The First Track of Cultural Astronomy in Uganda: Perspectives of the Baganda, Bagisu, Banyoro and Langi
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African Journal of History and Culture Vol. 12(2), pp. 35-48, July-December 2020 DOI: 10.5897/AJHC2020.0484 Article Number: B90F0A764878 ISSN 2141-6672 Copyright ©2020 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article African Journal of History and Culture http://www.academicjournals.org/AJHC Full Length Research Paper The first track of cultural astronomy in Uganda: Perspectives of the Baganda, Bagisu, Banyoro and Langi Bosco Oruru1*, Harriet Najjemba2, Annet Eva Zawedde1, Ronald Nteziyaremye1, Merciline Nayibinga1 and Florence Mutonyi D’ujanga1 1Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. 2Institute of Open Distance and eLearning, College of Education and External Studies, Makerere University, Uganda. Received 7 July, 2020; Accepted 11 September, 2020 Uganda is among the most developing countries in Africa where astronomy education and outreach activities are at infant stages. Although Uganda has a long history of organized ethnic groups and cultures, record of cultural astronomy or its exploration is scanty, a challenge that this paper tries to address. A qualitative research design was adopted with emphasis on holistic description of primary data or information. Four ethnic groups, sampled from Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Uganda were explored, for which data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides. Most of the respondents were purposively sampled or hand-picked because they were either informative or had required characteristics. The commonly known visible celestial objects are the sun, moon and stars, all considered unique in characteristics. The moon and stars are believed to influence weather changes and socio-economic activities. The majority of stars are known to be smaller and very far away, with the bigger stars having names. The picture of a human being is famously recognized on the face of the moon. The ethnic groups still believe that the earth is flat and the sky is round with a diameter equal to the length of the earth. Key words: Astronomy, ethnic groups, celestial objects, constellations, local names, myths. INTRODUCTION The mission of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) them to track the different seasons to relying on them to is to promote and safeguard the science of astronomy in navigate thousands of miles on the open ocean, as well all its aspects (Chapman et al., 2015). On a dark-clear as timekeeping and noting fertility cycles (Karttunen et night, at a distance far from city lights, the sky can be al., 2017; Ghosh, 2019; Urama and Holbrook, 2009). The seen in all its splendour (Karttunen et al., 2017). It is ancient people saw figures traced by objects in the night interesting to understand how the many lights in the sky sky that were related to religious myths and omens sent have affected people throughout the ages, from using by the gods. However, a couple of millennia ago saw the *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License African Journal of History and Culture 36 Afr. J. Hist. Cult. real astronomy starting to evolve, separating itself from This makes Uganda fit within the context of East Africa, religions and astrological superstitions (Karttunen et al., which is a multicultural region with diverse ethnic 2017). composition and comprises a number of independent Astronomy is basically the study of celestial bodies, states (Kasujja et al., 2014). and it regards the subject of where and when a celestial Following from Sasso Uganda Safaris (2020), the body can be observed. According to Campion (1997), cultural groups in Uganda, at the time of colonialism, cultural or traditional astronomy is the use of could conveniently be divided into four broad linguistic astronomical knowledge and beliefs so as to inspire and categories namely; the Bantu, Luo, Ateker and Sudanic. inform social forms and ideologies. The Bantu constitute over 50 percent of Uganda‟s total African cultural astronomy is rich with mythical figures population and comprise; Baganda, Banyankore, and divination methods that utilize observations of Banyoro, Bakonzo, Basoga, Bakiga, Bafumbira, Batooro, celestial bodies, and many other sky-related beliefs and Bamba, Batwa, Banyole, Basamia, and Baggwere. They traditions (Urama and Holbrook, 2009). It is entwined with generally occupy the east, central, west, and southern religious beliefs and practices, agriculture, folklore, and Uganda. The Ateker people, also called Para-nilotics or social hierarchies (Holbrook, 2007; Urama and Holbrook, Nilohamites, are found mainly in the north, east and 2009). The Egyptians associated Sirius with the goddess north-eastern Uganda. These comprise the Langi, Isis, and used its location to predict the annual flooding of Karamojong, Iteso, Kakwa, and Kumam. The group the Nile (Ghosh, 2019). According to Urama and traces its origin in Ethiopia and is said to have been one Holbrook (2009), one of the greatest challenges of most people. The Langi are unique in that they lost their Ateker African astronomers today is being able to make local language and culture and resorted to Luo. The Luo is, African world views more scientific, to link them to other however, an extensive family that spread all over East world views, and to demystify the mysterious heavenly Africa. The Luo group in Uganda includes the Alur, Acholi, bodies of antiquity. The authors state that one of the and Japadhola. The Alur are settled in West Nile, Acholi strategies for trying to bridge the gap between traditional in Northern Uganda, and Japadhola in Eastern Uganda. and modern astronomy is to reinterpret myths using the The Sudanic people are speakers of West Nile scientific lens of modern astronomy. This can show that languages, comprising; the Madi, Lugbara, Okebu, Bari, scientific reasoning is not something new and not and Metu. They trace their origin in Sudan but their divorced from our life and culture. Uganda, the Pearl of cultures and language indicate that they have become Africa, is located in East Africa and lies across the completely detached from their places of origin. The equator (Sejjaaka, 2004; UBOS, 2006). From “The 2002 cultural groups reported in this paper are; Baganda, Uganda National Population and Housing Census Bagisu, Banyoro, and Langi. Report” (UBOS, 2006), the country is about 800 km Uganda is among the most developing countries in inland of Indian Ocean. It lies between 1° 29′ South and Africa where Astronomy education and outreach activities 4° 12′ North latitude, and 29° 34′ East and 35° 0′ East are at infant stages, and perhaps not prioritized. This longitude. In addition, Uganda is a landlocked country, paints a bad image of Uganda, given that cosmogony bordered by Kenya in the east, South Sudan in the north, mythologies of many ethnic nationalities of Africa show Democratic Republic of Congo in the west, Tanzania in that Astronomy, among the sciences, has the deepest the south, and Rwanda in south-west. Figure 1 shows the cultural roots. On 28th May, 2019, Hayley Roberts (a PhD map of Uganda and its position in Africa. Uganda has an student from Australian National University), on a area of about 241,038 km2. yearlong data collection visit to Kibale National Park in Classic Africa Safaris (2020) notes that the inhabitants Western Uganda, pointed out that his local field of the present day Uganda were hunters and gatherers, assistants from Kyanyawara area have never had a until about 1700-2300 years ago when the Bantu- chance to see any astronomical objects through a speaking populations from Central and Western Africa telescope. To date, there is scanty or no record of migrated into the south of the country, with iron-working, Cultural Astronomy in Uganda. This is embarrassing and social and political organization skills. In about 120 A. given that Uganda has a long history of organized ethnic D., the Nilotic people who were cattle keepers and groups and cultures, and that there is a growing number subsistence farmers entered Uganda from the north of professional astronomers in the country, and Modern (Classic Africa Safaris, 2020). According to Amone Astronomy teaching and research are ongoing in a (2015), Uganda has about 56 ethnic groups, the largest number of universities. This challenge propelled the study being the Baganda who occupy the northern shores of leading to the content of this paper. During data collection Lake Victoria. All cities and towns of Uganda as well as process, it was evident that most Ugandans crave for state institutions are known for high levels of telescope observations of the moon and stars, and the heterogeneity and the country‟s politics has been a scientific explanation of what they see from time to time. reflection of its ethnic plurality (Amone, 2015; Ricart- It is hoped that this study will be supplemented by an Huguet and Green, 2018; Government of Uganda, 2005). outreach programme that will bring relief to members of African Journal of History and Culture Oruru et al. 37 Figure 1. Map of Uganda showing neighbouring countries, and distribution of ethnic groups. Inset is position of Uganda in Africa (Ricart-Huguet and Green, 2018). the indigenous population. and planets visible in a given month or season. The brightest planets, stars and constellations were purposively sampled for the study. There are about eighty-eight stellar constellations (Koontz, MATERIALS AND METHODS 2002; Ghosh, 2019), and at least twenty are clearly visible and contain very bright guiding stars. It was appropriate to identify prominent planets, stars, A qualitative research design was adopted and emphasis is on constellations, and other celestial objects that may be of public holistic description of primary data or information. This mostly interest, and this was achieved by the use of star map (Ghosh, employed ethnographic research design, to explore the four ethnic 2019) and interactive star charts that provided whole lots of stars groups, sampled from Central, Eastern, Northern and Western African Journal of History and Culture 38 Afr.