Poorly DESIGNED Outdoor Lighting Is One of the Most Conspicuous Forms of Energy
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
1 LIGHT PHYSICS Light and Lighting Francesco Anselmo Light Intro Light Animates and Reveals Architecture
1 LIGHT PHYSICS Light and Lighting Francesco Anselmo Light intro Light animates and reveals architecture. Architecture cannot fully exist without light, since without light there would be nothing to see. Yet in architectural design light is usually either expected from nature or developed as an add-on attachment very late in the design process. The course explores the symbiotic relationship between architecture and light. As much as light can reveal architecture, architecture can animate light, making it bounce, scatter, refract, altering its spectrum and colour perception, absorbing it or reflecting it, modulating its path and strength in both space and time. It aims at developing a sensibility and intuition to the qualities of light, whilst giving the physical and computational tools to explore and validate design ideas. 4 7 1 2 5 3 6 1 LIGHT PHYSICS 4 LIGHT ELECTRIC 7 LIGHT CONNECTED 2 LIGHT BIOLOGY 5 LIGHT ARCHITECTURE 3 LIGHT NATURAL 6 LIGHT VIRTUAL Reading list Books Free online resources Bachelard, Gaston. The poetics of space, Beacon Press 1992 • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ligcon.html Banham, Reyner. The architecture of the well-tempered Environment, Chicago University Press 1984 • http://thedaylightsite.com/ Bazerman, Charles. The languages of Edison’s light, MIT Press 2002 Berger, John. Ways of seeing, Pearson Education, Limited, 2002 • http://issuu.com/lightonline/docs/handbook-of-lighting-design Berger, John. About looking, Bloomsbury Publishing 2009 • http://www.radiance-online.org/ Bluhm, Andreas. Light! The industrial age 1750-1900, Carnegie Museum of Art 2000 Boyce, Peter R. Human Factors in Lighting, Taylor & Francis 2003 Calvino, Italo. -
Visual Purple and the Photopic Luminosity Curve
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.32.11.793 on 1 November 1948. Downloaded from THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY NOVEMBER, 1948 by copyright. COMMUNICATIONS VISUAL PURPLE AND THE PHOTOPIC LUMINOSITY- CURVE* BY H. J. A. DARTNALL http://bjo.bmj.com/ FROM THE VISION RESEARCH UNIT, 'MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, LONDON Introduction THE precise relationship which has been established between the scotopic luminosity curve a'nd visual purple (Dartnall & Goodeve, 1937; Wald, 19138) leads one to expect that the photopic luminositv on September 26, 2021 by guest. Protected curve is'similarly related to some " photopic " pigment or pig- ments. This latter hypothesis has given rise to considerable speculation, particularly since the evidence for the existence of retinal pigments, other than the various forms of visual purple, is not unequivocal. In any case there is no evidence for such additional pigments in the human retina. Visual purple mediates scotopic- vision by virtue of the photo- chemical changes it undergoes on exposure to light. The rate of * Received for Publication, July 12, 1948. Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.32.11.793 on 1 November 1948. Downloaded from 794 H. J. A. DARTNALL any photochemical change is gQverned by the value of the product y Ia where y is the quantqm efficiency of the process and Ia the intensity of the absorbed light expressed in quanta per second. Since the eye in the photopic condition is much less sensitive than in the scotopic state it follows that the value of y la must be correspondingly smaller for the photopic process. -
The Purkinje Rod-Cone Shift As a Function of Luminance and Retinal Eccentricity
Vision Research 42 (2002) 2485–2491 www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Rapid communication The Purkinje rod-cone shift as a function of luminance and retinal eccentricity Stuart Anstis * Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, USA Received 14 September 2000; received in revised form 25 June 2002 Abstract In the Purkinje shift, the dark adapted eye becomes more sensitive to blue than to red as the retinal rods take over from the cones. A striking demonstration of the Purkinje shift, suitable for classroom use, is described in which a small change in viewing distance can reverse the perceived direction of a rotating annulus. We measured this shift with a minimum-motion stimulus (Anstis & Cavanagh, Color Vision: Physiology & Psychophysics, Academic Press, London, 1983) that converts apparent lightness of blue versus red into apparent motion. We filled an iso-eccentric annulus with radial red/blue sectors, and arranged that if the blue sectors looked darker (lighter) than the red sectors, the annulus would appear to rotate to the left (right). At equiluminance the motion appeared to vanish. Our observers established these motion null points while viewing the pattern at various retinal eccentricities through various neutral density filters. Results: The luminous efficiency of blue (relative to red) increased linearly with eccentricity at all adaptation levels, and the more the dark-adaptation, the steeper the slope of the eccentricity function. Thus blue sensitivity was a linear function of eccentricity and an exponential function of filter factor. Blue sensitivity increased linearly with eccentricity, and each additional log10 unit of dark adaptation changed the slope threefold. -
Download the DIA Color Chart
DEMI-PERMANENT HAIRCOLOR 2 COMPLIMENTARY LINES OF HAIRCOLOR Each with its own benefit & expertise both provide maximum creativity & freedom ADVANCED ALKALINE TECHNOLOGY GENTLE ACID TECHNOLOGY HIGH PERFORMANCE HIGH PERFORMANCE • Demi-permanent crème • Luminous demi-permanent gel-crème • Rich tones, exceptional softness • Zero lift • Covers up to 70% grey • Intense care for the hair THE PROCESS THE PROCESS • Lifts (up to 1.5 Levels with 15-vol), then deposits • Zero lift, deposit only BEFORE COLOR DURING COLOR AFTER COLOR BEFORE COLOR DURING COLOR AFTER COLOR On natural hair, the cuticle The alkaline agents slightly open DIA Richesse has the ability to lighten up On color-treated & DIA Light has an acid The cationic polymers in scales are closed. the hair fiber allowing colorants to 1.5 levels, cover up to 70% white hair sensitized hair, the cuticle pH close to the natural pH of the hair. DIA Light have a resurfacing to penetrate the cuticle. & create rich, profound tones. scales are already open. effect on the cuticle, leaving There is no lift with gentle penetration the hair with amazing shine. of colorants for long lasting color. ADVANCED ALKALINE TECHNOLOGY ADVANCED ALKALINE TECHNOLOGY HIGH PERFORMANCE • Demi-permanent crème • Rich tones, exceptional softness • Covers up to 70% grey THE PROCESS • Lifts (up to 1.5 Levels with 15-vol), then deposits BEFORE COLOR DURING COLOR AFTER COLOR On natural hair, the cuticle The alkaline agents slightly open DIA Richesse has the ability to lighten scales are closed. the hair fiber allowing colorants up to 1.5 levels, cover up to 70% white to penetrate the cuticle. -
WHITE LIGHT and COLORED LIGHT Grades K–5
WHITE LIGHT AND COLORED LIGHT grades K–5 Objective This activity offers two simple ways to demonstrate that white light is made of different colors of light mixed together. The first uses special glasses to reveal the colors that make up white light. The second involves spinning a colorful top to blend different colors into white. Together, these activities can be thought of as taking white light apart and putting it back together again. Introduction The Sun, the stars, and a light bulb are all sources of “white” light. But what is white light? What we see as white light is actually a combination of all visible colors of light mixed together. Astronomers spread starlight into a rainbow or spectrum to study the specific colors of light it contains. The colors hidden in white starlight can reveal what the star is made of and how hot it is. The tool astronomers use to spread light into a spectrum is called a spectroscope. But many things, such as glass prisms and water droplets, can also separate white light into a rainbow of colors. After it rains, there are often lots of water droplets in the air. White sunlight passing through these droplets is spread apart into its component colors, creating a rainbow. In this activity, you will view the rainbow of colors contained in white light by using a pair of “Rainbow Glasses” that separate white light into a spectrum. ! SAFETY NOTE These glasses do NOT protect your eyes from the Sun. NEVER LOOK AT THE SUN! Background Reading for Educators Light: Its Secrets Revealed, available at http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/pdf/du_x01_light.pdf Developed with the generous support of The Charles Hayden Foundation WHITE LIGHT AND COLORED LIGHT Materials Rainbow Glasses Possible white light sources: (paper glasses containing a Incandescent light bulb diffraction grating). -
Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics
Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics GEOL 1350: Introduction To Meteorology 1 2 • During the scattering process, no energy is gained or lost, and therefore, no temperature changes occur. • Scattering depends on the size of objects, in particular on the ratio of object’s diameter vs wavelength: 1. Rayleigh scattering (D/ < 0.03) 2. Mie scattering (0.03 ≤ D/ < 32) 3. Geometric scattering (D/ ≥ 32) 3 4 • Gas scattering: redirection of radiation by a gas molecule without a net transfer of energy of the molecules • Rayleigh scattering: absorption extinction 4 coefficient s depends on 1/ . • Molecules scatter short (blue) wavelengths preferentially over long (red) wavelengths. • The longer pathway of light through the atmosphere the more shorter wavelengths are scattered. 5 • As sunlight enters the atmosphere, the shorter visible wavelengths of violet, blue and green are scattered more by atmospheric gases than are the longer wavelengths of yellow, orange, and especially red. • The scattered waves of violet, blue, and green strike the eye from all directions. • Because our eyes are more sensitive to blue light, these waves, viewed together, produce the sensation of blue coming from all around us. 6 • Rayleigh Scattering • The selective scattering of blue light by air molecules and very small particles can make distant mountains appear blue. The blue ridge mountains in Virginia. 7 • When small particles, such as fine dust and salt, become suspended in the atmosphere, the color of the sky begins to change from blue to milky white. • These particles are large enough to scatter all wavelengths of visible light fairly evenly in all directions. -
Adjustment of Lighting Parameters from Photopic to Mesopic Values in Outdoor Lighting Installations Strategy and Associated Evaluation of Variation in Energy Needs
sustainability Article Adjustment of Lighting Parameters from Photopic to Mesopic Values in Outdoor Lighting Installations Strategy and Associated Evaluation of Variation in Energy Needs Enrique Navarrete-de Galvez 1 , Alfonso Gago-Calderon 1,* , Luz Garcia-Ceballos 2, Miguel Angel Contreras-Lopez 2 and Jose Ramon Andres-Diaz 1 1 Proyectos de Ingeniería, Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Diseño y Proyectos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; [email protected] (E.N.-d.G.); [email protected] (J.R.A.-D.) 2 Expresión Gráfica en la Ingeniería, Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Diseño y Proyectos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; [email protected] (L.G.-C.); [email protected] (M.A.C.-L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-951-952-268 Abstract: The sensitivity of the human eye varies with the different lighting conditions to which it is exposed. The cone photoreceptors perceive the color and work for illuminance conditions greater than 3.00 cd/m2 (photopic vision). Below 0.01 cd/m2, the rods are the cells that assume this function (scotopic vision). Both types of photoreceptors work coordinately in the interval between these values (mesopic vision). Each mechanism generates a different spectral sensibility. In this work, Citation: Navarrete-de Galvez, E.; the emission spectra of common sources in present public lighting installations are analyzed and Gago-Calderon, A.; Garcia-Ceballos, their normative photopic values translated to the corresponding mesopic condition, which more L.; Contreras-Lopez, M.A.; faithfully represents the vision mechanism of our eyes in these conditions. Based on a common Andres-Diaz, J.R. Adjustment of street urban configuration (ME6), we generated a large set of simulations to determine the ideal light Lighting Parameters from Photopic to point setup configuration (luminance and light point height vs. -
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Electromagnetic Spectrum Wavelength/frequency/energy MAP TAP 2003-2004 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1 Teacher Page • Content: Physical Science—The Electromagnetic Spectrum • Grade Level: High School • Creator: Dorothy Walk • Curriculum Objectives: SC 1; Intro Phys/Chem IV.A (waves) MAP TAP 2003-2004 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 2 MAP TAP 2003-2004 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 3 What is it? • The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete spectrum or continuum of light including radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, X- rays and gamma rays • An electromagnetic wave consists of electric and magnetic fields which vibrates thus making waves. MAP TAP 2003-2004 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 4 Waves • Properties of waves include speed, frequency and wavelength • Speed (s), frequency (f) and wavelength (l) are related in the formula l x f = s • All light travels at a speed of 3 s 108 m/s in a vacuum MAP TAP 2003-2004 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 5 Wavelength, Frequency and Energy • Since all light travels at the same speed, wavelength and frequency have an indirect relationship. • Light with a short wavelength will have a high frequency and light with a long wavelength will have a low frequency. • Light with short wavelengths has high energy and long wavelength has low energy MAP TAP 2003-2004 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 6 MAP TAP 2003-2004 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 7 Radio waves • Low energy waves with long wavelengths • Includes FM, AM, radar and TV waves • Wavelengths of 10-1m and longer • Low frequency • Used in many -
Physics, Chapter 40: Light As a Wave Motion
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Robert Katz Publications Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy 1-1958 Physics, Chapter 40: Light as a Wave Motion Henry Semat City College of New York Robert Katz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicskatz Part of the Physics Commons Semat, Henry and Katz, Robert, "Physics, Chapter 40: Light as a Wave Motion" (1958). Robert Katz Publications. 177. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicskatz/177 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Robert Katz Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 40 Light as a Wave Motion 40-1 Wave Versus Particle Let us recount some of the characteristics of the motion of particles and the propagation of waves, with a view toward analyzing the behavior of light. In accordance with Newton's first law, a particle moves in a straight-line path in the absence of external forces. Thus we might infer, as Newton suggested, that light is composed of particles, and that, in a continuous medium, there is no deflecting force on the light particles. At the interface between two media, light may be propagated in a straight line parallel to the interface. Thus even at an interface there is no force on the particles of light unless the light passes through the interface, and in that event the force acting must be perpendicular to the interface. -
Including Far Red in an LED Lighting Spectrum
technically speaking BY ERIK RUNKLE Including Far Red in an LED Lighting Spectrum Far red (FR) is a one of the radiation (or light) wavebands larger leaves can be desired for other crops. that regulates plant growth and development. Many people We have learned that blue light (and to a smaller extent, consider FR as radiation with wavelengths between 700 and total light intensity) can influence the effects of FR. When the 800 nm, although 700 to 750 nm is, by far, the most active. intensity of blue light is high, adding FR only slightly increases By definition, FR is just outside the photosynthetically active extension growth. Therefore, the utility of including FR in an radiation (PAR) waveband, but it can directly and indirectly indoor lighting spectrum is greater under lower intensities increase growth. In addition, it can accelerate of blue light. One compelling reason to deliver at least some flowering of some crops, especially long-day plants, FR light indoors is to induce early flowering of young plants, which are those that flower when the nights are short. especially long-day plants. As we learn more about the effects of FR on plants, growers sometimes wonder, is it beneficial to include FR in a light-emitting diode (LED) spectrum? "As the DLI increases, Not surprisingly, the answer is, it depends on the application and crop. In the May 2016 issue of GPN, I wrote about the the utility of FR in effects of FR on plant growth and flowering (https:// bit.ly/2YkxHCO). Briefly, leaf size and stem length photoperiodic lighting increase as the intensity of FR increases, although the magnitude depends on the crop and other characteristics of the light environment. -
Liquicolor Permanente Shades 07-10-12.Pdf
LIQUICOLOR PERMANENTE INTENSE INTENSE INTENSE INTENSE GOLD RED NEUTRAL (RN) INTENSE RED (RR) RED VIOLET (RV) RED VIOLET (RRV) BASE INTENSE NEUTRAL (NN) NEUTRAL (N) ASH (A) ASH (A) ASH (AA) ASH (AA) NEUTRAL(GN) GOLD (G) REDPELIRROJO NEUTRAL (RN) RED (R) INTENSEPELIRROJO RED (RR) REDPELIRROJO VIOLET (RV) REDPELIRROJO VIOLET (RRV) NEUTRAL INTENSO NEUTRAL CENIZO CENIZO CENIZO INTENSO CENIZO INTENSO DORADO NEUTRAL GOLDDORADO (G) PELIRROJONEUTRAL PELIRROJORED (R) PELIRROJOINTENSO PELIRROJOVIOLETA VIOLETAPELIRROJO INTENSO LEVEL/NIVEL DORADO NEUTRAL PELIRROJO INTENSO VIOLETA VIOLETA INTENSO 12 HIGH-LIFT BLONDE 12N/HL-N 12A/HL-V 12AA-B/HL-B 12AA-BV 12G / HL-G HIGH LIFT HIGH LIFT HIGH LIFT ULTRA HIGH LIFT ULTRA HIGH LIFT GOLDEN BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE COOL BLONDE COOL BLONDE BLUE COOL BLONDE BLUE VIOLET 10 LIGHTEST BLONDE RUBIO CLARÍSIMO 10N/12B1 10GN/12G2 OUR FIRST NN 10G / 12G LIGHTEST NEUTRAL BLONDE LIGHTEST GOLD LIQUID COLOR LIGHTEST GOLDEN BLONDE blondest beige NEUTRAL BLONDE blondest blonde blondest gold 9 VERY LIGHT BLONDE RUBIO MUY CLARO 9NN 9N/89N 9A/26D 9A-N/40D 9AA/20D 9AA-BV/30D VERY LIGHT RICH VERY LIGHT VERY LIGHT VERY LIGHT COOL VERY LIGHT ULTRA VERY LIGHT ULTRA COOL NEUTRAL BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE COOL BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE COOL BLONDE BLONDE BLUE VIOLET lightest neutral blonde winter wheat topaz arctic blonde flaxen blonde 8 LIGHT BLONDE RUBIO CLARO 8NN 8N/88N 8A / 28D 8GN/27G 8RN / 71RG 8R / 29R LIGHT RICH LIGHT LIGHT COOL BLONDE LIGHT GOLD NEUTRAL LIGHT RED NEUTRAL LIGHT RED BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE NEUTRAL BLONDE autumn mist BLONDE -
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Spectrum Why do some things have colors? What makes color? Why do fast food restaurants use red lights to keep food warm? Why don’t they use green or blue light? Why do X-rays pass through the body and let us see through the body? What has the radio to do with radiation? What are the night vision devices that the army uses in night time fighting? To find the answers to these questions we have to examine the electromagnetic spectrum. FASTER THAN A SPEEDING BULLET MORE POWERFUL THAN A LOCOMOTIVE These words were used to introduce a fictional superhero named Superman. These same words can be used to help describe Electromagnetic Radiation. Electromagnetic Radiation is like a two member team racing together at incredible speeds across the vast regions of space or flying from the clutches of a tiny atom. They travel together in packages called photons. Moving along as a wave with frequency and wavelength they travel at the velocity of 186,000 miles per second (300,000,000 meters per second) in a vacuum. The photons are so tiny they cannot be seen even with powerful microscopes. If the photon encounters any charged particles along its journey it pushes and pulls them at the same frequency that the wave had when it started. The waves can circle the earth more than seven times in one second! If the waves are arranged in order of their wavelength and frequency the waves form the Electromagnetic Spectrum. They are described as electromagnetic because they are both electric and magnetic in nature.