DOCSLIB.ORG

Who Needs a Wall When You Have Rivers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Who Needs a Wall When You Have Rivers 12/6/2019 Texas’ Sovereignty & Borders Who gave sovereignty to the Sovereign? Scott F. Cline [email protected] 1 Trace Title of Texas Back to Sovereign • If we traced the title of your property, where does it begin? • Does title trace back to Spain? • Does title trace back to Mexico? Texas? • How did the sovereign get title? 2 1 12/6/2019 How Did This Happen? 3 How Did This Happen? 4 2 12/6/2019 How Did This Happen? 5 How Does a Sovereign Acquire Title • Inherit • Right of Conquest • How else? 6 3 12/6/2019 Right of Discovery • 1454 – Romanus Pontifex (Papal Bull) • Pope Nicholas directed King Alfonso to “capture, vanquish and subdue…” any non- Christian lands…[and] “to take all their possessions and property” 7 Right of Discovery • In 1492 Columbus sailed with the understanding that he was authorized to take possession of any lands he discovered not under control of any Christian prince 8 4 12/6/2019 Inter Caetera – 1493 • Inter Caetera and subsequent Papal Bulls and treaties awarded new lands to the discovering Christian nation 9 Inter Caetera 10 5 12/6/2019 • Can proclamations in 500+ year-old Papal Bulls remain in effect today? 11 • Doctrine of Discovery in American Jurisprudence 12 6 12/6/2019 Johnson v. M’Intosh • 21 U.S. 543 (1823) – by Chief Justice Marshall • Property dispute – ejectment action • 2 parties with competing property claims • Johnson from the Piankashaw, M’Intosh from US 13 Johnson v. M’Intosh • Justice Marshal cited the Inter Caetera and applied the Doctrine of Discovery • Discovering European power gains sovereignty • Discovering power gains right to extinguish indigenous peoples’ “right of occupancy” • US inherited British preemption of Native American lands 14 7 12/6/2019 Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. US • 348 U.S. 272 (1955) • Tee-Hit-Tons sought compensation for taking by US of timber cut on tribal lands • Issue – is that a taking under the 5th Amendment? 15 Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. US • Concerned US’ deforestation of Tongass • Cites Johnson to apply Right of Discovery • Timber taken from tribal occupied lands not compensable under 5th Amendment • Tribe only entitled to right of occupancy under revocable grant from US 16 8 12/6/2019 City of Sherrill, N.Y. v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York • 544 U.S. 197 (2005) • Re-purchased original tribal lands • Oneida tribe sought tax exemption on the re-purchased land 17 City of Sherrill, N.Y. v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York • Re-purchase did not restore tribal sovereignty • 8-1 decision, majority opinion by Ginsburg 18 9 12/6/2019 City of Sherrill, N.Y. v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York • “Under the ‘doctrine of discovery’ fee title to the lands occupied by Indians when the colonists arrived became vested in the sovereign – first discovering European nation and later the original States and the United States.” 19 Who Discovered Texas • Cabeza de Vaca? • Francisco Vazquez de Coronado? • Hernando de Soto? 20 10 12/6/2019 Who Discovered Texas • Alonso Alvarez de Pineda • Sent by Governor of Santiago, modern-day Jamaica • June 24, 1519 – Roman Catholic Feast Day of Corpus Christi de Pineda sailed into and named Corpus Christi Bay 21 Who Discovered Texas • First known document in TX history 22 11 12/6/2019 Spanish Actions • Discovered TX, enough? • Possession? Control? • Extent of the grant? • What else is needed? 23 Spanish Actions • Until la Salle, Spain did not pay attention to land north of the Rio Grande River • Before la Salle, missions, presidios and outposts located primarily along Rio Grande 24 12 12/6/2019 Rene-Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle • 1682, sailed down Mississippi River and claimed Louisiana for King Louis XIV • Claimed all land drained by the Mississippi River for France • 1685, founded Fort Saint-Louis on Garcitas Creek near Victoria, TX 25 Spanish Actions • Spain learned of the incursion in 1686 when a French deserter was captured in Santa Domingo • After discovery of la Salle’s encampment, Spain established missions in east TX • Mission San Francisco de los Tejas, near Lufkin – 1690 26 13 12/6/2019 Louis Juchereau de St. Denis • In 1713 founded Natchitoches • In 1714 traveled unopposed from Natchitoches on Red River to Spanish outposts on the Rio Grande • Spurred second wave of Spanish development of missions in TX 27 First Capital of Texas • Los Adaes – founded 1721; TX provincial capital 1729-1770 28 14 12/6/2019 1763 – end of French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War with Great Britain, France • One result was transfer of LA from France to Spain 29 Spanish Land Ownership 30 15 12/6/2019 Texas Borders in Flux • 1682 – la Salle claims LA for France • 1763 – LA transferred back to Spain • 1800 – Napoleon reclaims ownership of LA • 1803 – Louisiana Purchase 31 Louisiana Purchase • Purchase occurred in 1803 32 16 12/6/2019 • Boundary between Spanish province of Texas and US in dispute 33 Western Border of LA Purchase • Spain claimed to Arroyo Hondo/Calcasieu • France alleged borders same as before 1763 – all land drained by the Mississippi • Jefferson claimed border extended to Rio Grande based on la Salle 34 17 12/6/2019 Neutral Ground 35 Neutral Ground Agreement, 1806-1821 • November 6, 1806 – US Gen. James Wilkinson and Spanish Lt. Col. Simon de Herrera sign agreement • Declared the disputed territory neutral ground until established by governments • This lawless area attracted exiles, deserters, political refugees and various criminals 36 18 12/6/2019 37 Wars, Treaties & Laws • Adams-Onis – Sabine & Red River • Treaties of Velasco – Rio Grande • Mexican-American War/Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexican Cession • Compromise of 1850 – TX border with NM 38 19 12/6/2019 Adams-Onis Treaty 1819-1821 • Set boundaries between US and Spain • Along the West bank of Sabine River then North at 32nd Parallel to Red River – ended Neutral Zone • Along the South bank of Red River until it reaches 100th Meridian as per Melish’s Map of 1818, then North along 100th Meridian to the Arkansas River 39 Adams-Onis Treaty 40 20 12/6/2019 Adams-Onis Treaty – Problems • Melish’s Map showed 100th Meridian 90 miles east of true location • Melish’s Map failed to show that Red River forked 50 miles east of 100th Meridian • No Western European had ascended the Red River 41 Melish Map 1818 42 21 12/6/2019 Adams-Onis Treaty Litigation • US v. Texas • 162 U.S. 1 (1896) – TX loses Greer County • True 100th Meridian determines border • Set boundaries at Sabine and the Prairie Dog Town Fork of Red River 43 Greer County, Texas 44 22 12/6/2019 Greer County, Texas 45 Red River Boundary Disputes • From 1896 - 2017, numerous disputes over Red River determined by SCOTUS • What did treaty negotiators believe the boundary to be when treaty presented for ratification? • TX boundary extends only to south cut bank of river as it existed in 1819 • No royalties to TX for riverbed oil and gas 46 23 12/6/2019 Red River Boundary Disputes • Erosion and accretion – natural and gradual changes in the riverbank over time • Avulsion – natural or otherwise, when the river suddenly creates a new channel • Land owner loses or gains property through erosion or accretion but not avulsion 47 Red River Boundary Disputes 48 24 12/6/2019 Rio Grande Border Disputes 49 Rio Grande Border Disputes • April 21, 1836 – Battle of San Jacinto 50 25 12/6/2019 Rio Grande Border Disputes • Treaties of Velasco – May 14, 1836 • Made between Santa Anna and the Republic of Texas • There were actually 2 treaties – one public and one secret 51 Treaties of Velasco 52 26 12/6/2019 Treaties of Velasco • Santa Anna promised not to bring troops north of Rio Grande • TX claimed its boundary extended to Rio Grande – not recognized by Mexico • Polk promised US would defend Rio Grande as border if TX agreed to annexation 53 Mexican-American War • Nueces Strip remained contested area until the end of Mexican-American War • After Thornton Affair, Polk declares Mexico “…shed American blood on American soil” • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed Feb. 2, 1848 – Mexican Cession • Rio Grande confirmed as southern boundary for TX and US 54 27 12/6/2019 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 55 Compromise of 1850 • TX relinquished claims to east bank of Rio Grande north of El Paso • US pays $10M for TX’s debt; TX retains public land • Western panhandle of OK created to conform TX’s northernmost border with Missouri Compromise 56 28 12/6/2019 Compromise of 1850 57 Compromise of 1850 58 29 12/6/2019 Compromise of 1850 59 Compromise of 1850 60 30 12/6/2019 Compromise of 1850 61 Compromise of 1850 • Which president signed the bill giving TX its present borders? • Millard Fillmore 62 31 12/6/2019 Scott F. Cline [email protected] 63 32.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • US Army Logistics During the US-Mexican War and the Postwar Period, 1846-1860
    CATALYST FOR CHANGE IN THE BORDERLANDS: U.S. ARMY LOGISTICS DURING THE U.S.-MEXICAN WAR AND THE POSTWAR PERIOD, 1846-1860 Christopher N. Menking Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 201 9 APPROVED: Richard McCaslin, Major Professor Sandra Mendiola Garcia, Committee Member Andrew Torget, Committee Member Alexander Mendoza, Committee Member Robert Wooster, Outside Reader Jennifer Jensen Wallach, Chair of the Department of History Tamara L. Brown, Executive Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences Victor Prybutok, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Menking, Christopher N. Catalyst for Change in the Borderlands: U.S. Army Logistics during the U.S.-Mexican War and the Postwar Period, 1846-1860. Doctor of Philosophy (History), December 2019, 323 pp., 3 figures, 3 appendices, bibliography, 52 primary sources, 140 secondary sources. This dissertation seeks to answer two primary questions stemming from the war between the United States and Mexico: 1) What methods did the United States Army Quartermaster Department employ during the war to achieve their goals of supporting armies in the field? 2) In executing these methods, what lasting impact did the presence of the Quartermaster Department leave on the Lower Río Grande borderland, specifically South Texas during the interwar period from 1848-1860? In order to obtain a complete understanding of what the Department did during the war, a discussion of the creation, evolution, and methodology of the Quartermaster Department lays the foundation for effective analysis of the department’s wartime methods and post-war influence. It is equally essential to understand the history of South Texas prior to the Mexican War under the successive control of Spain, Mexico and the United States and how that shaped the wartime situation.
    [Show full text]
  • American War Council
    American War Council Background Guide EagleMUNC Chair: Website: www.EagleMUNC.org Boston College Model Monica Sax United Nations [email protected] Conference March 17-19 2017 American War Council Letters from the Secretariat Delegates, It is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to EagleMUNC V! My name is Kerianne DiBattista, and I am the Secretary-General of EagleMUNC V. I am a senior at Boston College in the Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences majoring in International Studies with a concentration in Economics. I am originally from Long Island, NY, and I have been participating in Model UN conferences since I was in tenth grade, rising to become Head Delegate and Secretary-General of my high school conference. At BC, I travelled to several conferences with our MUN team and I have participated EagleMUNC since my freshman year. As you begin your EagleMUNC V experience, I implore you to explore the conference theme, "The Interplay of Power and Ethics," and make your EagleMUNC experience the best it can be! Thank you, and I'll see you at EagleMUNC! Best Regards, Kerianne DiBattista Secretary-General, EagleMUNC V Dear Delegates, It is my great pleasure to welcome you to EagleMUNC V! My name is Jack Massih and I am the Under Secretary-General of Political Affairs. I am a senior at Boston College studying Political Science and Economics. I began participating in MUN my sophomore year of high school and have been hooked ever since. I joined the EagleMUNC team as a freshman for the first year we moved off BC’s campus and into Boston, and it has been a joy to witness the conference continuously grow and evolve since then.
    [Show full text]
  • Borders, Bandits, and One Revolting Plan
    Borders, Bandits, and One Revolting Plan by Rylee Hernandez Senior Division Historical Paper Word Count: 2497 From 1915-1919, racial tension along the Texas-Mexico border ignited violent exchanges 1 between Anglos, Tejanos , and Mexicans, impacting social, economic, and political stability in the region. Inspired by a manifesto called the Plan de San Diego, Mexican and Tejano social revolutionaries answered the call for an "army of all races" to liberate Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and California fi·om the United States. 2 The Plan resul ted in revolting atrocities canied out by botJ1 Anglos and people of Mexican descent, redefining Anglo-Mexican relations in Texas for the remaind er ofthe twentieth century. Its impact on the Mexican- American border still affects United States foreign pol icy today. Exploration stir·s rebellion The Plan de San Diego was rooted in the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which exchanged 55% of Mexico's northern territory for peace to end the Mexican-American War. Over the next fifty years, Anglo-Americans settled in the N ueces Strip,* marrying landed Tejanos, blending ethnic traditions, and dividing political offices and labor equally. Tejanos ranched, fanned, and ran the cities while Anglos engaged in commerce and controlled the counties.3 From 1860-1904, Anglos commercialized ranching, driving cattle from South Texas to markets in Kansas and Colorado. Large ranchers like Richard King pioneered barbed wire, closing off watering sites that all ranchers had utilized as common prope1ty. When the St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railroad connected the area to outside markets i n 1904, large ranchers invested in irrigation or sold tracts of fertile land to Anglo farmers from the Midwest.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction Politicians love the border. Some use it to get elected, to get campaign money, and to get voters all riled up. They demand more border walls and more boots on the ground to stop illegal immigration and protect American citizens from cross-border violence. They portray the border, especially the South Texas border, as a wild and dangerous place where US citizens cower in the shadows as Mexican cartels carry out kidnap- pings, murders, and open violence. And it is not just US politicians getting in on the act. In the United Kingdom, a 2015 conservative British newspaper ran a headline that proclaims, “Revealed, America’s Most Fearful City Where Texans Live Next to a ‘War Zone.’” The article is about the border city of Mc Allen, Texas, and claims that it is “a 10-minute drive from Reynosa,” Mex- ico, and that McAllen residents “can hear gunshots all hours of the day and spot drug smugglers in their streets.”1 In 2014, Governor Rick Perry called for “a show of force” on the Texas border to deter the vio- lence and stop the illegal border crossings. At one point he donned a fl ak jacket and wraparound sunglasses to join state police on a river patrol. Soon after that, Perry ordered the Texas National Guard and a large contingent of Highway Patrol offi cers to South Texas.2 A few years earlier, Governor Perry and Arizona Governor Jan Brewer (2009–2015) warned the citizens of their respective states about beheadings and bombings in the border zones of each state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contours of a Very Special Border
    University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ScholarWorks @ UTRGV History Faculty Publications and Presentations College of Liberal Arts Summer 2014 The Contours of a Very Special Border Irving W. Levinson The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/hist_fac Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Levinson, Irving W. 2014. “The Contours of a Very Special Border.” Journal of the West 53 (3): 69–84. http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,shib&db=31h&AN=101161877&site=ehost-live. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 1 The Contours of a Very Special Border by Irving W. Levinson, Ph.D. (Originally published in Journal of the West 53:3 (Summer 2014) Copyright Journal of the West 2014, reprinted the permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC Perhaps the best place to begin is with two brief conversations that took place after one of my classes. In the first, a student told me that his family recently sold a part of their portion. Here in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and México, the term “portion” refers to a grant of land of at least 4,428 acres given to the Spanish settlers who first came to this Valley during the 1750s and 1760s.
    [Show full text]
  • Lyrics from the US-Mexican
    Embodying the West: Lyrics from the U.S.-Mexican War Andrea Tinnemeyer A sketch of a Mexican soldier meant to illustrate, in simple pen and ink, the easy business of fulfilling manifest destiny appears within the pages of the Rough and Ready Songster,1 a collection of song lyrics from the U.S.-Mexican War.2 Dominating the drawing is the common iconography of wounds: a sling, patch, and bandages. The body is failed, defeated, unmanly. What identifies the body's owner is, not surprisingly, another wound—a wooden leg. This artificial limb, combined with a tripartite hat, unquestionably identify the owner of this wounded body as General Antonio Lôpez de Santa Anna, Mexico's own Napoleon. In the place of a uniform, Mexico's military leader wears a loincloth that resembles a diaper covering the ultimate site of emasculation, the groin. These physical markers reference the pseudo-scientific disciplines of phrenology and physiognomy popular in the United States at mid-nineteenth century that strove to factually bind outward appearance with the unseen qualities of morality and intelligence.3 Questions over the racial identity of Mexicans, a central debate after the 1848 peace treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo conferred citizenship on former Mexican citizens, would turn to these quasi-scientific models to deny rights and privileges. But even before the War's end, perhaps because of the "double time" of manifest destiny to presuppose territorial capture as early as 1845, the Mexican Question illustrated the nation's volatility.4 The nationalism of Manifest Destiny could not contain all of the meanings generated 0026-3079/2005/4601-067$2.50/0 American Studies, 46:1 (Spring 2005): 67-86 67 68 Andrea Tinnemeyer Figure 1: Sketch of General Antonio Lôpez de Santa Anna from the Rough and Ready Songster.
    [Show full text]
  • The Texas Underground Railroad to Mexico and Mexico's Resolve to Uphold the Río Grande River As a Line of Resistance to Slavery, 1836-1861
    RUNAWAYS AND THE RÍO GRANDE RIVER: THE TEXAS UNDERGROUND RAILROAD TO MEXICO AND MEXICO'S RESOLVE TO UPHOLD THE RÍO GRANDE RIVER AS A LINE OF RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY, 1836-1861 ___________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History Sam Houston State University ___________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts ___________ by Michelle Nichole Balliet May, 2021 RUNAWAYS AND THE RÍO GRANDE RIVER: THE TEXAS UNDERGROUND RAILROAD TO MEXICO AND MEXICO'S RESOLVE TO UPHOLD THE RÍO GRANDE RIVER AS A LINE OF RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY, 1836-1861 by Michelle Nichole Balliet ___________ APPROVED: Maggie Elmore, Ph.D. Committee Chair Bernadette Pruitt, Ph.D. Committee Member Charles Heath, II, Ph.D. Committee Member Chien-Pin Li, Ph.D. Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences DEDICATION For my pillars of support el profe Raúl Reyes, his wife Magali and daughter Brooke, and my mom Elaine Wiebe, whose love and mentoring has instilled needed confidence to rise above every daunting odds and become the “trailblazer” that I am. Balliet/Wiebe/Reyes Family: this one is for you. iii ABSTRACT Balliet, Michelle Nichole, Runaways and the Río Grande River: The Texas Underground Railroad to Mexico and Mexico's resolve to uphold the Río Grande River as a line of resistance to slavery, 1836-1861. Master of Arts (History), May, 2021, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas. The tale of a runaway, an enslaved Black man or woman choosing to abscond, is nothing short of miraculous. Listen between the lines a runaway speaks, and their story will be found as a testament entailing multiple dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Texas Divided: Loyalty and Dissent in the Lone Star State, 1856-1874
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge United States History History 4-5-1990 Texas Divided: Loyalty and Dissent in the Lone Star State, 1856-1874 James Marten Marquette University Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Marten, James, "Texas Divided: Loyalty and Dissent in the Lone Star State, 1856-1874" (1990). United States History. 5. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/5 TEXAS DIVIDED TEXAS, 1860 ,,, TEXAS DIVIDED Loyalty and Dissent in the Lone Star State 1856-1874 JAMES MARTEN THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Copyright © 1990 by The University Press of Kentucky Paperback edition 2009 The University Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine University, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Historical Society, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales Offices: The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com Frontispiece: Adapted by Lawrence Brence from map by Liz Conrad in Secession and the Union in Texas, by Walter L. Buenger (Austin, 1984). Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rio Grande Expedition, 1863-1865
    THE RIO GRANDE EXPEDITION 1863-1865 Stephen A. Townsend, B. A., M. S. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2001 APPROVED: Richard Lowe, Major Professor William Painter, Committee Member Richard Ruderman, Committee Member Ronald Marcello, Committee Member Randolph B. Campbell, Committee Member Todd Smith, Committee Member Richard Golden, Chair of the Department of History C. Neal Tate, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .......................................................................................... iii PREFACE ....................................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1. TO PLANT THE FLAG IN TEXAS ............................................................ 1 2. THE FINEST CAMPAIGN OF THE WAR................................................. 39 3. FALL BACK AND SAVE THE COTTON.................................................. 79 4. THE RED RIVER BECKONS1 ................................................................... 21 5. THE CAVALRY OF THE WEST................................................................ 167 6. TROUBLES SOUTH OF THE BORDER.................................................... 192 7. THE WAR ENDS IN TEXAS ...................................................................... 220 8. WAR AND THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY ................................. 255 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ending of Texas Revolution Treaty
    Ending Of Texas Revolution Treaty Claire oversewing his rostrocarinates macadamize hereby or pretty after Sergio rewashes and jerk plum, cephalochordate and hydrated. Blah Son lug very introspectively while Rajeev remains ubiquitous and unputdownable. Resorbent and manful Raymund always print levelly and fluidise his micrograms. Briscoe Cain On ring day in 136 General Antonio Lpez de. In 129 when Victoria's presidency was about table end elections were quiet for their successor. Neutrality Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and this Treaty of Versailles. Texas Revolution Independence Republic of Texas Statehood. Ensued ending two years later discuss the signing of union Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. As delicious before and were 20000 Anglos who settled in Texas where. The Mexican-American war over a nutshell National. What the anywhere of Guadalupe Hidalgo Actually Says Race. Signed the interest of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican-American War. Do you temporary set about, texas treaty forces led by treaty. Nueces Strip La Frontera Fluida. Topic 4 7th Lesson pdf Coppell ISD. Texas annexation Wikipedia. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican War just not sensible to Texas. Trade and other Siege of Alamo WS TX Revolution Notes 135-136the only set you do not write protect slide or if it says READ. Their average school district history TOGH was the 14 treaty that ended. Texas were struggling to build their own colony a revolution was brewing in the. How did Mexico lose Texas? Texas Revolution Texas Independence History Republic of Texas Annexation. A sad history rich land grabs ignoring civil rights. Hidalgo A Synopsis Of top Case Involving 433 Land Claims By Texas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of Palo Alto Never Happened?
    Official State Historical Center of the Texas Rangers law enforcement agency. The Following Article was Originally Published in the Texas Ranger Dispatch Magazine The Texas Ranger Dispatch was published by the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum from 2000 to 2011. It has been superseded by this online archive of Texas Ranger history. Managing Editors Robert Nieman 2000-2009; (b.1947-d.2009) Byron A. Johnson 2009-2011 Publisher & Website Administrator Byron A. Johnson 2000-2011 Director, Texas Ranger Hall of Fame Technical Editor, Layout, and Design Pam S. Baird Funded in part by grants from the Texas Ranger Association Foundation Copyright 2017, Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum, Waco, TX. All rights reserved. Non-profit personal and educational use only; commercial reprinting, redistribution, reposting or charge-for- access is prohibited. For further information contact: Director, Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum, PO Box 2570, Waco TX 76702-2570. What If . the Battle of Palo Alto Never Happened? Navigatin’ with Nancy(& Eddie, too!) WhatWhat ifif .. .. .. the Battle of Palo Alto NeverNever HappenedHappened ??? Nancy Ray Each year between November and May, the population in the Rio Grande Valley mushrooms! This increase is caused by people migrating to the Valley to escape the cold, harsh weather of the northern winters. Both Canadians and Americans inundate the South Texas valley, filling campgrounds with travel trailers and motor homes. These “winter Texans” make a major contribution to the Valley’s economy each year as they enjoy shopping, eating in restaurants, touring the area, fishing, birding, square dancing, and other forms of recreation.
    [Show full text]
  • (ED), Washington, DC
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 221 416 $0 014 047 AUTHOR Wead, Margaret TITLE 'Six American Histories. INSTITUTION Education Service Center Region 2, Corpus Christi, Tex. SPONS AGENCY Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (ED), Washington, DC. Ethnic Heritage Studies Program. 'PUB DATE Nov 81 GRANT GO00005189 NOTE 293p.; Some p)ges may not reproduce clearly, due to light print typthroughout original document. Best copy available. EDRS PRICE MF.01/PC12 Pl4k Postage. DESCRIPTORS Black HistoryiT Elementary Secondary Education; *Ethnic Studies; *History; Jews; Mexican Americans; Polish Americans; Resource Materials; *Social Studies; State History; United States History IDENTIFIERS Czech Americans; German Americans; Holidays; Texas ABSTRACT Histories of Blacks, Czechs, Germans Jews, Mexicans, and Poles are provided in this resource guide. The his ries are intended as a major background resource to help instructronal staff members of the 45 school systems in Edtication'Service Center, Region II, Corpus Christi, Texas, integrate ethnic heritage studies materials into classroom instruction. The history of each group begins with a brief description of contributions, customs, and factsij A detailed narrative, which often quotes peimary source ritterials, follows. The section on Black history contains a'list of important dates. The sections on Blacks, Czechs, and Jews, in adclition to describing the general histories of these groups, also discuss their histories and experiences in Texas. Also included in the guide are a calendar of ethnic holidays and a bibliography of additional resource materials. (RM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ************************,****i****************************************** go, z 14+, ETHNIC HERITAGE STUDIES U S DEPARTMENTOF EDUCATION OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE INF 71;MA 11()N WI( A TIONAI R011Nt k 1111( WrItilil it,q II Ellprt., II I,tIlerli), lilt1, NIII1,1 i 11,111IP:.
    [Show full text]