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Eduardo Javier Velazque UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos Departamento de Producción Agraria Compatibilidad de Aphidius ervi (Haliday) parasitoide del vector de virosis en hortícolas Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) y Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) , depredador generalista, con nuevas barreras físicas selectivas y modernos plaguicidas en cultivos de lechuga TESIS DOCTORAL Eduardo Javier Velázquez Cruz Licenciado en Biología 2017 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos Departamento de Producción Agraria Compatibilidad de Aphidius ervi (Haliday) parasitoide del vector de virosis en hortícolas Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) y Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) , depredador generalista, con nuevas barreras físicas selectivas y modernos plaguicidas en cultivos de lechuga TESIS DOCTORAL Eduardo Javier Velázquez Cruz Licenciado en Biología Directora: Elisa Viñuela Sandoval Catedrática y Dra. Ingeniera Agrónoma A mis Abuelos, a mis Padres y a mis hermanos AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a la Unidad Asociada UPM-CSIC: Control de Insectos Vectores bajo Sistemas de Agricultura Sostenible (IVAS) qué llevó a cabo los proyectos AGL2007- 66399-C03-01/02 (de A. Fereres y E. Viñuela) financiado por el Ministerio Español de Ciencia e Innovación y que ha hecho posible la realización de la presente Tesis Doctoral. Quiero dar las Gracias al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) de México por haberme otorgado la beca de estudios de posgrado en el extranjero y realizar mis estudios de Doctorado en la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid en la ETSI-Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas. Al personal de ETSIAAB, D. Roberto Albín, Elena González y Ana Moliner por la información y las gestiones al nuevo Programa Doctoral que han hecho posible mi regreso y presentación de la Tesis Doctoral. A Da Carmen Diéguez (del Dpto. Producción Agraria) por su amabilidad, asesoría y atención proporcionada en los trámites de pre lectura y lectura final de Tesis. A Elisa Viñuela, mi tutora, por darme la oportunidad de trabajar en la investigación y por transmitirme toda su experiencia en campo y laboratorio de la cual he aprendido mucho. Admiro su gran profesionalismo de trabajo y gracias por todo su apoyo espero mantener su amistad. A Flor, Ángeles y Pedro por sus cátedras, consejos y ánimos de seguir adelante. A Pilar por haberme enseñado el mundo de las crisopas, por aclarar mis dudas y por la ayuda brindada en el laboratorio. Gracias por esas risas y pláticas de buen humor en las tardes de café y comida que compartimos juntos con los demás chicos. Yara, Luis, Pedro Aguado y Nacho por haberme ayudado en los diversos ensayos, Torre de Potter, semillero de lechuga, cría de pulgones, muestreos, limpieza de materiales y por mantener las condiciones idóneas de los insectarios. A Fermín, Paloma, Rosita, Sara, Mar, Agustín, Antonio, Cherre y Nacho por convivir el día a día con buen humor, fue un gusto trabajar junto a ustedes, a veces sacrificando los fines de semana o parte de las vacaciones pero siempre disfrutando de vosotros. Gracias por los ánimos y la amistad generada durante mi estancia. También les agradezco por haberme ayudado en alguno de mis ensayos. A Daniel, Rodolfo y Paula por las buenas convivencias en casa (Madrid) y por transmitirme las experiencias de trabajo. A todas las personas que me apoyaron y ayudaron en la realización del presente trabajo y se me haya pasado escribir su nombre. A Alberto Fereres y a todo su personal del CSIC por la ayuda en los ensayos de campo y la oportunidad de ser parte de este proyecto de investigación. A los trabajadores de la Finca experimental “La Poveda”: Pedro, Tasio y Paulino por su ayuda en campo. A Beatriz por su asesoría con el Sadie y Surfer. A María y David por la cría de pulgones que se utilizaron en campo, los muestreos y por los buenos ratos que pasamos con los demás chicos. Agradezco a Saioa por los grandes momentos inolvidables y felices que pasamos juntos y todo el apoyo proporcionado en el proceso de la Tesis. A la Dra. Adriana Castro e Ing. Conchita, que me introdujeron en el ámbito de la agroecología e investigación en ECOSUR, donde me permitieron trabajar y aprender mucho sobre los escarabajos y hongos entomopatógenos, fueron parte importante en mi formación y agradezco el apoyo brindado en mi partida a España. A Lola, Laura, Ana, Ciara, Pablo, Marcela, Roxana, Karla, Tania, Oscar, Perla, Jesús, David, Sole, Eva, Lidia, Jenny, José, Bia y Luciane por convivir y pasar momentos agradables en Madrid. A los chicos de Barcelona: Paulo, Mari Nieves, Andrés, Marta, Michael, Fabiana, Pierre, Mariana, Samuel, Oscar, Hana, Diana, Guillermo, Sascha, Alex, Marcela, Cristian, Imatra, Javi, Fernando, Daniel, Briyit, Cesar, Estefi, Rosa, Silvia, Ramón Porta, Salvatore y Rafael por haber pasado momentos inolvidables y por la ayuda brindada en situaciones difíciles, Gracias por Todo. A Irene, Lauretta, Francesca, Laura, Chiara y Vanessa por esa bonita amistad que nació hace años en San Cristóbal, Chiapas y luego creció en Martellago y Lisboa, gracias por su apoyo. A los chicos del Veneto: Silvia, Lisa, Redi, Elisa, Alessandro, Alix, Martina, Mela, Enrico y Elena por compartir momentos maravillosos que hicieron sentirme como en familia en sus hogares y haber disfrutado de las fiestas decembrinas en Venezia. A Imelda, Erika, Elsi, Irma, Annais, Doña Carmen y Noemí por su gran amistad, por ese espíritu de lucha que tienen, les agradezco la ayuda y los buenos consejos proporcionados espero seguir trabajando con ustedes en las comunidades rurales. A mis Padres Bertha y Alberto por apoyarme siempre en las etapas de mi vida y darme las fuerzas de seguir adelante. A mis hermanos Carlos y Alberto así como a Elva y Laura por su apoyo incondicional y motivaciones de superación personal. Por siempre Gracias!... A mis Abuelitos Hermelindo, Ángelita, José y Lupita por el Cariño y Amor que me tuvieron, sé que me guían desde alguna parte del cielo, siempre los llevaré en el corazón. También a las personas que han partido de este mundo en estos últimos años, a mis tíos Nacho (†), Martha (†), mi primo Javier (†), a mis amigos Andy (†) y Heber (†) Gracias por sus enseñanzas y por darme otra visión de la vida, donde quiera que estén, los llevaré siempre en el recuerdo. Esta Tesis está dedicada a todos mis Amigos y Familiares que han sido parte fundamental en mi vida y me han apoyado durante este proceso de formación académica. ÍNDICE ÍNDICE .................................................................................................................................................. i ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ...................................................................................................................... vi ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ......................................................................................................................... x RESUMEN/SUMMARY….……………………………………………………………………….… xiii CAPITULO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN......................................................................................................1 1.1.Manejo Integrado de Plagas ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Barreras físicas .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1. La visión de los insectos ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2. Barreras fotoselectivas ............................................................................................................ 4 1.3. Control biológico ..................................................................................................................... .6 1.4. Control químico ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.4.1. Efectos de los insecticidas en los enemigos naturales .......................................................... 111 1.4.2. Selectividad .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.5. Cultivo de Lechuga………………………......……………………………………………….13 1.5.1. La lechuga (Lactuca sativa L.) ...................................................................................... …….14 1.5.2. Descripción .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.5.3. Plagas………………………………..……………………….………………………..…16 1.6. Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas, 1878) .............................................................................. 20 1.6.1. Taxonomía ........................................................................................................................... 20 1.6.2. Morfología ........................................................................................................................... 20 1.6.3. Ciclo de vida ........................................................................................................................ 21 1.6.4. Daños ................................................................................................................................... 22 1.6.5. Control biológico de M. euphorbiae………………………………….......................................244 1.7. Praon volucre (Haliday, 1883) ................................................................................................266 1.7.1. Taxonomía ..........................................................................................................................
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