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Helminthology م.م. رشا ابجد سلمان Phylum : Platyhelminthes General characteristic 1- dorso – ventrally flattened worms 2- bilaterally symmetrical 3- possess an incomplete digestive tract 4- lack body cavity ( Acoelomate) 5- without special skeletal , circulatory 6- the excretory system is based on the flame cells 7- they are mostly hermaphroditic ( both sexes are contains in one individual ) with few exceptions Platyhelminthes divided into three chief classes:- 1- Class : Trematoda 2- Class : Turbellaria 3- Class : Cestoidea Class : Trematoda Order : Digenea 1- All are parasitic 2- Adults usually parasitize vertebrates 3- Body flat; oval to elongate in shape 4- Range in size from ˂1 mm to -60 mm 5- Efficient at absorbing nutrients 6- Have two suckers : oral sucker acetabulum 7- Anterior mouth 8- Digestive system divides into two blind pouches called cecae Order : Digenea Divided into four groups according to the site where worm presence : 1- Liver Fluke 2- intestinal Fluke 3- Lung Fluke 4- Blood Fluke Digenic trematode is also can be divided according to number and position of suckers : Fasciola hepatice 1- Scientific name : Fasciola hepatice 2- Common name : Sheep liver fluke 3- Disease : Liver rot 4- Infective stage : Metacercaria 5- 1st intermediate host : Lymnea 6- 2nd intermediate host : aquatic vegetation (water cress) 7- Diagnosis : ova are found in faeces 8- Presence in the host : the adults live in the Bile ducts of sheep, goats, caws and sometimes could infect human. Fasciola hepatica )miracedium) Fasciola hepatica ( unembryonate ova) . Cross section in snail tissue showing sporocyst of fasciola fasciola hepatica mother hepatica redia . Fasciola hepatica Fasciola hepatica ( cercaria) (daughter redia) Male and female reproductive system Male 1- 2testes 2- Vas efferens 3- Vas deferens 4- Cirrus pouch 5- Genital pore Female 1- single ovary 2- Oviduct 3- Ootype Uterus 4- vagina 5- Vitelline duct Clonorchis sinensis - Scientific name : Clonorchis sinensis - Common name : Chinese or Oriental Liver Fluke - Disease : Clonorchiasis - Infective stage : Metacercaria - 1st intermediate host : Thiara or Bithynia - 2nd intermediate host : Fresh water fish (Cyprinoid fish ) - Diagnosis : Ova are found in feces Presence in the host : Adults lives in bile ducts of human and mammals eat fish (Cats, Dogs) Dicrocoelium dendriticum - Scientific name : Dicrocoelium dendriticum - Common name : Lancet liver fluke - Infective stage : Metacercaria - 1st intermediate host : Citronella iubrica - 2nd intermediate host : Formica fusca - Diagnose : Ova in feces Presence in the host : Adults lives in bile ducts of sheep, goats, pigs, deer, rabbits. Dicrocoelium dendriticum Lab 2 Fasciolopsis buski Common name /Location : giant intestinal fluke / human small intestine, found in pigs length : 25-75 mm Disease : fasciolopsiasis Infective stage : metacercaria Intermediate host : 1- snail segmentina 2- water chestnut Diagnosis : ova in feces ( unemberyonated ova) Fasciolopsis buski Heterophyes heterophyes Common name / Location : small intestine fluke / live in small intestine between the villi of human / other mammals that eating fish Length : 0.1 – 1.7 mm Disease : heterophyiasis Infective stage : metacercaria Intermediate host : 1-pirenella conica 2-mugil Diagnosis : ova in feces (emberyonated) Heterophyes heterophyes Trematoda flukes of animal Paramphistomum cervi Common name/ Location : Ruminal flukes, found in the rumen of ruminants cattles Length : 5-13 mm Disease : amphistomiasis Infective stage : metacercaria Intermediate host : 1-fresh water snail bulinus 2-aquatic plant Diagnosis : ova in feces Paramphistomum cervi Echinostoma revolutum Common name / Location: trematoda flukes Found : usually in the ileum of ducks, geese, pigeons, chicken and rarely humans Length : 8.8 - 9.5 mm Infective stage : metacercaria Intermediate stage : snail ( physa) Snail or frogs Diagnosis : ova in feces Echinostoma revolutum , oral sucker surrounded by circumoral disk with three rows of spines ( 37 spines) Echinostoma revolutum Lung flukes Paragonimus westermani Common name / Location : oriental lung fluke, found in lungs of human Length : 7.5- 12 mm Body: covered with scal-like spines Disease : paragonimiasis or pulmonary distomiasis Invective stage : metacercaria Intermediate host : 1-fresh water snail thiara 2-crayfish Diagnosis : ova in sputum ( sometimes in feces) Paragonimus westermani Lab3 Class : trematoda Blood flukes ( schistosomiasis ) - The german pathologist theodor bilharz was the first who described the adult schistosoma worm in Egypt. - Schistosomiasis is one of the most important health problem, 200 million peoples in 74 countries were infected with bilharziasis, at least 600 million at risk. Blood flukes :- • S . haematobium – Africa and middle east. • S . mansoni – Africa and latin America. • S . japonicum – pacific region. • Dioecious ( male and female ). • Oral sucker : includes mouth. • Ventral sucker : usually bigger than oral sucker and located near genital pore. • The body has a groove along match of its length and, it was this groove that inspired the name schistosoma or split body. • The female lies within the groove, which is called gynaecophoric groove. • There is no muscular pharynx, and the intestinal ceca unite posteriorly single ceca. • 4-8 testes are found in males ( depending on species). • Only single ovary in female. • Cercaria of schistosoma spp is forked tailed cercaria. • No redia in their life cycle stages. Site of infection S . haematobium Urinary veins Vesicle veins Pelvic plexus S . mansoni Inferior mesenteric veins Hemorrhoidal plexus S . japonicum Superior mesenteric vein Gastric mesenteric veins Disease S . haematobium Urinary bilharziasis S . mansoni Intestinal schistosomiasis S . japonicum Oriental schistosomiasis Intermediate host S . haematobium bulinus S . mansoni biomphalaria S . japonicum oncomelania Blood flukes eggs (ova ) S . haematobium S . mansoni egg S . japonicum egg egg bigger with lateral small with reduce big with terminal spine secreted lateral spine spine with stool (knob) secreted with secreted with stool urine Female ovary and uterus location S . S . mansoni S . japonicum haematobium ovary 2nd half of the body 1st of the body Middle of the body uterus Long with 20-30 Short with 1-4 ova Long with 50-100 ova ova Male cuticula type and length S . haematobium S . mansoni S . japonicum Smooth cuticula Cuticula with coarse Cuticula with fine tegument tegument 10-15 mm 6.5-9.9 mm 12-20 mm Male testes and intestine ( ceca ) junction S . S . mansoni S . japonicum haematobium junction 2nd part of body 1st part of body 3rd part of body testes Big in cluster (4- Small in cluster Lined (6-8) 5) (6-9) C.S in bladder showing ova of schistosoma haematobium C.S in liver showing ova S. mansoni and japanocium C.S in intestine showing ova of S. mansoni C.S in veins showing male and female of S. japanicum Lab4 Cestoda General characteristic 1- flat-segmented body with various length (few mm to several meters) 2- body consist of 3 regions: - Scolex : suckers either bothria (grooves), muscular suckers (acetabula, cup shape) or hooks (armed). - Neck: germinal portion. - Strobila: immature, mature, gravid proglottid 3- No digestive system, cuticle of the body has pores in which nutrients absorbed. 4- Excretory and nervous systems are present. 5- All are hermaphrodite, each segment has developed reproductive system (male and female) 6- All species are parasitic. Excretory duct Sperm duct Mature proglottid Orders of human parasitic cestoda Order: Order: Cyclophyllidea Pseudophyllidae Operculated ova Non-operculated ova Order: Order: Pseudophyllidae Cyclophyllidea Scolex has 2 bothria Scolex has 4 acetabula Order: Order: Cyclophyllidea Pseudophyllidae Uterus with ventral pore Uterus with no pore so so ova discharged ova discharged with regularly gravid proglottid Most proglottid are of Proglottids are of same maturity different maturity Common genital opening Lateral common genital on ventral side opening Yolk gland distribution all Single yolk gland or2 over the proglottid lobed Order: Pseudophyllidae Order: Cyclophyllidea Two larval stages, One larval stage called a- procercoid in Cyclops, cysticercus (bladder b- plerocercoid in fish worm) live in voluntary muscles of intermediate host Diphyllobothrium latum - Common name / location : broad or fish tapeworm/intestine of human and other mammals feed on fish - Length : 3-10 meters - Proglottids no. 3000-4000. - Disease : diphyllobotheriasis - Infective stage : plerocercoid - Intermediate host: 1-cyclops 2-fish - Diagnosis: ova in stool Diphyllobothrium latum scolex Diphyllobothrium latum ova Diphyllobothrium latum mature proglottid Taenia solium - Common name / location : pork or armed tapeworm/ small intestine of human - Length: 2-7 meters - Proglottids no. 800-900 - Disease : taeniasis - Infective stage: cysticercus - Intermediate host: muscle of pigs - Diagnosis : ova in stool Taenia saginata - Common name/ location : beef or un- armed tapeworm/ small intestine of human - Length: up to 25 meters - Proglottids no. 1000-2000 - Disease : taeniasis - Infective stage: cysticercus bovis - Intermediate host: muscle of caws - diagnosis: ova in stool Scloex of taenia spp T. Solium scolex T. Saginata scolex Taenia spp. Mature proglottid c.s. in muscle of pig showing cysticercus celluloae gravid proglottid of taenia spp. t. saginata t. solium Taller proglottid- Shorter proglottid branches of uterus are branches of uterus thin and more (15-20) are thick and less (7- 10 or 13)
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  • Small Animal Intestinal Parasites

    Small Animal Intestinal Parasites

    Small Animal Intestinal Parasites Parasite infections are commonly encountered in veterinary medicine and are often a source of zoonotic disease. Zoonosis is transmission of a disease from an animal to a human. This PowerPage covers the most commonly encountered parasites in small animal medicine and discusses treatments for these parasites. It includes mostly small intestinal parasites but also covers Trematodes, which are more common in large animals. Nematodes Diagnosed via a fecal flotation with zinc centrifugation (gold standard) Roundworms: • Most common roundworm in dogs and cats is Toxocara canis • Causes the zoonotic disease Ocular Larval Migrans • Treated with piperazine, pyrantel, or fenbendazole • Fecal-oral, trans-placental infection most common • Live in the small intestine Hookworms: • Most common species are Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala • Causes the zoonotic disease Cutaneous Larval Migrans, which occurs via skin penetration (often seen in children who have been barefoot in larval-infected dirt); in percutaneous infection, the larvae migrate through the skin to the lung where they molt and are swallowed and passed into the small intestine • Treated with fenbendazole, pyrantel • Can cause hemorrhagic severe anemia (especially in young puppies) • Fecal-oral, transmammary (common in puppies), percutaneous infections Whipworms: • Trichuris vulpis is the whipworm • Fecal-oral transmission • Severe infection may lead to hyperkalemia and hyponatremia (similar to what is seen in Addison’s cases) • Trichuris vulpis is the whipworm • Large intestinal parasite • Eggs have bipolar plugs on the ends • Treated with fenbendazole, may be prevented with Interceptor (milbemycin) Cestodes Tapeworms: • Dipylidium caninum is the most common tapeworm in dogs and cats and requires a flea as the intermediate host; the flea is usually inadvertently swallowed during grooming • Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia spp.