohlberg, L. Eizenhoefer, P. Sifrin P. L. Eizenhoefer, edMohlberg, 85.; Capitolare, inBiblioteca Verona, MS.

huius u illius tui

Hope, 4. Hope,

329

. It stands for the name of the deceased. ofthethe for name standsIt . 327 a eius tas

328

ortis

a 77 adn i fo te bnac o your becaus of abundance committed he whatever that so the compassions, from him yours pardon of servant this this of soul the for of you offering yours of this servant graciously receive the tender through appeasement: of services may these yours by mercy of eternal servant gain this of soul the that so thanksgiving, humble with Lord, O you, redemption: through. sins his with repose should yours of servant this of soul the that propitiously and graciously you, beseech we grant, death: after yourfaithfuls upon life of remedy the conferred has taking into account the penitence which he he des which by penitence gain the account he into may taking voice, the of offering the sins, his of remission which hethrough. strivedfor: the acquire also he you.May satisfy mayyours of servant this of for sacrifice present the of offering desired: will his which through. penance, of fruit that so sins, the lose not may he his death premature his after all from yours of servant we power: your on rests condition human every deservea life: transition to through. should he death of chains the from released been having and sacrifices, these by cleansed

1140. Therefore, we beseech you, O Lord, O you, beseech we Therefore, 1140. to sacrifices the offering are We 1139. who God, eternal and omnipotent O 1138. by satisfy not could he what And 1143. the that you, beseech we Lord, O 1142. God, merciful and omnipotent O II. 1141. ired: through.

beseech you, absolve the soul of this this of soul the absolve you, beseech led epae i te hr o your of share the in expiated already e of his earthly way of life should be be should life of way earthly his of e XXXIII. OverDeceased the

331 wih n peet to presents one which ,

the soul soul the 330

332 , CEU eTD Collection nos consortiis:sanctorum per. iunge tuorum intercessione episcopi illius tui famuli animam et protege, quaesumus, domine, cunctorum cons per. indulgentiam quam tuo optauit ut semper peccatorum, famulo tribue remissionem redemptor, et nexibus mortalibus eam aeternaexpeditam lux per. possideat: ut inmensam, fa certae benignus spe gratulationis expectet:per. diem tui resurrectionis ut famuli absolue; animam etdefunctis, tribuis uiuentibus et purgationem quibus parte redemptionis exuta tuae terrenis nu illius in tui contagiis, famuli anima ut quaesumus, presta, mortem: post prestare sic donasti, uelle indulgentiam per. tribueoptatam: miseratus paenitentiam tui famuli a sicut est: bonum quod omne cordibus consequatur eius salutis gessit effectum: per. perpetuae quam affectus, paenitentiae, deuotio redemptionis ut peccatorum; tribue sacrificia remissionem aeternae haec per domine, remedium perfectum desideranter ad sufficiat:uoluisse per. paenitentiam illius consequendum tui pro famuli animae humana ut quaesumus, presta, habetur factis: uoluntas quem aput ui u msrcrim sempiternam misericordiam tui muli meretur: per. 15 Aia fml ti quaesumu tui, famuli Animae 1145. deus, misericors et Omnipotens III. 1144. Laurenti, tui martyris Beati IIII. 1151. conditor animarum deus, Fidelium, 1150. animae quaesumus, domine, Presta, 1149. sacrificiis, domine, quaesumus, His, 1148. medicinam conpetit soli cui Deus 1147. humanis inspiratur quo a Deus, 1146.

equatur: nimae

s, 78 o, ht h su o ti srat f yours of servant this of soul the that you, med offer the grant compassionately pardon, wishedthrough. what for: he your thus of soul servant, the to penitence for bestowed wish you the as inspired: is hearts human perpetual salvation: thr of result the gain may love governed, his what penitence, of zeal the that so redemption, eternal of sacrifice this by sins his of remission the servant your of soul the for wished through. eagerly he that at, aimed yours of servant this of soul the which are remedy perfect the for wishes sufficient be might it human whom you,that beseech we grant, deeds: as counted before God, evn o yus o h flosis f your saints: through. of fellowships the to yours of servant bishop, this of soul the unite and Lawrence, martyr blessed your of intercession the by us the pardon servant your gain may he that so sins, to his all of remission grant souls, faithful been has which soul, loosened through. from human restraints: his of possession of your soul the to mercy of everlasting boundless day joy: sure the of for hope wait through. the may with he resurrection dead, that the so and servant, your of soul living the favourably absolve the to granting purification are you which have by sacrifices, these you which part that redeemed: through. be in may bonds, counted earthly the from detached

1147. O God, to whom only it belongs to to belongs it only whom to God, O 1147. the in good every whom by God, O 1146. to you, beseech we Lord, O Grant, 1145. merciful and Omnipotent O III. 1144. IIII.Oyou,Lord,1151. beseech we protect the of redeemer and creator God, O 1150. you, beseech we Lord, o Grant, 1149. by that Lord O you, beseech We 1148. servant, so that eternal light may take take may light eternal that so servant, , which he always desired: always, which he through.

icine after death: grant, we beseech beseech we grant, death: after icine ough.

repentance:

CEU eTD Collection perpetua per. sede quoque potiatur: presta, pontificem: uigere fecisti illum tuum famulum sacerdotes semper gloriosa sede per. exultet: muneribus caelesti sacris decorasti, commorantem saeculo hoc in quam episcopi, illius tui famuli anima apostolicae per. percipiat portionem: dignitatis perpetuam largitate gratiae quoque tuae officio, secutus uicario sedem apostoli praemium: per. et donis meritum, donasti pontificale cui ut illius tui famuli animam pro hostias apostolicae electorum in numero per. constitue sacerdotum: sedis uoluisti, tenere gubernacula constitutum corpore in quem et episcopi, illius tui famuli animae constitue: praecibus per. luce sempiternae tui beatitudinis in martyris episcopi illius tui famuli animam et exoratus, Laurenti beati placentium sacerdotum: censerifacias per. et refoues commemoratione oratione defendes: per. et tuorum suppliciter episcopi illius per. immolamus: tui requiem pro et famuli offerimus maiestatis tuae nomini Laurenti tui martyris sancti honorem et quas intende, propitiatus quaesumus, 14 Hanc 1154. sanctorum nos qui dignum: Uere 1153. domine, nostras, Oblationes 1152. apostolicos inter qui Deus, 1160. qua Presta, 1159. Petri beati qui ut igitur: Hanc 1158. quaesumus, domine, Suscipe, 1157. Mem 1156. noster, deus domine nos, Adiuua V. 1155.

ento, domine, quaesumus, quaesumus, domine, ento, gtr e i nmrm tibi numerum in et igitur:

quaesumus, ut eorum eorum ut quaesumus,

sms dmn, ut domine, esumus,

episcopi,

ad 79 of theeternal light: through. bliss the into yours of servant bishop, this of your of soul the prayers place and Lawrence, martyr the blessed by pleaded were you you:are pleasing through. to who priests the of rank the into counted him your of prayer the saints: through. will of you because and us defend commemoration the to due this of rest yours: servantbishop, through. of the for the sacrificing humbly to are and majesty your Lawrencewe andyour holymartyr of honour of name the to offering are we which you, beseech we Lord, he may also acquire their everlasting seat: seat: everlasting through. their acquire also may he the that you, beseech among we grant, priests: priest apostolic high as excel to yours of heavenly glorious seat: through. the in exult always may he was world, this in he offices holy while the in staying yours, honoured, of have servant you bishop, which this of soul the yourgrace:of abundance the the from dignity in apostolic the of Peter share apostle eternal gain also may blessed office, vicarious the of seat thepontificalhim merit and reward: through. of servant of bishop, soul this the for gifts the from sacrifices the through. priests: elected your of rank the in him place seat, apostolic the of governance the uphold to flesh in appointed be to wished you whom your of servant bishop, this of soul the you,

1155. V. Help us, O Lord, ou Lord, O us, Help V. 1155. let should you and this: Therefore, 1154. y as meet: truly is It 1153. tur Graciously 1152. r you as God, O 1160. Lord,that you,O beseech we Grant,1159. 1158. Therefore,has attained the who this: you, beseech we Lord, O Receive, 1157. beseech we Lord, O Remember, 1156.

through.

n to our offerings, o o offerings, our to n yours, as you gave gave you as yours, endered this servant servant this endered

ou restore us us restore ou r God, after after God, r

s, s,

CEU eTD Collection quae sanctorum in omnibus, exuta censeatur p sorte pastorum: ab adtraxit, humanitus episcopi tui famuli Simplici animam ut exoramus, supplices tui beatitudo sempiternaillum glorificet: per. episcopi nobis et et ut immolamus; suppliciter commemoratione confessoris sancti in quam Siluestri intende, placatus domine, perpetua dependit, tuo nomini sanctorum laetetur: societate tuorum per. fidele qui ut ministerium adsume; propitiatus deferimus, depositione episcopi Siluestri tui famuli in quas nostras, praeces defunctorum, 1162. Hanc igitur oblationem, quaesumus, quaesumus, oblationem, igitur Hanc 1162. portio te confitentium Deus, 1161. domine, tuam, Maiestatem 1163. rfca his itts fets et affectus, pietatis huius proficiat XXXIIII. Siluestri Sanctu

er.

80 the way of humans, may be enumerated enumerated be may humans, of way the bishop in attracted he which things, all from stripped of soul been having the yours of servant the Simplicius, that Lord, o majesty, him: glorify may bliss through. eternal the us profit and may piety this of firmness that so Sylvester, Saint bishop and confessor your of remembrance the in offering suppliantly are we which offering, this at propitiously look perpetual yoursociety the saints: through. of in rejoice may name, your to service faithful a paid who he that so yours, of servant the Sylvester, bishop of burial the at offering are we which prayers our receive are who deceased among the ranks of the holy shepherds: shepherds: holy the of through. ranks the among

116 Therefore 1162. the of share the are youwho God, O 1161.

. e r splaty egn your begging suppliantly are We 3.

XXXIIII. Saint SylvesterXXXIIII. Saint confessing you, graciously you, confessing

O Lord, we beseech you, beseech we Lord, O

CEU eTD Collection 334 doc ecclesiasticarum SifrinP. L. Eizenhoefer, Mohlberg, 333 diabulo indulgendo: fallente contraxit contrarium tibi mortali regione de quid et iudicii; magne nouissimo die in resuscitandam sinu Abrahae, patriarchae tui amici in deducendam angelorum sanctorum tui famuli animam iubeas suscipi ut in deprecamur, supplices mutantur te sed melius, periunt nostra non corpora cui moriendo uiuunt, moriencia omnia

Mytranslation. Animae) (Commendatio quem apud Deus, quem apud Deus, ALIA. ITEM 1627.

per. Deus, apud quemDeus, apud

umenta, Series major. Fontes, 4 (Rome, 1960) 238. 1960) (Rome, Fontes,4 major. Series umenta, , tua pietate ablue ablue pietate tua ,

illius

Liber Sacramentorum Romanae Acclesiae ordinis anni circuli, circuli, anni Acclesiae ordinis Romanae Sacramentorum Liber 333

e manus per

in MS. Rome, Vatican Library, Regin. Lat. 316.; ed. L.C. ed. Lat.316.; Regin.Library, Vatican inRome, MS. 81 hm wy y your forbearance: through. by away he them if deceivi the of and because realm judgement; great mortal youthe in against anything committed the of day last it the on rise friend, to that bound your Abraham, Patriarch of and bosom the angels to led holy be should the of hands the the of are soul that order we to state, you better imploring suppliantly a into altered are but death, by perish not do bodies our whom for arealive, mortals all presencewhom the of in

( 1627. this n ie anr nte one another manner like in God the prese in

servant of yours of servant

odes exercising goodness nce of

be taken up by up taken be ng devil, wash wash devil, ng 334 Rerum

) God, God, ) CEU eTD Collection ―Epistle ______. ______. In Dulcitius.‖ of Questions Eight ―The ______. ______. ______. ______. ______. ______. Hippo. of Augustine Nazianzen. Gregory Saint and Ambrose Saint Satyrus‖ Brother His ―On ______. Nazianzen. Gregory Saint and Ambrose Saint In Valentinian.‖ Emperor ―On ______. In greetings.‖ Faustinus, to Ambrose ―73. ______. ______. ______. Milan. of Ambrose Primary sources: Deferrari, 425 Brepols,1975. Vienna:Akademie Wissenschaften Österreichische der 1955. Press, 1955. 1998. CUP, the Church, 1953,161 Orations 1953, 265 Funer FathersFC. the Vol.26.New Church, York: of 1954. Österreichische der Akademie Akademie Wissenschaften der Österreichische der Wissenschaften Akademie 1887. Co., Publishing Literature Christian Buffalo: Cunningham. G. J. Trans. 1. Vol. Series, . Enchiridion quaestionibus De octo Dulcitii De cura Confessiones De Natura et Origine Animae Origine et Natura De Confessions and Enchiridion and Confessions e iiae Dei Civitate De e bt Ualentiniani obitu De Epistulae l Orations al

http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/11 .Trans. John J. Sullivan and Martin R. P. McGuire. FC. New York: Fathers York: New FC. McGuire. P. R. Martin andSullivan J. John .Trans. - 302.

pro mortuis pro 5. In 158.‖ - , The City of God against the Pagans the against God of City The

e xes fars Satyri fratris excessu De 468. New York: Fathers of 1953. 468. New theChurch,

i. , epist.8. 2, lib. . Ed. E.Evans, 110.

. Trans. Roy J. Deferrari. FC. New York: Fathers of the Church, Church, the of Fathers York: New FC. Deferrari. J. Roy Trans. . Ed. .

- L. Verheijen. d B Dmat A Kl. CCSL, Kalb. A. Dombart, B. Ed. h Cnesos n Ltes f an Augustine. Saint of Letters and Confessions The 262. . Ed. J. Zycha.. Ed.J. .

BIBLIOGRAPHY d O Faller. O. Ed. , 1955,329 Wissenschaften . Trans. A. C. Outler, Philadelphia: The Westminster The Philadelphia: Outler, C. A. Trans. . d O Fle. SL Vl 8, o 1. No. 82, Vol. CSEL, Faller. O. Ed. . . Ed.A. Mutzenbecher. 44A.Turnhout: CCSL, vol.

Ed.

CCSL, Vol.27. CCSL, CCSL 82

CSEL,Brepols, Vol.41.Turnhout: 1900. C. F. Vrba, J. Zycha, J. Vrba, F. C.

- E. . alr CE, o. 73. Vol. CSEL, Faller. O. Ed. . 367. , Vol.46.Turnhout: Brepols, 1969. 02158.htm

SL Vl 73. Vol. CSEL, Treatises on Various Subjects Various on Treatises Letters, , 1968. 209 , 1955,

. Trans. . Turnhout: Brepols, 1981.

trans. M. M. Beyenka, 416 Beyenka, M. M. trans. , 1913. (last 2011) accessed 20April -

o. 8 Trhu: Brepols, Turnhout: 48. vol. 325. R. W. Dyson. Cambridge: Cambridge: Dyson. W. R.

303

ina Österreichische Vienna:

- 419.

CSEL, Vol. 60. Vol. CSEL,

PF First NPNF, , trans. M. trans. ,

Funeral Vienna: Vienna:

- 419.

of of CEU eTD Collection Felicity and Perpetua of Passion The obsequiumOrdo 49(Ordo agaturin defunctorum) qualiter Incipit demigrationeanimae. Douay Bible, Holy The Gregory the GregoryGreat, the Animae) (Commendatio quem apud Deus, Vulgata Sacra Biblia B. B. and Wallis E. R. Holmes, P. Trans. Origin.‖ Its and Soul the on Treatise ―A ______. ______. ______. Retractations. ______.The ______. ______. origines a la reformeorigines ala carolingienne Ottob. carolingienne, Trans. D. Bible/#books http://www.biblegateway.com/versions/Douay Theof America University Catholic Press, 1977. Cerf, 1980. Sifrin. Fontes, 4.Rome, 1960,238. circuli, P. anni Eizenhoefer, ordinis L. Acclesiae Mohlberg, L.C. Ed. vulgata/ 2007. Bibelgesellschaft, 315 5, April 2011) Vol. 1887. Series, Co., Publishing First NPNF, Warfield. University America 1968. Press, of html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/augustine NPNF City 2007. Press, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/perpetua.html Sermo 172.2 Retractationes Essential Sermons. Sermons. Essential n h Hl Tiiy Dcrnl raie, oa Treatises. Moral Treatises, Doctrinal Trinity, Holy the On

(last Great. , Series I, Vol. III. Buffalo: Christian Literature Publishing Co. Co. Publishing Literature Christian Buffalo: III. Vol. I, Series , Lat. Trans. 312;

(last accessed 15 May accessed(last 15 2011). Sicard. accessed 2011). April 15

Dialogues, Dialogues, Tome III.(Livre IV).

(last 20May accessed 2011) E. oet ee ad oe Gyo. t e. ttgr: Deutsche Stuttgart: ed. 5th Gryson. Roger and Weber Robert Ed. . 8 . .

La liturgie de dansl'église liturgie lamort desLa latine alareforme origines Muenster: Aschendorff, 1978. MPL, vol.38, 936 . Ed. – his Version Rheims In D. D. FC. Vol. 39. Trans. Odo John Zimmerman.FC. OdoJohn Vol.39.Trans. A. Mutzenbecher. http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1508.htm Trans. Mary Inez Bogan. Washington DC: The Catholic Catholic The DC: Washington Bogan. Inez Mary Trans. d Dne E Dye Trans. Doyle. E. Daniel Ed.

MS. Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phillipps 1667. Phillipps Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, MS. Sicard.

http://www.academic eu eceisiau dcmna Sre major. Series documenta, ecclesiasticarum Rerum La liturgie de la mort dans l'église latine latine de dansl'église liturgie lamort La des

. , 3 - 937. In MS. Rome, Vatican Library, Regin. Lat. 316. 316. Lat. Regin. Library, Vatican Rome, MS. In . . Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1899. 1899. Company, Murphy John Baltimore: .

- 83 4 . Trans. W. H. Shewring. London: 1931. 1931. London: Shewring. H. W. Trans.

Muenster: Aschendorff,Muenster: 1978 CCSL, Vol.57.

Ed. AlbertVogüé. de Ed. - Rheims

- - 7. ufl: hita Literature Christian Buffalo: 371. onthecareofthgedeadnpnf1 - bible.com/start/wiss .

In Rome,VaticanLibrary, MS. ie Scaetrm Romanae Sacramentorum Liber

(last accessed,2011) 17May Edmund Hill. Hyde Park: New New Park: Hyde Hill. Edmund - 1899 Turnhout: Brepols,Turnhout: - American

SC, Vol.265.Paris: SC, Washington DC: Trans. H. Browne. Browne. H. Trans.

(last accessed 10 10 accessed (last

- - bibelausgaben/ Edition -

03 1984. - -

DRA 39.

- CEU eTD Collection Daley, E. B. G Constable, ______. ______. Great.‖ the Gregoryto Ascribed Legacy:DialoguesThe Problematic ―A FrancisClark, Chavasse, A. In St.‖ Pope. ―Symmachus, J. Chapin, In―Enchiridion.‖ John Cavadini, ______. Brown, Peter Bernard Botte, M. Andrieu, Secondary sources: Veronense Sacramentarium ______. ______.Selected Peter Chrysologus. 2000. West Christian the and Rome Medieval Brill, 2003. Patristica New York: Thomson Cavadini,Fitzgerald, John May 2011) Ages. htt Middle Early mort duchrétien liturgie dansla Leuven,28. 1956. Sifrin documenta, Fontes, Series 1.Rome, major. 1956. P. Eizenhoefer, University America 2005. Press, of University America 2004. Press, of p://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/Brown99.pdf The End of the Ancient World: Death and Afterlife between Late Antiquity and the and Antiquity Late between Afterlife and Death World: Ancient the of End The The Pseudo The “Gregorian” Dialogues and the Origins of Benedictine Monasticism Benedictine of Origins the and Dialogues “Gregorian” The Selected Sermons The Hope of theEarly ChurchThe Hope of Les ordines romani du haut Moyen Age Moyen haut du romani ordines Les

Le Sacramentairegélasien ―h Cmeoain f h Da i te al Mdl Ae. In Ages.‖ Middle Early the in Dead the of Commemoration ―The . Augustine of Hippo Augustine “

e pu acee frue d pir orls ot. I La In morts.‖ les pour priere de formules ancienes plus Les 39

Sermones.

Sermons (2006): - Gregorian

- 315 n MS. in , Vol.1.trans. George TheGanss. Catholic Washington: E. Gale, 2003. Gale,

, Vol.3.trans. The William B. Catholic Palardy. Washington: CCSLVol. 24A - . Berkeley: University ofCali 330. Augustine Through the Ages the Through Augustine h Tne Lcue o Hmn aus 1996. Values. Human on Lectures Tanner The 22 Dialogues armnaim Veronense Sacramentarium

- eoa Bbitc Cptlr, 5 E L Mhbr, L. Mohlberg, L. Ed 85. Capitolare, Biblioteca Verona, 23

New Catholic Encyclopedia Catholic New , 83 . .

Grand Rapids: W. B.W. Eerdmans,Grand Rapids: 1999. Paris: Desclée, 1958.

. - Cambridge: 1991. CUP, 99. .

84 2 Vols. Leiden:2 Vols. Brill, 1987. - ,

24B. ed. Julia M. H. Smith, 169 Smith, H. M. Julia ed. Rome, 1975. Rome,

Vol. 4. S 4. Vol.

: An Encyclopedia An :

fornia 1967. Press, picilegium sacrum Lovaniense,sacrum picilegium .

. 2 . Rerum ecclesiasticarum ecclesiasticarum Rerum

ed.

- 195

Vol 13. 672 13. Vol (last accessed 10 10 accessed (last . Leiden: Brill Leiden: .

aai t la et maladie , ed. Allan D. D. Allan ed. ,

. Leiden: . Studia Studia Early Early - 673. 673. , CEU eTD Collection Sicard, D. O'Donnell, J. James Ntedika, J. and Nazianzen Gregory Saint In Oration.‖ Funeral Christian ―The P. R. Martin McGuire, Lukken,G. M. Leyser, Conrad Kuzdale, Ann. ―Reviewon Francis―Gregori Clark‘s The L. and S. In Barré,Kselman, M. J. ―Psalms‖ ______. 11 IX. Confessions Augustine's Death ―Monica's Heikki Kotila, In Antipope.‖ ―Lawrence, F. J. Kelly, M. D. Hope, Hoade,Feand E.―Perpetua Favez, C. Dunn, Marilyn. theDialogues‖―Reading In D.G. Dix, Deshusses Augustin.‖ saint de animae origine et natura De du origins ―Aux C. Albert Veer, de Church, 1953. Ambrose Saint 2000. No.3. (2004): 748 London: Edition. GeoffreyChapman, 1993. Augustinianum, 1992. (1993): 337 York: Thomson OUP, 1971. 130. New York: Thomson Litur et d‟Études Patristique Augustiniennes Muenster: Aschendorff,1978. La consolationLa Chrétienne Latine J ―Les J. , La liturgie de la mort dans l'église latine de dansl'église liturgie lamort La des alareforme origines carolingienne. The shape ofthe Liturgy L‟évocation de l‟au eoa mortuorum Memorai giewissenschaft

enn Scaetr: Rassmn o is aue n Purpose and Nature its of Reassessment A Sacramentary: Leonine Original sin inthe Roman sin liturgy Original Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great the toGregory Augustine andAsceticismfrom Authority -

41. Confessions, (a Augustine Commentary)

- uea Orations Funeral Gale, 2003. - sacramentaires 750. licity, SS.‖ in SS.‖ licity,

24 (1982)

- delà dans la prière pourles morts. delà laprière dans - Cmeoain f h Dpre i Augustine. in Departed the of :Commemoration Gale, 2003.

(New Seabury York: Press, 1982)

: 19 New Catholic Encyclopedia Catholic New .

The New Catholic EncyclopediaThe NewCatholic - C Vl 2: vii 22: Vol. FC. tt cul e a recherche. la de actuel État 46. . Paris: Vrin, 1937. Studia Patristica Studia The NewJerome Commentary. Biblical 85

19 (1973)

. Leiden: Brill, 1973.

an‖ Dialogues...‖ Dialogues...‖ an‖ : 121 - xxiii. xxiii. . . 39.(

2 Vols. Oxford: OUP, 1992. 2 Vols.Oxford: -

157. Louvain, 1971. 2006): New York: Fathers of the the of Fathers York: New -

. 2 . 13.‖ 13.‖

ed. Vol 8. 404. New New 404. 8. Vol ed. tda Patristica Studia

. 2 . 355 Speculum nd -

‖ 360. ed. Vol.11. . Oxford: OUP, . Oxford: rhv für Archiv

Oxford: . Student Student 79, Rome: Revue

CEU eTD Collection Vogel, C. ―PeterVan Paaseen,In J. Chrysologus, St.‖ A. Jeffrey Trumbower, D.C.: PastoralD.C.: Press, 1986. 185. New York: Thomson Early Christianity Medieval Li turgy Rescue for the Dead: The Posthumous Salvation of Non of Salvation Posthumous The Dead: the for Rescue . Oxford: OUP, 2001. :

An Introduction tothe Sources -

Gale, 2003. The New Catholic Encyclopedia. Catholic The New 86

. Trans. W. G.Store. Washington, W. . Trans.

2 nd -

ed. Christians in Christians Vol. 11.