To Mark the 150Th Anniversary of the Birth of Matisse and the Upcoming
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To mark the 150th anniversary of the birth of Matisse and the upcoming exhibition of his work at the Pompidou Centre in Paris in 2020, this art documentary invites us to retrace the voyages Matisse made that influenced his art, especially his last trip to Polynesia in 1930, which took him to the threshold of contemporary art with the invention of his gouache-painted cut-outs. In 1930, at the age of 60, Matisse feels the call of the sea, the lure of elsewhere, one last time. He decides to embark on the longest possible journey: to the antipodes, to see Polynesia. The voyage to Tahiti takes several weeks, giving him time to look back on the distance he has travelled in his lifetime. He reflects on the many journeys that he, a man of the North searching for bright light and colours, has continually made throughout his life and career as a painter: to Corsica, Collioure and Nice, where he finally settled in 1917, but also to Algeria, Morocco and the United States. Each time, these trips have been a stepping stone to something else. His Corsican experience led him to Fauvism, his sojourn in Morocco to modern painting; Polynesia will permeate the last 25 years of his creative life and take him to the threshold of contemporary art. This lifelong artistic quest for other lights, colours and shapes has also, above all, been a search for himself that has driven him tirelessly and passionately to pursue the great journey of his life. Polynesia, the sea (1948) Note : The works presented in this dossier are all signed by Henri Matisse and their rights belong to Les Héritiers Matisse (© Succession H. Matisse), as well as the photographs unless otherwise indicated. The reproductions of the works have been made without Les Héritiers Matisse’s prior monitoring. March 2020 Chasing Light, The Voyages of Matisse © CC&C – Man’s Films Productions – Nocturnes Productions - 2019 2 Present-day scenes of the north and south shores of the Mediterranean (the French Riviera and the Moroccan coast around Tangiers), intercut with scenes of modern Polynesia. Gradually, archive shots from the 1920s and 30s blend into these pictures, culminating in footage dated March 1930 of the aptly named RMS Tahiti, a rusty old steamship that looks more like a freighter than a passenger ship. On board this uncomfortable vessel is Henri Matisse, aged 60, bound for the United States on the first leg of his journey to French Polynesia. He has set forth on this adventure in some haste, leaving an unfinished painting on his easel in Nice, driven by an urge to go travelling alone in search of something. What is he hoping to gain from this journey? Matisse (right) aboard the RMS Tahiti (1930) Aboard the ship, Matisse asks himself the same question. Has he made the right decision? Should he be traveling so far? And yet, he has been mulling over this trip to Polynesia for nearly twenty years. He has always been a traveller, lured to elsewhere. Born in Cateau-Cambrésis, a small town in the Nord département of France some thirty kilometres from Belgium, he has always roamed farther and farther south in search of light. As a budding young artist, he had already been to England, Spain, Italy, and even Russia, but he regarded most of these trips as “working visits”. To his mind, his only “real” journeys before 1930 had been to Corsica, Algeria and Morocco. Leaning on the ship’s rail, watching the coast of Europe recede, he thinks back on that first big journey to Corsica with his wife Amélie, just one month after their wedding. Back then, in February 1898, Matisse was still a struggling young artist, living from hand to mouth in Paris. He liked Corsica so much that he stayed on a few months longer, until July, and did about fifty paintings there, including Landscape, the Pink Wall. The atmosphere of Corsica inspired him so deeply that he began to assert his own style, especially with regard to his choice of colours, which paved the way for Fauvism a few years later. Landscape, the pink wall (1898) Chasing Light, The Voyages of Matisse © CC&C – Man’s Films Productions – Nocturnes Productions - 2019 3 It was in Corsica that Matisse, in his own words, “learned to know” the Mediterranean. “It was in Ajaccio that I first experienced my great amazement at the South.” In the years that followed, he continued extensively to explore this “South” that so entranced him. Together with his friend and fellow artist André Derain, Matisse painted many pictures in Collioure and the surrounding area, pushing the exploration of light and colour to new limits. These pure, violent colours painted flat on canvases, which he showed at the 1905 Salon d’Automne, were what led to Fauvism, of which Matisse is the great master. Among the earlier painters whose influence he acknowledged was Van Gogh, but predominantly Gauguin – the Gauguin of Polynesia, naturally. His paintings deeply impressed Matisse. On board the ship to Tahiti in March 1930, Matisse must surely Open window, Collioure (1905) have been thinking of his great predecessor, who had died nearly twenty-five years earlier. Matisse thinks back on the dazzling success of Fauvism in 1905 and the journeys he made thereafter. He travelled regularly – almost every winter from 1906 to 1913 – to Andalusia, Algeria and especially Morocco, twice, in 1912 and 1913. “These trips to Morocco helped me reconnect with nature more completely than I could by practising a living but rather limited theory, such as Fauvism”. In fact, in these years just before World War One, when Matisse was 43-44, he went through a profound midlife crisis. For one thing, he had just lost his father and was haunted by grief. For another, Sergei Shchukin had just rejected Dance and Music, two panels Matisse had painted for the Russian art collector’s Moscow home. An artistic crisis, therefore, on top of a family one, was exacerbated by the fact that the wildfire of Fauvism had died down a few years before. It was time for Matisse to move on to something else, to find a new creative impetus. Zohra in yellow (1912) It was in Tangiers that he first experienced what he called “the ineffable sweetness when it comes of its own accord” and foresaw the potential of his creative work that lay ahead, through his contact with Islamic art. As he wrote at the time, “This type of art suggests a wider space, a truly plastic space.” In his studio/bedroom overlooking the Bay of Tangiers, he painted incessantly: still lives, landscapes and figures, of women, most notably Zohra, but also of men, such as the “Riffian”. In a way, he was still trying to reconcile his leading inspirations – Cézanne and Gauguin – with the grand traditions of Eastern art, but over time he moved on from there. He would stroll in the medina or immerse himself in the peace and quiet of the Moroccan gardens, beguiled by their lush vegetation. The Window, Tangiers (1912) Chasing Light, The Voyages of Matisse © CC&C – Man’s Films Productions – Nocturnes Productions - 2019 4 It is no coincidence that the search for the arabesque, or the wavy shape in general, is a distinctive feature of Matisse’s art. Nor is it by coincidence that another feature of his painting is the simplification of shapes and colours: often pure and flat and rimmed by a dark line, and later, just solid colours. All of this is the result of his travels and the indirect influence of Eastern art, ranging from the figure of the odalisque to his famous series of blue nudes. Odalisque with a Turkish Chair (1928) / Blue nude IV (1952) But at the same time, Matisse did not travel east in order to experiment with Orientalist painting, let alone to walk in the footsteps of Delacroix. He has always been a painter who goes his own way, and this is what he is about to do in Polynesia. He has no intention of following in Gaugin’s footsteps. Since his trip to Morocco, one thing has been crystal clear to him: what really matters is the search for himself in his art. When Matisse decided to settle in Nice in 1917, it was to be able to live permanently on the Mediterranean shore. To illustrate how much his first discovery of the light, not only in the south of France but on both sides of the Mediterranean, was a major milestone in Matisse’s life, we see various key paintings from this period juxtaposed with contemporary scenes of the French Riviera, Corsica, and Morocco, illustrating the scope of his Mediterranean work and the contribution that his many “southward travels” made to his oeuvre. Seated Woman, Back Turned to the Open Window (1922) Nonetheless, in early 1930, we find Matisse seeking to renew himself and go even farther, both literally and metaphorically. It’s a long journey – first across the Atlantic, then coast-to-coast across the United States by train from New York to San Francisco. He had already travelled frequently to the USA since the mid-1920s because most of his biggest collectors were there. The New York skyscrapers fascinate him now, as always: the vastness of the cities and the special kind of light that falls between the buildings. This journey across America forms an unexpected prologue to his journey: the immensity of the Wild West makes a sharp break with the Old World behind him. After spending a few days in San Francisco, he boards ship again.