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NEUROPLASTICITY of INHIBITORY CONTROL Programme View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Serveur académique lausannois Département des Neurosciences Cliniques Service de Neuropsychologie et Neuroréhabilitation NEUROPLASTICITY OF INHIBITORY CONTROL Thèse de doctorat en Neurosciences Présentée à la Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine de l’Université de Lausanne par Aurélie Lynn Manuel Psychologue diplômée de l’Université de Lausanne, Suisse Jury Prof. Jacques Besson, Président Prof. Stephanie Clarke, Directrice Dr. Lucas Spierer, Co-directeur Dr. Gilles Pourtois, Expert Dr. Melissa Saenz, Experte Lausanne 2012 Programme doctoral interuniversitaire en Neurosciences des Universités de Lausanne et Genève ! ! Unicentre CH-1015 Lausanne http://serval.unil.ch ! Year : 2012 Neuroplasticity of inhibitory control Aurélie L Manuel Aurélie L Manuel, 2012, Neuroplasticity of inhibitory control Originally published at : Thesis, University of Lausanne Posted at the University of Lausanne Open Archive. http://serval.unil.ch Droits d’auteur L'Université de Lausanne attire expressément l'attention des utilisateurs sur le fait que tous les documents publiés dans l'Archive SERVAL sont protégés par le droit d'auteur, conformément à la loi fédérale sur le droit d'auteur et les droits voisins (LDA). A ce titre, il est indispensable d'obtenir le consentement préalable de l'auteur et/ou de l’éditeur avant toute utilisation d'une oeuvre ou d'une partie d'une oeuvre ne relevant pas d'une utilisation à des fins personnelles au sens de la LDA (art. 19, al. 1 lettre a). A défaut, tout contrevenant s'expose aux sanctions prévues par cette loi. Nous déclinons toute responsabilité en la matière. Copyright The University of Lausanne expressly draws the attention of users to the fact that all documents published in the SERVAL Archive are protected by copyright in accordance with federal law on copyright and similar rights (LDA). Accordingly it is indispensable to obtain prior consent from the author and/or publisher before any use of a work or part of a work for purposes other than personal use within the meaning of LDA (art. 19, para. 1 letter a). Failure to do so will expose offenders to the sanctions laid down by this law. We accept no liability in this respect. Thesis : Neuroplasticity of Inhibitory Control ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Before heading to the heart of the matter, I would like to dedicate these few lines to the people who have contributed and helped me throughout my PhD. I would like to address special thanks to my thesis director, Dr. Lucas Spierer, for his stimulating contribution to my scientific knowledge, for his constant support and for his great enthusiasm for work. I would also like to thank Professor Stephanie Clarke for allowing me to perform research with brain-damaged patients and Professor Micah Murray for his huge EEG expertise. Thanks to Dr. Jeremy Grivel from the Community Psychiatry Service of the CHUV for his support and ideas. A special thank goes to Professor Jacques Besson, Dr. Melissa Saenz and Dr. Gilles Pourtois for accepting to be part of my jury. I’d also like to thanks all my participants for spending long hours in the EEG lab. A warm thank goes to my colleagues and now friends Ayse, Fosco and Claudia for adding fun and laughs to these three years of thesis. Thanks to my colleagues, Jean-François, Ulrike, Nathalie, Marzia, Domenica, Giovanni, Athina, Lea and Antonia for help and advice on various projects. I would also like to thank the neuropsychologists of the Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation service of the CHUV for answering my questions regarding the patient study. I specially thank Leila Chouiter from Fribourg for cheerful collaboration on the patient study. I’d like to kindly thank my mother, Susan, for the English corrections. At last, I’d like to thank the people that are closest to me, my family, friends and fiancé for just being there to cheer me up when I needed them. II! Aurélie L Manuel Departement of Clinical Neuroscience, CHUV June 2012 ! ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) Executive control refers to a set of abilities enabling us to plan, control and implement our behavior to rapidly and flexibly adapt to environmental requirements. These adaptations notably involve the suppression of intended or ongoing cognitive or motor processes, a skill referred to as “inhibitory control”. To implement efficient executive control of behavior, one must monitor our performance following errors to adjust our behavior accordingly. Deficits in inhibitory control have been associated with the emergence of a wide range of psychiatric disorders, ranging from drug addiction to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Inhibitory control deficits could, however, be remediated. The brain has indeed the amazing possibility to reorganize following training to allow for behavioral improvements. This mechanism is referred to as neural and behavioral plasticity. Here, our aim is to investigate training-induced plasticity in inhibitory control and propose a model of inhibitory control explaining the spatio- temporal brain mechanisms supporting inhibitory control processes and their plasticity. In the two studies entitled “Brain dynamics underlying training-induced improvement in suppressing inappropriate action” (Manuel et al., 2010) and “Training-induced neuroplastic reinforcement of top-down inhibitory control” (Manuel et al., 2012c), we investigated the neurophysiological and behavioral changes induced by inhibitory control training with two different tasks and populations of healthy participants. We report that different inhibitory control training developed either automatic/bottom-up inhibition in parietal areas or reinforced controlled/top-down inhibitory control in frontal brain regions. We discuss the results of both studies in the light of a model of fronto-basal inhibition processes. In “Spatio-temporal brain dynamics mediating post-error behavioral adjustments” (Manuel et al., 2012a), we investigated how error detection modulates the processing of following stimuli and in turn impact behavior. We showed that during early integration of stimuli, the activity of prefrontal and parietal areas is modulated according to previous performance and impacts the post-error behavioral adjustments. We discuss these results in terms of a shift from an automatic to a controlled form of inhibition induced by the detection of errors, which in turn influenced response speed. In “Inter- and intra-hemispheric dissociations in ideomotor apraxia: a large-scale lesion- symptom mapping study in subacute brain-damaged patients” (Manuel et al., 2012b), we investigated ideomotor apraxia, a deficit in performing pantomime gestures of object use, and identified the anatomical correlates of distinct ideomotor apraxia error types in 150 subacute brain-damaged patients. Our results reveal a left intra-hemispheric dissociation for different pantomime error types, but with an unspecific role for inferior frontal areas. III! Thesis : Neuroplasticity of Inhibitory Control ! ABSTRACT (FRENCH) Les fonctions exécutives désignent un ensemble de processus nous permettant de planifier et contrôler notre comportement afin de nous adapter de manière rapide et flexible à l’environnement. L’une des manières de s’adapter consiste à arrêter un processus cognitif ou moteur en cours ; le contrôle de l’inhibition. Afin que le contrôle exécutif soit optimal il est nécessaire d’ajuster notre comportement après avoir fait des erreurs. Les déficits du contrôle de l’inhibition sont à l’origine de divers troubles psychiatriques tels que l’addiction à la drogue ou les déficits d’attention et d’hyperactivité. De tels déficits pourraient être réhabilités. En effet, le cerveau a l’incroyable capacité de se réorganiser après un entraînement et ainsi engendrer des améliorations comportementales. Ce mécanisme s’appelle la plasticité neuronale et comportementale. Ici, notre but est d’étudier la plasticité du contrôle de l’inhibition après un bref entrainement et de proposer un modèle du contrôle de l’inhibition qui permette d’expliquer les mécanismes cérébraux spatiaux-temporels sous-tendant l’amélioration du contrôle de l’inhibition et de leur plasticité. Dans les deux études intitulées “Brain dynamics underlying training-induced improvement in suppressing inappropriate action” (Manuel et al., 2010) et “Training-induced neuroplastic reinforcement of top-down inhibitory control” (Manuel et al., 2012c), nous nous sommes intéressés aux changements neurophysiologiques et comportementaux liés à un entraînement du contrôle de l’inhibition. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié l’inhibition à l’aide de deux différentes tâches et deux populations de sujets sains. Nous avons démontré que différents entraînements pouvaient soit développer une inhibition automatique/bottom-up dans les aires pariétales soit renforcer une inhibition contrôlée/top-down dans les aires frontales. Nous discutons ces résultats dans le contexte du modèle fronto-basal du contrôle de l’inhibition. Dans “Spatio-temporal brain dynamics mediating post-error behavioral adjustments” (Manuel et al., 2012a), nous avons investigué comment la détection d’erreurs influençait le traitement du prochain stimulus et comment elle agissait sur le comportement post-erreur. Nous avons montré que pendant l’intégration précoce des stimuli, l’activité des aires préfrontales et pariétales était modulée en fonction de la performance précédente et avait un impact sur les ajustements post-erreur. Nous proposons que la détection d’erreur ait induit un « shift
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