The Myth of the Holy Cow
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Reasoning As a Science, Its Role in Early Dharma Literature, and the Emergence of the Term Nyāya
Reasoning as a Science, its Role in Early Dharma Literature, and the Emergence of the Term nyāya KARIN PREISENDANZ THE CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOGIC IN INDIA Previous research on the early development of Indian logic and its cultural background has placed a great deal of emphasis on the evi- dence provided by the early classical Āyurvedic tradition. To be sure, the probably already pre-classical tradition of debate with its inherent concern about convincing and correct procedures of proof contains important seeds for the development of logic, and its treat- ment found a special place in the Carakasaühitā. I will discuss in detail elsewhere the diametrically opposed positions of the pioneer- ing Indian scholars in this area, namely, Satishchandra Vidyabhusa- na and Surendranath Dasgupta, as regards the relationship between, on the one hand, the medical tradition, and, on the other, the early theories about debate and reflections on the proto-logical concepts embedded in it as exemplified by the Carakasaühitā.1 In this con- nection I take a middle position between their rather extreme views and attempt to demonstrate the particular importance of debate – responsible for an intense intellectual interest in it – in the medical context, drawing on the diverse evidence provided by the Caraka- saühitā itself. This interest, I argue, not only led to some specific- 1 Cf. Preisendanz, forthcoming. 28 KARIN PREISENDANZ ally medical theoretical treatment of the types of debate, their con- stitutive elements and their structure by -
Indian History
Indian History Ancient History 1.Which of the following ancient Indian Kings had appointed Dhamma Mahamattas? [A] Asoka [B] Chandragupta Maurya [C] Kanishka [D] Chandragupta-II Correct Answer: A [Asoka] Notes: Dhamma Mahamattas were special officers appointed by Ashoka to spread the message of Dhamma or his Dharma. The Dhamma Mahamattas were required to look after the welfare of the people of different religions and to enforce the rules regarding the sanctity of animal life. 2.Who was the first Saka king in India? [A] Moga [B] Rudradaman [C] Azes [D] Ghatotkacha Correct Answer: A [ Moga ] Notes: An Indo-Scythian king, Moga (or Maues) was the first Saka king in India who established Saka power in Gandhara and extended supremacy over north-western India. 3.Who was ‘Kanthaka’ in the context of Gautam Buddha? [A] Charioteer [B] Body-guard [C] Cousin [D] Horse Correct Answer: D [ Horse ] Notes: Kanthaka was the royal horse of Gautama Buddha. 4.What symbol represents birth of Gautama Buddha? [A] Bodh tree [B] Lotus [C] Horse [D] Wheel Correct Answer: B [ Lotus ] Notes: Lotus and bull resembles the symbol of birth of Gautama Buddha. 5.What symbol represents nirvana of Gautama Buddha? [A] Lotus [B] Wheel [C] Horse [D] Bodhi Tree Correct Answer: D [ Bodhi Tree ] Notes: Bodhi Tree is the symbol of nirvana of Gautama Buddha. On the other hand, Stupa represents the symbol of death of Gautama Buddha. Further, The symbol ‘Horse’ signifies the renunciation of Buddha’s life. 6.During whose reign was the Fourth Buddhist Council held? [A] Ashoka [B] Kalasoka [C] Ajatsatru [D] Kanishka Correct Answer: D [ Kanishka ] Notes: The Fourth Buddhist Council was held at Kundalvana, Kashmir in 72 AD during the reign of Kushan king Kanishka. -
Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R
THE PALGRAVE MACMILLAN ANIMAL ETHICS SERIES Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R. Valpey The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series Series Editors Andrew Linzey Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford, UK Priscilla N. Cohn Pennsylvania State University Villanova, PA, USA Associate Editor Clair Linzey Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford, UK In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the ethics of our treatment of animals. Philosophers have led the way, and now a range of other scholars have followed from historians to social scientists. From being a marginal issue, animals have become an emerging issue in ethics and in multidisciplinary inquiry. Tis series will explore the challenges that Animal Ethics poses, both conceptually and practically, to traditional understandings of human-animal relations. Specifcally, the Series will: • provide a range of key introductory and advanced texts that map out ethical positions on animals • publish pioneering work written by new, as well as accomplished, scholars; • produce texts from a variety of disciplines that are multidisciplinary in character or have multidisciplinary relevance. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14421 Kenneth R. Valpey Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R. Valpey Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Oxford, UK Te Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series ISBN 978-3-030-28407-7 ISBN 978-3-030-28408-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28408-4 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2020. Tis book is an open access publication. Open Access Tis book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. -
In the Name of Krishna: the Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town
In the Name of Krishna: The Cultural Landscape of a North Indian Pilgrimage Town A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Sugata Ray IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Frederick M. Asher, Advisor April 2012 © Sugata Ray 2012 Acknowledgements They say writing a dissertation is a lonely and arduous task. But, I am fortunate to have found friends, colleagues, and mentors who have inspired me to make this laborious task far from arduous. It was Frederick M. Asher, my advisor, who inspired me to turn to places where art historians do not usually venture. The temple city of Khajuraho is not just the exquisite 11th-century temples at the site. Rather, the 11th-century temples are part of a larger visuality that extends to contemporary civic monuments in the city center, Rick suggested in the first class that I took with him. I learnt to move across time and space. To understand modern Vrindavan, one would have to look at its Mughal past; to understand temple architecture, one would have to look for rebellions in the colonial archive. Catherine B. Asher gave me the gift of the Mughal world – a world that I only barely knew before I met her. Today, I speak of the Islamicate world of colonial Vrindavan. Cathy walked me through Mughal mosques, tombs, and gardens on many cold wintry days in Minneapolis and on a hot summer day in Sasaram, Bihar. The Islamicate Krishna in my dissertation thus came into being. -
Literary Evidences of Agricultural Development in Ancient India
International Journal of Sanskrit Research 2021; 7(2): 32-35 ISSN: 2394-7519 IJSR 2021; 7(2): 32-35 Literary evidences of agricultural development in © 2021 IJSR www.anantaajournal.com ancient India Received: 28-01-2021 Accepted: 30-02-2021 Lagnajeeta Chakraborty Lagnajeeta Chakraborty Assistant Professor, Sanskrit, Introduction North Bengal University, West Bengal, India No animal can live without food. Food is the basic need of each and every being. We should remember that we eat to live, not live to eat. In course of evolution when human beings appeared in this planet, they wandered from one place to another in search of food. They were then hunters and food collectors. They hunted wild animals with the help of stone, sticks etc. and collected fruits and roots from forests. In this pre-historic age human beings were nomads. Gradually they advanced towards developed livelihood. They learnt the technology of burning fire and next the know-how of agriculture. Agriculture entirely changed the human habitats. It is one of the most important inventions of human society. With the invention and development of agriculture, pre-historic people left their nomadic lives and settled down villages. Some famous civilizations were established with the growth of agriculture. It is noted that all this oldest Civilizations were formed on the valley of rivers. Cities and towns were set up based on the agricultural industries. Here we are going to discuss about the agricultural activities in ancient India. Most probably agriculture in India began by 9000 BC [1]. From that very period, cultivation of plants and domestication of crops and animals were started. -
The Hindu Review Novembers
The Monthly Hindu Review | Current Affairs | November 2020 1 www.bankersadda.com | www.sscadda.com | www.careerpower.in | Adda247 App The Monthly Hindu Review | Current Affairs | November 2020 Contents The Most Important Current Affairs November 2020 ................................................................................................. 3 Banking and Financial Current Affairs ........................................................................................................................... 9 Economy Current Affairs ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Business Current Affairs .................................................................................................................................................. 11 International Current Affairs .......................................................................................................................................... 11 National Current Affairs ................................................................................................................................................... 12 States Current Affairs ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Schemes/Committees ...................................................................................................................................................... -
Personality Development - English 1 Personality Development - English 2 Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training [IMCTF]
Personality Development - English 1 Personality Development - English 2 Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training [IMCTF] Personality Development (English) Details Book Name : Personality Development (English) Edition : 2015 Pages : 224 Size : Demmy 1/8 Published by : Initiative for Moral and Cultural Training Foundation (IMCTF) Head Office : 4th Floor, Ganesh Towers, 152, Luz Church Road, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004. Admin Office : 2nd Floor, “Gargi”, New No.6, (Old No.20) Balaiah Avenue, Luz, Mylapore, Chennai - 600 004. Email : [email protected], Website : www.imct.org.in This book is available on Website : www.imct.org.in Printed by : Enthrall Communications Pvt. Ltd., Chennai - 30 © Copy Rights to IMCTF Personality Development - English Index Class 1 1. Oratorical ................................................................................................12 2. Great sayings by Thiruvalluvar .........................................................12 3. Stories .......................................................................................................12 4. Skit ........................................................................................................15 Class 2 1. Oratorical .................................................................................................16 2. Poems .......................................................................................................16 3. Stories .......................................................................................................18 4. -
Janaka Janamejaya I Janamejaya I
JANAKA 345 JANAMEJAYA I the King was transferred to them they could be set discussion with Sage Paficasikha about the means to free. One early morning Janaka had, with a pure avoid death. (Santi Parva, Chapter 319). heart, chanted "Rama, Rama" and that good act was (13) There was once a Janaka King called Dharma- exchanged for the freedom of the sinners. dhvaja, and Sulabha, an erudite woman in Mithila After their release had been effected, Janaka asked wanted to test the King. By her yogic powers she Kala : "You say that only sinners come here. What sin assumed the form of a very beautiful woman and visited have I committed that I should come here ?" Kala's Janaka's palace. She was offered a seat by the King, reply to the question was as follows : "Oh ! King, and seated on the stool she took her soul into the no one else in the whole world has so much punya as body of Janaka, and the soul entered into a dicussion you have got. But, a small sin you have committed. on philosophic subjects with Janaka. Sulabha was thus Once you prevented a cow from eating grass, and, convinced about the unique scholarship of the King therefore, you had to come up to the gates ofhell. Now, and left the palace ashamed about her attempt to for. So that sin has been atoned you may go to svarga." test the King. (Santi Parva, Chapter 320) . saluted Kala and in the divine vimana to the son of Janaka went ( 14) Suka, Vyasa not being fully satisfied by Heaven. -
Ritual, Self and Yoga: on the Ways and Goals of Salvation in the Kat.Ha Upanis.Ad
Journal of Indian Philosophy (2019) 47:1019–1052 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-019-09408-y(0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Ritual, Self and Yoga: On the Ways and Goals of Salvation in the Kat.ha Upanis.ad Dominik Haas1 Published online: 5 August 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Throughout its history, the renowned Katha Upanisad has often been ˙ ˙ described as being both incoherent and contradictory. The aim of this paper is to show to what purpose the text was created. To this end, it discusses the connection of the three paths to salvation depicted in the text, viz. the Agnicayana (a powerful Vedic fire-ritual), the Upanisadic method of self-knowledge, and yoga. The first part ˙ retraces how in the Upanisads, the Agnicayana was transformed into a non-material ˙ or mental ritual and linked with self-knowledge. The second part analyses how the various salvation goals (heaven, the World of Brahman, liberation from rebirth) could be related to each other. First, the authors redefined the Agnicayana’s sal- vation goal, heaven, to make it identical with liberation. Secondly, they introduced self-knowledge and yoga as alternative and equally powerful means to the same end. In practice, however, the new and world-negating methods were implied to be superior to the costly ritual from which they had drawn their authority. Thus, the authors of the Upanisad were more concerned with showing continuity between ˙ different religious approaches than upholding consistency of content. Keywords Agnicayana · Self · Yoga · Immortality · Heaven · Liberation & Dominik Haas [email protected] 1 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 123 1020 D. -
Unpaid / Unclaimed Dividend for Fy 2018-19 Flno Paycity
UNPAID / UNCLAIMED DIVIDEND FOR FY 2018-19 FLNO PAYCITY NAM1 NAMEEXT FHNAME ADD1 ADD2 ADD3 CITY PIN SHARESNETDVD NET MICRNOPROPIEPF 1203690000015751 A&N ISLANDS VENKATA RAMANA REDDY KOTTAPALLI 1-131 MACHAVARAM KANDUKURU PRAKASAM(DT) 0 100 800.00 800.00 47 29-OCT-2026 1202900000009985 Vadodara ASHOKBHAI RAMANBHAI PATEL AT & POST: RANOLI AT: RANOLI 0 150 1200.00 1200.00 48 29-OCT-2026 1201910100707978 VALSAD CHIMANBHAI BHAVANBHAI PATEL 1 TALAVCHORA TA CHIKHLII DI. VALSAD 0 100 800.00 800.00 50 29-OCT-2026 S0014666 NEW DELHI S KULWANT SINGH C/O ANAND FILLING STATION IRWIN ROAD NEW DELHI NEW DELHI 110001 12 96.00 96.00 51 29-OCT-2026 K0011666 NEW DELHI KAMAL KISHORE RATHI 22 STOCK EXCHANGE BLDG ASAF ALI ROAD NEW DELHI NEW DELHI 110001 76 608.00 608.00 52 29-OCT-2026 C0004874 NEW DELHI CITIBANK N A 124 JEEVAN BHARATHI BLDG CONNAUGHT CIRCUS NEW DELHI NEW DELHI 110001 67 536.00 536.00 55 29-OCT-2026 R0006790 NEW DELHI RADHA KHANNA C/O PRITHVI RAJ KHANNA I S I CLUB CANTEEN MANAK BHAVAN 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI NEW DELHI 110002 74 592.00 592.00 57 29-OCT-2026 P0005340 NEW DELHI PRITHVI RAJ KHANNA ISI CLUB CANTEEN MANAK BHAVAN 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI NEW DELHI 110002 74 592.00 592.00 58 29-OCT-2026 A0008134 NEW DELHI ASUTOSH JOSHI C/O SHRI SUKH LAL JOSHI LINK HOUSE NAV BHARAT VANIJYA LTD 3 BAHADUR SHAH ZA NEW DELHI NEW DELHI 110002 36 288.00 288.00 61 29-OCT-2026 N0007772 NEW DELHI NAVEEN SOOD 1815 IIND FLR UDAYCHAND MARG KATLA MUBARAKPUR NEW DELHI NEW DELHI 110003 2 16.00 16.00 62 29-OCT-2026 N0009316 NEW DELHI NAMRITA MITTAL -
Temple Prototype
The Axis and the Perimeter of the Hindu Temple Subhash Kak Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge E-mail: [email protected] Śāstric texts describing the plan of the Hindu temple allude to its astronomical basis, and in this Indian sacred geometry is not different from the sacred geometry of other ancient cultures.1 If astronomical alignments characterize ancient temples of megalithic Europe, Egyptians, Maya, Aztecs, Javanese and Cambodians, they also characterize Indian temples. For example, the garbhagÅha of certain temples is illuminated by the setting sun only on a specific day of the year, or the temple may deviate from the canonical east-west axis and be aligned with a nak¬atra that has astrological significance for the patron or for the chosen deity of the temple. A part of the astronomical knowledge coded in the temple lay-out and form is canonical or traditional, while the rest relates to the times when the temple was erected. The astronomy of the temple provides clues relevant not only to the architecture but also the time when it was built. The Agnicayana altar, the centre of the great ritual of the Vedic times that forms a major portion of the narrative of the Yajurveda, is generally seen as the prototype of the Hindu temple and of Vāstu. The altar is first built of 1,000 bricks in five layers (that symbolically represent the five divisions of the year, the five physical elements, as well as five senses) to specific designs. The Agnicayana ritual is based upon the Vedic division of the universe into three parts, earth, atmosphere, and sky (Figure 1), that are assigned numbers 21, 78, and 261, respectively; these numbers add up to 360, which is symbolic representation of the year. -
Contributions of Lala Har Dayal As an Intellectual and Revolutionary
CONTRIBUTIONS OF LALA HAR DAYAL AS AN INTELLECTUAL AND REVOLUTIONARY ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF ^ntiat ai pijtl000pi{g IN }^ ^ HISTORY By MATT GAOR CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2007 ,,» '*^d<*'/. ' ABSTRACT India owes to Lala Har Dayal a great debt of gratitude. What he did intotality to his mother country is yet to be acknowledged properly. The paradox ridden Har Dayal - a moody idealist, intellectual, who felt an almost mystical empathy with the masses in India and America. He kept the National Independence flame burning not only in India but outside too. In 1905 he went to England for Academic pursuits. But after few years he had leave England for his revolutionary activities. He stayed in America and other European countries for 25 years and finally returned to England where he wrote three books. Har Dayal's stature was so great that its very difficult to put him under one mould. He was visionary who all through his life devoted to Boddhi sattava doctrine, rational interpretation of religions and sharing his erudite knowledge for the development of self culture. The proposed thesis seeks to examine the purpose of his returning to intellectual pursuits in England. Simultaneously the thesis also analyses the contemporary relevance of his works which had a common thread of humanism, rationalism and scientific temper. Relevance for his ideas is still alive as it was 50 years ago. He was true a patriotic who dreamed independence for his country. He was pioneer for developing science in laymen and scientific temper among youths.