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ANALISIS TRANSPOR SEDIMEN SUNGAI OPAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PROGRAM HEC-RAS 4.1.0 Pradipta Nandi Wardhana1

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ANALISIS TRANSPOR SEDIMEN SUNGAI OPAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PROGRAM HEC-RAS 4.1.0 Pradipta Nandi Wardhana1 ISSN 0853-8557 ANALISIS TRANSPOR SEDIMEN SUNGAI OPAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PROGRAM HEC-RAS 4.1.0 Pradipta Nandi Wardhana1 1Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Opak river flows in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The river flow contains sediment material because Opak River’s upstream is at Mount Merapi. The sediment material can settle at river cross section. Deposit of sediment material can reduce cross section discharge capacity. HEC RAS 4.1.0 is developed by U.S Army Corps of Engineering Hydraulics Engineering Centre (USACE). The program have capability to simulate one dimensional flow such as steady flow, unsteady flow, sediment transports, and water quality in natural or artificial network. Based on transport sediment simulation as long as 365 days, sediment material deposition at upstream reach of Opak River is 515,519 tons, middle reach of Opak River is 79,282 tons, and downstream reach of Opak River is 47,300 tons. Meanwhile, there is sediment material deficit at Winongo River as much as 36,231 tons and sediment material deficit at Oyo river as much as 29,437 tons. At the most downstream cross section of Opak River, the cross section change is not significant. Key words: sediment transports, HEC-RAS PENDAHULUAN Sungai Opak mempunyai karakteristik yang sama dengan kebanyakan sungai-sungai di Sungai merupakan saluran drainase yang Pulau Jawa yang mempunyai muara di dibentuk oleh alam. Sungai mempunyai selatan Pulau Jawa. Sungai-sungai yang fungsi untuk mengalirkan air hujan dalam mempunyai muara di selatan Pulau Jawa bentuk surface rain off. Selain itu sungai mempunyai muara sungai yang sering juga mengangkut material yang berupa hasil berpindah. Berpindahnya muara sungai erosi baik yang berasal dari sungai itu tersebut disebabkan oleh sedimen yang sendiri maupun yang berasal dari permukaan mengendap di muara sungai. Keberadaan tanah saat aliran surface rain off mengalir sedimen di muara dapat disebabkan oleh menuju sungai. sedimen yang terbawa oleh aliran sungai Sungai Opak merupakan salah satu sungai dan sedimen yang bergerak sepanjang pantai yang mengalir di Daerah Istimewa (longshore sediment transport). Keberadaan Yogyakarta. Sungai Opak mempunyai hulu sedimen yang mengendap di muara sungai sungai di Kecamatan Cangkringan, tersebut menyebabkan terjadi banjir di Kabupaten Sleman dan mempunyai hilir muara sungai. Kejadian banjir juga sering sungai di Kelurahan Srigading, Kecamatan terjadi di muara Sungai Opak. Sanden, Kabupaten Bantul. Sungai Opak Metode yang sering digunakan untuk mempunyai panjang aliran ± 65 km dan 2 menanggulangi terjadinya banjir di muara luas daerah aliran sungai ± 1398,18 km . sungai adalah dengan pembangunan jetty di Sungai Opak memiliki beberapa anak muara sungai. Tujuan pembangunan jetty sungai, antara lain Sungai Oyo, Sungai tersebut agar sedimen yang bergerak Winongo, Sungai Code, Sungai sepanjang pantai tidak mengendap di muara Gajahwong, dan Sungai Tambakbayan sungai. 22 Jurnal Teknisia, Volume XX, No 1, Mei 2015 ISSN 0853-8557 K. Oyo Gambar 1 Peta lokasi Sungai Opak Pembangunan jetty di muara sungai tidak USACE pertama kali memasukkan modul akan berfungsi maksimal apabila terjadi simulasi transpor sedimen pada HEC-RAS 4 deposisi sedimen dalam jumlah banyak di beta. Modul simulasi transpor sedimen ini muara sungai sehingga simulasi perilaku dapat melakukan simulasi transpor sedimen transport sedimen di muara sungai harus dengan menggunakan berbagai persamaan dilakukan. Hasil simulasi dapat digunakan yang sesuai dengan kondisi di lapangan. untuk mengetahui apakah di muara sungai Untuk mendekati fenomena fisik, terjadi proses erosi atau proses agradasi. penyelesaian persamaan kontinuitas sedimen dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan Permasalahan lain yang terdapat di Sungai algoritma sorting dan armoring. (Brunner et Opak adalah banyaknya penambang pasir al, 2005). liar, yang berakibat degradasi dasar sungai. Kondisi ini telah mengakibatkan dasar Zhang et al. (2005) melakukan simulasi sungai turun, bangunan tanggul dan transpor sedimen Sungai Rilito di Tucson, bangunan pengairan banyak yang rusak. Arizona dengan menggunakan program HEC-RAS. Hasil simulasi transpor sedimen HEC-RAS 4.1.0 dikembangkan oleh U.S dengan menggunakan persamaan Laursen Army Corps of Engineering Hydraulics dapat mendekati fenomena fisik yang terjadi Engineering Centre (USACE). Program di lapangan. Haghiabi dan Zaredehdasht memiliki kapasitas untuk melakukan (2012) juga mendapatkan hasil yang beberapa perhitungan aliran satu dimensi (1- mendekati situasi di lapangan saat D), yaitu simulasi aliran steady, aliran melakukan simulasi transpor sedimen unsteady, transpor sedimen, dan kualitas air Sungai Karun di Iran dengan menggunakan dalam satu jaringan untuk saluran alami program HEC-RAS 4 beta Pada simulasi maupun saluran buatan. tersebut persamaan transpor sedimen yang digunakan adalah persamaan Laursen. Hasil Wardhana - Analisis Transpor Sedimen Sungai Opak Dengan Menggunakan Program Hec-Ras 4.1.0 23 ISSN 0853-8557 simulasi transport sedimen menggunakan penggal sungai yang ditinjau (Kinori, 1984). program HEC-RAS lebih tinggi 11% bila Tujuan pokok dari pengetahuan transpor dibandingkan dengan simulasi transport sedimen adalah untuk mengetahui apakah sediman dengan menggunakan program pada keadaan tertentu tampang suatu sungai MIKE 11. mengalami keadaan seimbang, erosi atau pengendapan dan untuk mengetahui Simulasi transpor sedimen dengan program kuantitas proses tersebut (Mardjikoen, HEC-RAS 4.1.0 dapat digunakan untuk 1987). mengevaluasi perubahan kapasitas debit tampang sungai akibat adanya proses transpor sedimen dan mengevaluasi proses transpor sedimen yang terjadi pada tampang sungai maupun penggal sungai. T1 T2 LANDASAN TEORI Persamaan Kontinuitas I II Berikut dasar persamaan kontinuitas yang Proses Perbandingan T menjelaskan konservasi massa pada aliran Sedimen Dasar satu dimensi. T1 = T2 Seimbang Stabil A S Q T1 T2 Erosi Degradasi q 0 1 T T Pengendapan Agradasi t t x (1) 1 2 Gambar 2 Transpor sedimen pada tampang Dengan : memanjang saluran. x = jarak sepanjang saluran Persamaan Kontinuitas Sedimen t = waktu Q = debit aliran Dasar simulasi pergerakan dasar saluran A = tampang basah aliran pada arah vertikal adalah persamaan S = tampungan tampang melintang sungai kontinuitas sedimen ( the Exner equation ). yang tidak G Ys q1 = aliran lateral per unit jarak Bo 0 x t (3) Persamaan Momentum Dengan : Persamaan momentum menyatakan bahwa = lebar saluran laju perubahan momentum sama dengan Bo gaya eksternal yang bekerja pada suatu t = waktu sistem. G = jumlah sedimen dalam waktu tertentu x = jarak saluran Q vQ z Y = kedalaman sedimen pada volume gA S 0 S f kontrol t x x (2) Kecepatan Endap Sedimen Dengan : g = percepatan gravitasi Van Rijn memperkenalkan persamaan - Sf = kemiringan friksi persamaan di bawah ini berdasarkan kurva v = kecepatan aliran US Interagency Commitee on Water Resources’ (IACWR) untuk menghitung Kapasitas Transpor Sedimen nilai kecepatan endap partikel. Persamaan Kapasitas transpor sedimen adalah kapasitas tersebut berdasarkan faktor bentuk (shape dari sungai untuk melewatkan sejumlah factor) 0,7, dan temperatur air 20o C. sedimen sehubungan dengan karakter Persamaan berikut digunakan berdasarkan pengaliran dan karakter sedimen pada suatu ukuran diameter partikel. 24 Jurnal Teknisia, Volume XX, No 1, Mei 2015 ISSN 0853-8557 s 1gd aliran steady. Simulasi transpor sedimen 1. bila 0.001 d0.1 mm (4) 18 secara steady lebih mudah dan cepat 0,5 dilakukan daripada simulasi transpor 10 0,01s 1gd 3 2. 1 1 bila sedimen secara unsteady (Brunner, 2002). 2 d Kondisi Batas Simulasi 0.1d 1 mm (5) 0,5 Kondisi batas hulu Sungai Oyo, Sungai 3. 1,1s 1gd bila d1mm (6) Winongo, dan Sungai Opak yang digunakan Dengan : merupakan debit harian selama satu tahun. = Kecepatan endap partikel Kondisi batas hulu dapat dilihat pada = Viskositas kinematik Gambar 3, Gambar 4, dan Gambar 5. s = rapat relatif partikel Kondisi batas hilir di Sungai Opak adalah d = diameter partikel elevasi muka air tertinggi pasang surut yang diukur pada 16 Juni 2007 sampai dengan 18 Persamaan Transpor Sedimen Juni 2007 di muara Sungai Opak. Tinggi Meyer-Peter Müller memperkenalkan elevasi pasang surut tertinggi pada periode persamaan di bawah ini untuk menghitung waktu tersebut di atas adalah 2,147 m. kapasitas transpor sedimen suatu penggal saluran. 150 3 100 /s) k 2 3 r RS 0.047 d s m 50 k'r (7) 1 2 Debit (m 3 3 0 2 0.25 s g 3 0 100 200 300 400 s Waktu (Hari) g s Gambar 3 Debit harian Sungai Oyo Dengan : gs = transpor sedimen (massa/waktu/lebar) 150 kr = koefisien kekasaran 100 kr’ = koefisien kekasaran berdasarkan /s) 3 butiran = berat jenis air 50 Debit (m s = berat jenis sedimen 0 G = percepatan gravitasi 0 100 200 300 400 Waktu (Hari) dm = diameter partikel rata – rata R = jari – jari hidraulik Gambar 4 Debit harian Sungai Opak S = kemiringan saluran 15 METODOLOGI /s) Sebelum dilakukan simulasi transpor 3 10 sedimen, model jaringan sungai harus 5 disimulasikan pada kondisi aliran steady dan Debit (m unsteady. Simulasi pada kedua kondisi 0 tersebut dilakukan untuk mengetahui 0 100 200 300 400 stabilitas model jaringan sungai. Simulasi Waktu (Hari) transpor sedimen dilakukan dengan kondisi Gambar 5 Debit harian Sungai Winongo quasi unsteady flow. Kondisi quasi unsteady flow mengasumsikan kondisi aliran yang unsteady menjadi beberapa seri diskrit profil Wardhana - Analisis
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