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Home , Ancylostoma caninum, Diphyllobothrium, Fasciolopsis

Helminthology

م.م. رشا ابجد سلمان Phylum : Platyhelminthes General characteristic 1- dorso – ventrally flattened worms 2- bilaterally symmetrical 3- possess an incomplete digestive tract 4- lack body cavity ( Acoelomate) 5- without special skeletal , circulatory 6- the excretory system is based on the flame cells 7- they are mostly hermaphroditic ( both sexes are contains in one individual ) with few exceptions Platyhelminthes divided into three chief classes:-

1- : 2- Class : Turbellaria 3- Class : Cestoidea Class : Trematoda :

1- All are parasitic 2- Adults usually parasitize vertebrates 3- Body flat; oval to elongate in shape 4- Range in size from ˂1 mm to -60 mm 5- Efficient at absorbing nutrients 6- Have two suckers : oral acetabulum 7- Anterior mouth 8- Digestive system divides into two blind pouches called cecae Order : Digenea Divided into four groups according to the site where worm presence :

1- Fluke 2- intestinal Fluke 3- Fluke 4- Fluke Digenic trematode is also can be divided according to number and position of suckers : hepatice

1- Scientific name : Fasciola hepatice 2- Common name : Sheep 3- Disease : Liver rot 4- Infective stage : Metacercaria 5- 1st intermediate : Lymnea 6- 2nd intermediate host : aquatic vegetation (water cress) 7- Diagnosis : ova are found in faeces 8- Presence in the host : the adults live in the Bile ducts of sheep, goats, caws and sometimes could infect .

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Fasciola hepatica )miracedium) ( unembryonate ova) .

Cross section in tissue showing sporocyst of fasciola fasciola hepatica mother hepatica redia .

Fasciola hepatica Fasciola hepatica ( cercaria) (daughter redia) Male and female reproductive system Male 1- 2testes 2- Vas efferens 3- Vas deferens 4- Cirrus pouch 5- Genital pore Female 1- single ovary 2- Oviduct 3- Ootype Uterus 4- vagina 5- Vitelline duct

Clonorchis sinensis - Scientific name : - Common name : Chinese or Oriental Liver Fluke - Disease : - Infective stage : Metacercaria - 1st intermediate host : Thiara or Bithynia - 2nd intermediate host : Fresh water (Cyprinoid fish ) - Diagnosis : Ova are found in feces Presence in the host : Adults lives in bile ducts of human and eat fish (, )

Dicrocoelium dendriticum - Scientific name : - Common name : Lancet liver fluke - Infective stage : Metacercaria - 1st intermediate host : Citronella iubrica - 2nd intermediate host : Formica fusca - Diagnose : Ova in feces Presence in the host : Adults lives in bile ducts of sheep, goats, , deer, rabbits. Dicrocoelium dendriticum Lab 2 buski Common name /Location : giant intestinal fluke / human , found in pigs length : 25-75 mm Disease : Infective stage : metacercaria Intermediate host : 1- snail 2- water chestnut Diagnosis : ova in feces ( unemberyonated ova) Fasciolopsis buski Common name / Location : small intestine fluke / live in small intestine between the villi of human / other mammals that eating fish Length : 0.1 – 1.7 mm Disease : heterophyiasis Infective stage : metacercaria Intermediate host : 1-pirenella conica 2-mugil Diagnosis : ova in feces (emberyonated) Heterophyes heterophyes Trematoda flukes of Paramphistomum cervi Common name/ Location : Ruminal flukes, found in the rumen of ruminants cattles Length : 5-13 mm Disease : amphistomiasis Infective stage : metacercaria Intermediate host : 1-fresh water snail bulinus 2-aquatic Diagnosis : ova in feces Paramphistomum cervi Echinostoma revolutum Common name / Location: trematoda flukes Found : usually in the ileum of ducks, geese, pigeons, chicken and rarely Length : 8.8 - 9.5 mm Infective stage : metacercaria Intermediate stage : snail ( physa) Snail or frogs Diagnosis : ova in feces Echinostoma revolutum , oral sucker surrounded by circumoral disk with three rows of spines ( 37 spines) Echinostoma revolutum Lung flukes Common name / Location : oriental lung fluke, found in of human Length : 7.5- 12 mm Body: covered with scal-like spines Disease : or pulmonary distomiasis Invective stage : metacercaria Intermediate host : 1-fresh water snail thiara 2-crayfish Diagnosis : ova in sputum ( sometimes in feces) Paragonimus westermani Lab3 Class : trematoda Blood flukes ( ) - The german pathologist theodor bilharz was the first who described the adult worm in Egypt. - Schistosomiasis is one of the most important health problem, 200 million peoples in 74 countries were infected with bilharziasis, at least 600 million at risk. Blood flukes :- • S . haematobium – Africa and middle east. • S . mansoni – Africa and latin America. • S . japonicum – pacific region. • Dioecious ( male and female ). • Oral sucker : includes mouth. • Ventral sucker : usually bigger than oral sucker and located near genital pore.

• The body has a groove along match of its length and, it was this groove that inspired the name schistosoma or split body. • The female lies within the groove, which is called gynaecophoric groove. • There is no muscular pharynx, and the intestinal ceca unite posteriorly single ceca. • 4-8 testes are found in males ( depending on ). • Only single ovary in female. • Cercaria of schistosoma spp is forked tailed cercaria. • No redia in their life cycle stages. Site of infection

S . haematobium Urinary veins Vesicle veins Pelvic plexus

S . mansoni Inferior mesenteric veins Hemorrhoidal plexus S . japonicum Superior mesenteric vein Gastric mesenteric veins Disease

S . haematobium Urinary bilharziasis

S . mansoni Intestinal schistosomiasis S . japonicum Oriental schistosomiasis Intermediate host

S . haematobium bulinus

S . mansoni biomphalaria

S . japonicum oncomelania Blood flukes eggs (ova )

S . haematobium S . mansoni egg S . japonicum egg egg bigger with lateral small with reduce big with terminal spine secreted lateral spine spine with stool (knob) secreted with secreted with stool urine Female ovary and uterus location

S . S . mansoni S . japonicum haematobium ovary 2nd half of the body 1st of the body Middle of the body uterus Long with 20-30 Short with 1-4 ova Long with 50-100 ova ova Male cuticula type and length

S . haematobium S . mansoni S . japonicum Smooth cuticula Cuticula with coarse Cuticula with fine tegument tegument 10-15 mm 6.5-9.9 mm 12-20 mm Male testes and intestine ( ceca ) junction

S . S . mansoni S . japonicum haematobium junction 2nd part of body 1st part of body 3rd part of body testes Big in cluster (4- Small in cluster Lined (6-8) 5) (6-9) C.S in bladder showing ova of C.S in liver showing ova S. mansoni and japanocium C.S in intestine showing ova of S. mansoni C.S in veins showing male and female of S. japanicum Lab4 General characteristic 1- flat-segmented body with various length (few mm to several meters) 2- body consist of 3 regions:

- Scolex : suckers either bothria (grooves), muscular suckers (acetabula, cup shape) or hooks (armed).

- Neck: germinal portion. - Strobila: immature, mature, gravid proglottid 3- No digestive system, cuticle of the body has pores in which nutrients absorbed.

4- Excretory and nervous systems are present.

5- All are hermaphrodite, each segment has developed reproductive system (male and female)

6- All species are parasitic. Excretory duct

Sperm duct

Mature proglottid Orders of human parasitic cestoda Order: Order: Pseudophyllidae Operculated ova Non-operculated ova Order: Order: Pseudophyllidae Cyclophyllidea Scolex has 2 bothria Scolex has 4 acetabula Order: Order: Cyclophyllidea Pseudophyllidae Uterus with ventral pore Uterus with no pore so so ova discharged ova discharged with regularly gravid proglottid Most proglottid are of Proglottids are of same maturity different maturity Common genital opening Lateral common genital on ventral side opening Yolk gland distribution all Single yolk gland or2 over the proglottid lobed Order: Pseudophyllidae Order: Cyclophyllidea Two larval stages, One larval stage called a- procercoid in , cysticercus (bladder b- plerocercoid in fish worm) live in voluntary muscles of intermediate host latum - Common name / location : broad or fish tapeworm/intestine of human and other mammals feed on fish - Length : 3-10 meters - Proglottids no. 3000-4000. - Disease : diphyllobotheriasis - Infective stage : plerocercoid - Intermediate host: 1-cyclops 2-fish - Diagnosis: ova in stool Diphyllobothrium latum scolex Diphyllobothrium latum ova Diphyllobothrium latum mature proglottid - Common name / location : pork or armed tapeworm/ small intestine of human - Length: 2-7 meters - Proglottids no. 800-900 - Disease : - Infective stage: cysticercus - Intermediate host: muscle of pigs - Diagnosis : ova in stool - Common name/ location : beef or un- armed tapeworm/ small intestine of human - Length: up to 25 meters - Proglottids no. 1000-2000 - Disease : taeniasis - Infective stage: cysticercus bovis - Intermediate host: muscle of caws - diagnosis: ova in stool Scloex of taenia spp

T. Solium scolex T. Saginata scolex Taenia spp. Mature proglottid c.s. in muscle of showing cysticercus celluloae gravid proglottid of taenia spp. t. saginata t. solium

Taller proglottid- Shorter proglottid branches of uterus are branches of uterus thin and more (15-20) are thick and less (7- 10 or 13) Lab 5,6 Common name / location : Dwarf tapeworm, small intestine of human and rats. Length : up to 40 mm. Proglottids no. 150-200. Disease: Hymenilepiasis. Infective stage: cysticercoid Intermediate host: it is needed only for transmission between humans, fleas and grain beetles. Diagnosis: ova in stool. Scolex: Has four suckers a retractable rostellum armed with a single circle of 20 to 30 hooks. Mature proglottids: each has 3 testes

Common name / location: rat tapeworm,small intestine of rats. Scolex is unarmed. Length: up to 60mm. Proglottids no. 800-1000. Disease: Hymenilepiasis. Infective stage: cysticercoid Intermediate host: Tribolium spp. Diagnosis : ova in stool. H. Nana H. diminuta -Smaller than H.diminuta -Bigger than H.nana -Oncosphere covered -Oncosphere covered with thin outer with two thin membranes membrane and thick with thickenings but no inner membrane with filaments polar thickenings that filaments (4-8). Dipylidium caninum

Common name/location : double pored tapeworm or cucumber tapeworm, small intestine of dogs and cats , rarely humans (children). Length : 10-40 mm. Proglottids no. 60-175. Infective stage: cysticercoid Intermediate host: fleas of dogs and cats, dog's lice. Diagnosis : ova packets or gravid proglottids in stool. Scolex has rostellum with four rows of hooks. Egg packet/ capsule

Mature proglottid

Common name/Location : Hydatid tapeworm /small intestine of carnivorous mammals. No.of proglottids: 3 Intermediate host : livestock and human. Final host : carnivorous (dogs , etc.) Infective stage of intermediate host : egg Infective stage of final host: hydatid cyst Disease : Hydatidcyst ( ) Diagnosis : X-ray, Ultrasound, MRI or serology. Echinococcus granulosus w.m Echinococcus granulosus egg Echinococcus granulosus hydatidsand/protoscolices Echinococcus granulosus c.s in hydatid cyst Echinococcus multilocularis

Common name/location : Alveolar hydatid tapeworm/small intestine of carnivorous mammals. Intermediate host : small rodents and rarely human. Final host : carnivorous (dogs,fox) sometimes dogs and cats. Infective stage of intermediate host :egg. Infective stage of final host : hydatid cyst. Disease : Alveolar echinococcosis. Diagnosis : X-ray, Ultrasound, MRl or serology. C.S in alveolar cyst showing Echinococcus multiloculais Lab7 Nematoda ( subclass : phasmidia) General characteristic :- Hook worms include some of worms known as Ancylostomac distributed in most of the world. • Adults lives in intestine and feed on blood and body fluids. • Hook worms have developed Buccal capsule have either teeth or cutting plates. • it has Copulatory bursa in the posterior end of males. Hook worms which infect the human are:- • duodenale •

Hook worms which infect animal are :- • • Ancylostoma briziliensis

Scientific name: Ancylostoma duodenale Common name: the Old world hook worm Location : the worm lives in small intestine of human Disease : Infective stage: Filariform Diagnosis : ova in feces Necator americanus

Scientific name : Necator americanus Common name : the new world hook worm Location : the worm lives in small intestine of human Disease: Ancylostomiasis Infective stage: Filariform larve Diagnosis : Ova in feces The difference between Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus are shown in the following points: Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus • Anterior end turned toward • Anterior end more turned dorsal side. toward dorsal side. • Buccal cavity has two pairs • Buccal cavity has one of teeth in the ventral side. pair of semilunar cutting plates. Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus • The female pore in the second • The female pore in the first part part of the body worm on the of the body worm on the ventral surface. ventral surface. • The female put 25.000 eggs. • The female put 10.000 eggs. • The female has a posterior end • The female has a posterior with mucron. without mucron. • Life span between 6-8 years. • Life span between 4-6 years. Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus

• Copulatory bursa is • Copulatory bursa is short and wide. long and narrow. • The two copulatory • The two copulatory spicules don't fused. spicules fused to formed one spicule.

Scientific name : Ancylostoma caninum The adults of this worm live in the small intestine of dogs and . Disease : when the larva of this worm infected human cause a medical case called creeping eruption.