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Home , Ambrose, Book of Ezra

THE PRESERVATION OF 4EZRA IN THE : THANKS TO AMBROSE, NOT

Karina Martin Hogan

One of the most dramatic moments in the reception history of 4Ezra was the publication in 1875 by Robert Bensly of a “missing fragment” of the version, comprising the verses now numbered 36 to 106 of chapter 7, that he had discovered in a ninth-century codex containing five books of in Latin, in the Bibliothèque Communale of Amiens.1 These verses, though not entirely unknown in the West, since they had been translated in the 18th century from the Arabic version, were thought to be completely miss- ing from the Vulgate version.2 The source of the lacuna had been identified a decade earlier by a Professor Gildermeister, who discovered that a page had been excised from the Codex Sangermanensis, a Vulgate manuscript from the Benedictine monastery of St. Germain des Prés that is dated to “the eighth year of Louis le Débonnaire,” i.e., 821/2ce. “The inevitable conclu- sion,” Gildermeister had written to Bensly, “is that all known MSS [of 4Ezra], since none have been found without this lacuna, were derived from the Codex Sangermanensis.”3 Since Bensly’s discovery of the Codex Ambianen- sis, several that include the so-called missing fragment of 4Ezra have come to light, mostly of Spanish provenance.4 Still, the fact that a single manuscript with a page excised could have had such an impact on the transmission of 4Ezra in the West implies that the Latin version of 4Ezra was not very widely distributed in Europe to the ninth century.

1 Robert L. Bensly, The Missing Fragment of the Latin of the Fourth Book of Exra (Cambridge: University Press, 1875). The five books were, in the following order: 1) the canonical book of Ezra-; 2) the apocryphal 1Esdras (= 3Esdras in the Vulgate); 3) 2Esdras 1–2 (= 5 Ezra); 4) 2Esdras 3–14 (= 4Ezra) and 5) 2Esdras 15–16 (= 6 Ezra). 2 The Arabic version had been translated into English in 1711 and into German in 1742; see Bruce M. Metzger, “The ‘Lost’ Section of IIEsdras (= IVEzra),” JBL 76 (1957): 153–156. On the dates of discovery and publication of the other versions, see E. Stone, Fourth Ezra (Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 1–8. Ambrose of had also quoted extensively from this section of 4Ezra in , treated below. 3 Bensly, Missing Fragment, 5. 4 For the complete list, see Albertus F.J. Klijn, Der Lateinische Text der Apokalypse des Esra (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1983), 13–15. 382 karina martin hogan

This obvious inference from the history of the “missing fragment” clashes with a claim on the very first page of Alastair Hamilton’s otherwise excellent history of the reception of 2Esdras from the Renaissance to the Enlighten- ment, that Jerome had “included the book in his Latin version of the but … pronounced it apocryphal.”5 Hamilton does not claim that Jerome was the translator of 4Ezra from Greek into Latin, so what does he mean by saying that Jerome “included” it in the Vulgate? Jerome did not produce “the Vulgate;” he produced, over a period of at least 14 years (ca. 391–405), new Latin from Hebrew of all the books of the accepted as authoritative by the .6 Prior to undertaking that daunting task, he had revised the Latin translations of the , and later he also revised the Latin translations of some books of the that were not accepted by the Jews. “By a gradual process extending from the sixth to the ninth century [Jerome’s translations were] to become accepted (with the rest of the revised by an unknown hand or hands) as the standard, or ‘Vulgate,’ Latin text of .”7 One of the purposes of this paper is to put to rest the notion that Jerome contributed in any positive way to the preservation or dissemination of 4Ezra in the western Church. I will show that Jerome expressed nothing but contempt for 4Ezra, a feeling which is explicable within the context of his views on the canon of the Old Testament and also his ambivalence toward Judaism and especially Jewish eschatology. No single factor explains 4Ezra’s eventual appearance, supplemented by Christian additions referred to as 5 and 6 Ezra, in several Vulgate manuscripts of the ninth to thirteenth

5 Alastair Hamilton, The Apocryphal Apocalypse: The Reception of the Second Book of (4Ezra) from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Oxford-Warburg Studies; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 1. He clarifies this claim on subsequent pages: “The main part of the book at least, chapters 3 to 14, was to be the basis of the text included by Jerome in the Vulgate. When the other two sections [i.e., chapters 1–2 (5 Ezra) and 15–16 (6 Ezra)] were added, is not clear, but the most likely hypothesis is that it was in the course of the fifth century” (16); “Although [Jerome] included in the Vulgate a Latin translation of the main part of 2Esdras made from the Greek, he stated from the outset that the Jews had excluded it from the canon and that it was apocryphal. Nor, in contrast to the other Old Testament , did he see much good in it. He considered it unworthy of a preface and, in his preface to the canonical book of Ezra, pronounced the apocryphal works attributed to the same author to be full of dreams” (25). 6 John N.D. Kelly, Jerome: His Life, Writings and Controversies (New York: Harper and Row, 1975), 158–163. 7 Kelly, Jerome, 162. This is something of an oversimplification, since the Old Latin Bible was still widely in use in the ninth century.