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Le Mal Jaune: the Memory of the Indochina War in France, 1954-2006

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Le Mal Jaune: the Memory of the Indochina War in France, 1954-2006 Le Mal Jaune: The Memory of the Indochina War in France, 1954-2006 by Maura Kathryn Edwards A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by M. Kathryn Edwards 2010 Le Mal Jaune: The Memory of the Indochina War in France, 1954-2006 Maura Kathryn Edwards Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2010 Abstract National historical memory in France has often given rise to violent polemic. Controversial episodes of national history, such as the Second World War and Algerian conflict, have attracted considerable attention. Yet despite its obvious importance as a particularly violent war of decolonization and precursor to the Vietnam War, the First Indochina War (1946-54) has largely been ignored. In the context of decolonization and the beginning of the Cold War, however, Indochina offers a unique example of the complex relationship between event, commemoration, and memory. This dissertation examines state commemorations, official and unofficial sites of memory, film and other media representations of the war, and several “flashpoint” events that have elicited particularly heated debates over the legacies of the war. The thematic structure allows me to bring together various vehicles and artefacts of memory, from monuments to commemorative ceremonies to veterans‟ associations, along with less tangible expressions of memory expressed through public debates and film. I also analyze the tangible legacy of colonialism in the metropole: the „repatriate‟ camps that housed primarily French ii citizens of Vietnamese, Lao and Cambodian origin after 1956. This chapter makes an important contribution to the history of immigration to France, which is critical to understanding issues currently facing this multicultural society. Two dominant narratives emerge from my analysis. The first is maintained by a majority of veterans and elements of the political right and extreme right, and is characterized by themes of heroic soldiers combating communism and a belief in their abandonment by the metropolitan government and public. In some cases, a sense of duty to protect „Greater France‟ is invoked, and in others, the duty to fight with the independent Vietnamese against their communist oppressors. The second narrative casts the conflict as a „dirty‟ war of colonial reconquest. Though the primary goal of the dissertation is to elucidate the construction of particular narratives of war, I argue that this memorial process is inherently intertwined with the re-evaluation of the colonial project. The fundamental disagreement over the nature of the war, as either a battle against communism or a war of colonial reconquest, has prompted extensive debates over the relative merits of the colonial project and its putative resurrection in 1945. iii Acknowledgments This project would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of numerous people and organizations. I would first like to thank my supervisor, Eric Jennings, for his guidance, constant encouragement and thoughtful feedback and suggestions. Nhung Tuyet Tran has been a source of great support for my research and my professional development, as well as of sound advice. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Tong Lam and Jennifer Jenkins, whose insight and comments have shaped this project from an early stage. A special thanks to my external examiner, Christopher Goscha, whose expertise and feedback were invaluable. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the O‟Brien Foundation, the University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science, School of Graduate Studies and the Department of History all provided essential financial support for my research. While numerous scholars and archivists lent me great assistance in my research, I would particularly like to thank Pierre Brocheux for his guidance and advice at the very beginning and throughout the research process, François Guillemot and the Institut d‟Asie Orientale in Lyons for granting me access to the Fonds Georges Boudarel, Sandrine Lacombe and Pascal de Toffoli at the Archives départementales du Lot-et-Garonne in Agen, and Lucette Vachier at the Centre d‟Archives d‟Outre-mer in Aix-en-Provence. Thanks also to the executive members of the Coordination Eurasien de Paris for opening their homes and their personal collections to me, to General Guy Simon and the ANAI for sharing their thoughts and granting me access to their bulletin collection, and to Magali Ceroni for sharing her Master‟s research on the 2006 CAFI exhibit. Earlier versions of several chapters were presented to the Joint University of Toronto/York University French Seminar and the University of Toronto iv History Department‟s Modern European Reading Group; my sincere thanks to all of those who gave me such valuable feedback and advice. An early version of Chapter 1 appeared as “Traître au colonialisme? The Georges Boudarel Affair and the Memory of the Indochina War” in French Colonial History, vol. 11 (2010), published by Michigan State University Press; sections of Chapter 2 appeared as “The National Association of Veterans and Friends of Indochina, the Commemoration of the Indochina War and the „Positive‟ Role of Colonialism” in Hagar: Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities 9 no. 2 (2010), 30-48, published by Ben Gurion University of the Negev. I would like to extend a special thanks to Bayne MacMillan, who inspired my passion for history early on, and to Martin Horn and Norman Ingram for their encouragement during my undergraduate and Master‟s studies. I am also deeply grateful to all of my friends and family who have supported me along the way. Special thanks go to Claire Eldridge and Sara Barker for their friendship and countless coffee breaks during my research in Paris, Erin Hochman for being a sounding board for everything from research to teaching ideas, Kate Parizeau for her endless patience and knowing exactly when it‟s time for take-out, Jackie To for years of moral support, and Jamie Sedgwick for reminding me why I love what I do even when the going gets tough. I am also grateful to my childhood friends from Sackville, who have always helped me to keep things in perspective. Finally, I would like to thank my family: my parents, Peter Edwards and Kathy Hamer, and my sister, Meghan Edwards. They are not only a source of unfailing support, but they are also a crack editorial team. v Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 The Colonial Period, the Second World War and the French Indochina War ......................... 4 French Public Opinion, Reactions and Resistance................................................................. 10 „Memory‟ and the Emerging Narratives of the War ............................................................... 16 The Chronology of Memory .................................................................................................... 21 Sources and Structure ............................................................................................................. 29 Chapter 1: ‘La sale affaire’: Collaboration, Resistance and the Georges Boudarel Affair......................................................................................... 33 Georges Boudarel, 1948-1991 ................................................................................................ 37 Reactions and Controversy ..................................................................................................... 42 Legal Implications of the Affair .............................................................................................. 55 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 65 Chapter 2: Positively Colonial: The National Association of Veterans and Friends of Indochina ..................................................................................... 66 ANAI History and Objectives .................................................................................................. 69 The Politics of Commemoration ............................................................................................. 74 The „Positive‟ Aspects of Colonialism .................................................................................... 87 The ANAI and State Discourse ............................................................................................... 93 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 94 Chapter 3: “France Does not Forget”: State Commemoration and the Construction of an „Official‟ Narrative .............................................................................. 96 Commemorative Monuments and Ceremonies ....................................................................... 99 Common Themes and Narratives .......................................................................................... 121 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 131 Chapter 4: “Les oubliés de Vietnam-sur-Lot”: Repatriate Camps as Sites of Colonial Memory ................................................................................................... 133 Migration and Repatriation
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