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American War Council American War Council Background Guide EagleMUNC Chair: Website: www.EagleMUNC.org Boston College Model Monica Sax United Nations [email protected] Conference March 17-19 2017 American War Council Letters from the Secretariat Delegates, It is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to EagleMUNC V! My name is Kerianne DiBattista, and I am the Secretary-General of EagleMUNC V. I am a senior at Boston College in the Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences majoring in International Studies with a concentration in Economics. I am originally from Long Island, NY, and I have been participating in Model UN conferences since I was in tenth grade, rising to become Head Delegate and Secretary-General of my high school conference. At BC, I travelled to several conferences with our MUN team and I have participated EagleMUNC since my freshman year. As you begin your EagleMUNC V experience, I implore you to explore the conference theme, "The Interplay of Power and Ethics," and make your EagleMUNC experience the best it can be! Thank you, and I'll see you at EagleMUNC! Best Regards, Kerianne DiBattista Secretary-General, EagleMUNC V Dear Delegates, It is my great pleasure to welcome you to EagleMUNC V! My name is Jack Massih and I am the Under Secretary-General of Political Affairs. I am a senior at Boston College studying Political Science and Economics. I began participating in MUN my sophomore year of high school and have been hooked ever since. I joined the EagleMUNC team as a freshman for the first year we moved off BC’s campus and into Boston, and it has been a joy to witness the conference continuously grow and evolve since then. The Political Affairs team has been working incredibly hard to prepare for the most innovative and exciting conference in EagleMUNC history. I am looking forward to seeing all of your creative and thoughtful responses to the diplomatic predicaments and crises you confront over the weekend. Best, Jack Massih Under Secretary-General Political Affairs, EagleMUNC V American War Council COMMITTEE TOPIC BACKGROUND GUIDE Introduction Hello, Delegates and Welcome to EagleMUNC V! My name is Monica Sax, and I will be the chair of this committee. Let me begin by telling you a little about myself: I am a sophomore at Boston College studying Economics in the Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences. I got involved in Model UN in high school and participated in 10+ college conferences over my 4 years. I joined EagleMUNC IV my first week on campus and was part of the simulation staff last year. I hope to be able to bring you an experience like no other this year. As you step into rolls as generals, presidents, and politicians, you have the opportunity to direct this war in any direction you think best. We will be keeping with the conference theme of “The Interplay of Power and Ethics.” You will have to decide whether your actions in war are ethical, based on the balance of power as it stands. Your critical thinking skills, ingenuity, creativity and adaptability will be put to the test, but the most important aspect to remember is to enjoy your time during committee. I doubt that there will ever be a dull moment. I speak for myself and for all of the EagleMUNC staff when I say that we are all looking forward to meeting you! If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me via the email address listed above. All of the best and good luck! Your Chair, Monica Sax American War Council Historical Background American-Mexican Relationship The Republic of Mexico and The United States of America are nations on the verge of full blown war. This has not always been the case. Their relationship was first solidified in the early years of the United States as an independent nation, when Mexico was still a territory of Spain. In 1819, the two nations signed the Adams-Onís Treaty1, which established the border between the U.S. and Mexico. This treaty was necessary because of the Louisiana Purchase a mere 16 years previously, as it expanded U.S. territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean. Shortly thereafter, in 1821 Mexico won it’s independence from Spain2. Their relationship was further strengthened in 1823 when Mexico offered land in their territory of Texas to nearby Americans, in an effort to populate and settle the area. Manifest Destiny Little did the Mexican government know that this would prove a source of contention in the near future. Beginning with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, before the time when John O’Sullivan coined the term Manifest Destiny3 in 1845, it was widely 1 “U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848." 2 “U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848." 3 O'Sullivan, John L. "Our Manifest Destiny." American War Council accepted that the expansion of the United States was the way to fulfill the destiny of the Unite States. Many Americans saw themselves and their institutions of freedom and self-government as key to any society. Spreading these institutions across the continent became an essential duty to be carried out by the people and the government. The Louisiana Purchase was the beginning, doubling the size of the U.S. and expanding its reach to the west. Later came the Monroe Doctrine,4 which charged the U.S. with managing the entire Western Hemisphere, and that included managing Mexico and the nation’s shared borders. The creation of the Santa Fe Trail5 was initially merely an exploration of new lands. It became, however, a way to enter into Mexican territory, with Americans settling and furthering trade in that area. The situation in Texas was even more extreme. With only 2,500 Mexicans6 in northern Texas to begin with, the Americans in Texas quickly outnumbered them. The Texans weren’t merely temporary settlers, but Americans who were moving cross-country to spread American values. They moved because of the invitation, but never with the intention of becoming Mexican citizens. 4 Monroe, James. 5 “U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848." 6 “U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848." American War Council Texas and the Treaty of Velasco The Mexican central government decided that the Texans were too out of control and were determined to put a stop to them. As Texas would technically be a slave permissible territory according to the Missouri Compromise of the United States, Americans had been bringing slaves with them when they settled. To try to stem the flow of Americans, Mexico revised its constitution in 1835 to outlaw slavery7. Instead of bringing it further under Mexican control, Texas declared independence8. President General Antonio López de Santa Anna led his army to quell the revolution. They won the Battle of the Alamo9, slaughtering all of the Texan defenders at the Catholic mission. This slaughter enraged Americans and Texas settlers alike, causing many to join the Texan army. Led by Sam Houston, the Texans managed to defeat the Mexican army in the Battle of San Jacinto10. General Santa Anna ordered his troops to retreat past the Rio Grande, right before his own capture. The Treaty of Velasco11 soon followed. This treaty gave Texas independence from Mexico, 7 “U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848." 8 Nance, Joseph M. "Republic of Texas." 9 Nance, Joseph M. "Republic of Texas." 10 “U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848." 11 “The Treaties of Velasco." American War Council and drew the border between the two nations at the Rio Grande. Though the Texans were technically free, the rest of the Mexican government failed to recognize the validity of the treaty, saying Santa Anna had no authority to sign it. If anything, they claimed, the Texan territory extended only to the Nueces River. Despite the conflict, or possibly because of it, Texas agreed to become an American state in 1845, after only 9 years as an independent nation. In the annexation resolution, there was no reference to the borders of Texas, as the United States saw the Treaty of Velasco as a clear and legitimate documentation of borders. Post Annexation of Texas U.S. president James K. Polk became president the same year (1845). As a heavy proponent of Manifest Destiny, his inaugural speech12 centered around “extending dominions of peace.” Yet the annexation of Texas did exactly the opposite. Only 30 days after sending Texas the proposal, the Mexican ambassador to the U.S. returned13 to Mexico under unfriendly terms. As Mexico had never accepted the terms of the Treaty of Velasco, they also did not view the annexation of Texas as valid. Yet at this time, the United States was a much stronger nation than Mexico. In 1844, President Santa Anna was overthrown by General José Joaquín de Herrera14. The United States was stronger economically, militarily, and politically, if only because they were more closely united and not divided into factions. With this in mind, Polk sent General 12 Polk, James K. 13 “U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848." 14 “U.S.- Mexican War 1846-1848." American War Council Zachary Taylor and Commodore David Conner to Mexico.15 Their locations, though nearby the land of contention, were not meant as an act of war but meant to act as a warning to President Herrera should he become more antagonistic or belligerent. Secret Diplomacy Polk understood the power dynamic between his nation and Mexico. Realizing that his power was stronger, he sent diplomat John Slidell16 to Mexico to buy the territory comprising present day New Mexico and California. If President Herrera agreed to this deal, it was also assumed he would recognize the southern border of Texas as the Rio Grande, as opposed to the Nueces River.
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